ANATOMY EXAM 2 MARTHA BROWN

pelvic girdle made up of two hip bones ___________

os coxa, coxal bones

4types of cells in bone tissue

1. osteoprogenitor cells 2. osteoblasts 3. osteocytes 4. osteoclasts

clavicle

"S" shaped collarbone. medial end articulates w manubrium of sternum. lateral end articulates w acromion of scalpula.

Fascicular arrangement is correlated with:

1. The amount of power a muscle can produce 2. The range of motion a muscle can produce

regions of vertabrae (5)

1. cervical 2. thoracic 3. lumbar 4. sacrum 5. coccyx

Functions of the skeletal system (six)

1. provide support 2. protect internal organs 3. assist body movements 4. mineral homeostasis 5. participates in blood cell production in red bone marrow (hemopoiesis) 6. Stores triglycerides in adipose cells of yellow bone marrow

sternum (3 segments)

1. upper manubrium 2. middle body 3. lower xiphoid process articulates with clavicle and costal cartilages.

ribs

12 pairs - provide structural support for thoracic cavity

number of vertebrae divided into _____ regions

26, 5

A muscle may be named based on:

Location Size Number of origins Appearance Direction of fibers Origin and insertion Muscle action

sliding filament mechanism

Myosin pulls on actin, causing the thin filament to slide inward

what kind of muscle decreases the size of an opening

Sphincter

functional classifications of joints

Synarthrosis (immovable joint) Amphiarthrosis (slightly movable joint) Diarthrosis (freely movable joint)

true (lesser) pelvis

The area of the bony pelvis inferior to the pelvic brim

false (greater) pelvis

The area of the bony pelvis superior to the pelvic brim

neuromuscular junction

The events at the NMJ produce a muscle action potential

excitation-contraction coupling

This concept connects the events of a muscle action potential with the sliding filament mechanism

components of a sarcomere

Z discs, A band, I band, H zone, M line

myograms

a record of muscle contractions (force of contraction in relationship to time). frequency of stimulation

tendon sheaths

a tube-like bursa that wraps around tendons subject to a great deal of friction

depressions and openings

allow passage of soft tissue, form joints (ex: fissure, foramen)

fontanels

area of a baby where unossified mesenchyme develop into dense connective tissue. close up by age 2

Lordisis

bent backwards

Intravertebral discs

between bodies of vertebrae from second cervical to sacrum. outer ring of fibrocartilage, inner nucleus, layer of hyaline cartilage at top and bottom. absorbs shock and separate vertebrae from one another.

in what type of fascicle arrangement are the fascicles arranged on both sides of a central tendon

bipennate

osteoprogenitor cells

bone stem cells able to differentiate into the other types of cells

osteoblasts

bone-building cells that secrete matrix

appendicular skeleton (126 bones)

bones of upper and lower limbs, bones forming girdles that connect the limbs to the axial skeleton

which tarsal bone is the heel bone?

calcaneus

which hormone promotes bone mass reduction

calcitonin

which is not part of the axial skeleton?

carpals

two pectoral shoulder girdles

clavicle and scapula

which of the following bones comprises the pectoral girdle?

clavicle and scapula

muscle protiens

contractile, regulatory, structural

How do muscles derive the ATP necessary to power the contraction cycle?

creatin phosphate, anaerobic glycolsis, and cellular respiration

short bone

cube shaped

two types of surface markings

depressions and openings, processes

hyoid bone

does not articulate with any other bone, supports tongue and provides attatchment site for some muscles of neck

reactive phase of bone repair

early inflammatory phase

what is the outer layer of connective tissue surrounding a muscle

endomysium

periosteal arteries

enter the diaphysis through Volkmann's canals

which region of a long bone articulates with another bone?

epiphysis

muscle tone

even when at rest, a muscle exhibits a small amount of tension, called tone

which of the following types of movement results in an increase in the angle between articulating bones

extension

Between 30-50 years of age, about 10% of our muscle tissue is replaced by ____________ tissue and adipose tissue

fibrous connective

structural classification of joints

fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

vertebrosternal ribs (true ribs)

first seven pairs, cartilage connected directly to sternum

scapula

flat bone. glenoid cavity is attachment point to humerus.

which of the following is a hole or opening in a bone through which blood vessels, and nerves pass

foramen

reparative phase of bone repair

formation of a fibrocartilaginous callus first and a bony callus second.

types of movement at synovial joints

gliding, angular, rotation, special

compact bone

good at providing protection and support

which bone articulates with the scapula at the glenoid cavity?

humerus

scoliosis

increased lateral curvature

kyphosis

increased thoratic curve - bent forward

Most running injuries involve the ____________

knee

patella

knee cap

spina bifida

laminae do not develop normally

floating ribs

last 2 pairs, not connected to sternum

bone remodeling phase

last step as the bone callus is remodeled

spongy bone

lightweight and provides tissue support

types of bones (5)

long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid (Larry Fuks w his Irregular Short Shaft) lmaooooooo

femur

longest, heaviest, and strongest bone in body

Osteocytes

mature bone cells

herinated disc

may occur due to trauma or sometimes is simply associated with aging

appendicular skeleton (126 bones) primarily involved in ________________

movement

paranasal sinuses

mucous membrane lined cavities in the frontal, maxillary, sphenoid and ethmoid bones

vertebrochondral ribs (false)

next 5 pairs, cartilage indirectly connected to sternum

a ________ enters the center of the diaphyis through the ________

nutrient artery, nutrient foramen

intramembranous ossification

occurs in flat bones when a connective tissue membrane is replaced by bone

wave summation

occurs when a second action potential triggers muscle contraction before the first contraction has finished

what is the attachment of a muscle's tendon to the stationary bone, (to the moveable bone)

origin, insertion

which are the bone building cells

osteoblasts

2 epiphyses (both ends of the bone at the joints)

part of long bone

2 metaphyses (region between dyaphysis and epiphysis)

part of long bone

Diaphysis (bone shaft)

part of long bone

Periosteum (connecting tissue surrounding the diaphysis)

part of long bone

articular cartilage covering both epiphyses

part of long bone

endosteum (thin membrane lining the medulary cavity)

part of long bone

medullary cavity (hollow space within diaphysis)

part of long bone

periosteal arteries are accompanied by ______

periosteal veins

processes

projections or outgrowths that form joints, serve as attachment points for ligaments and tendons (ex: head, epicondyle)

which of the following is the correct sequence of steps in the repair of a bone fracture

reactive phase, reparative phase, remodeling phase

osteoclasts

remodel bones and cause them to release calcium

Endochondral ossification

replaces cartilage with bone in the developing embryo and fetus

bursa

sac-like structures filled with synovial fluid that cushion movement of one body part over another

what releases the calcium ions that trigger skeletal muscle contraction

sarcoplasmic recticulum

three types of muscle tissue

skeletal, cardiac, smooth

axial skeleton (80 bones)

skull bones, auditory ossicles, hyoid bone, ribs, sternum, and bones if vertebral column

which cranial bone is called the "keystone" of the cranial floor

sphenoid bone

isometric contractions

tension increases and muscle contracts but does not change length

isotonic contractions

tension is constant while muscle length changes

insertion

the attachment to the moveable bone

origin

the attachment to the stationary bone

twitch contraction

the brief contraction of all muscle fibers in a motor unit in response to a single action potential

Ossification (osteogenesis)

the process of bone formation

lower leg consists of __________

tibia and fibula

what regulatory proteins are found on the thin filaments of skeletal muscle fibers

tropomyosin and troponin

T or F: The bones of the male pelvis are usually larger and heavier

true

a joint is a point of contact between :

two or more bones, cartilage and bone, teeth and bone

two bones of forearm

ulna and radius (radius on thumb side)