Anatomy Exam 2 Mastering AP Questions to know
Describe the drainage of the right lymphatic duct and the thoracic duct. (Module 20.3A)
The right lymphatic duct collects lymph from the right side of the body superior to the diaphragm. The thoracic duct collects lymph from the body inferior to the diaphragm and the left side superior to the diaphragm.
Explain the relationship among BPG, oxygen, and hemoglobin.
BPG is a compound generated by RBCs that decreases hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen. If the concentration of BPG increases, the amount of oxygen released by hemoglobin will increase.
Define Dalton's law. (Module 21.12A)
Dalton's law states that in a mixture of gases, the individual gases exert a pressure proportional to their abundance in the mixture.
Compare dysplasia, metaplasia, neoplasia, and anaplasia. (Module 21.18C)
Dysplasia is the development of abnormal cells; metaplasia is the development of abnormal changes in tissue structure; neoplasia is the conversion of normal cells to tumor cells; and anaplasia is the spread of the malignant cells throughout the body.
Define oxyhemoglobin.
oxyhemoglobin is hemoglobin that has 4 molecules of oxygen bound
Which lymph node structure is dominated by T cells?
paracortex
Which characteristic of saliva is correct?
parasympathetic stimulation accelerates secretion by all the salivary glands
Which of the following muscles would not be recruited to increase inspired volume?
rectus abdominis
Which result of action of the complement system increases the degree of inflammation and accelerates blood flow to the region?
release of histamine
Which is defined as the amount of air that remains in the lungs even after a maximal exhalation?
residual volume
The condition resulting from inadequate production of surfactant and the resultant collapse of alveoli is
respiratory distress syndrome
The thoracic duct drains lymph from all of the following regions except the
right breast
Name the two large lymphatic vessels into which the lymphatic trunks empty. (Module 20.3B)
right lymphatic duct and thoracic duct
The respiratory membrane of the gas exchange surfaces consists of
simple squamous epithelium
Damage to the parotid glands would affect the digestion of which nutrient? (Module 22.19B)
starches
What is the salivary gland that secretes a watery mixture rich in salivary amylase and buffers?
submandibular
Lymphocytes are produced and stored in all of the following except
the brain
The movement of chloride ions into the RBCs in exchange for bicarbonate ions is known as
the chloride shift
Distinguish between the exocrine and endocrine secretions of the pancreas. (Module 22.18B)
the exocrine pancreas produces buffers and enzymes and the endocrine pancreas produces hormones
What pressures determine the direction of airflow within the respiratory tract?
the intrapulmonary pressure and the atmospheric pressure
Describe the forces that drive oxygen and carbon dioxide transport between the blood and peripheral tissues.
the partial pressure gradients push oxygen into peripheral tissues and carbon dioxide out of tissues into the blood
Which of the following would be greater?
the percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when the pH is 7.6
Parietal cells and their secretions are not involved in
the release of bicarbonate into the stomach
The paired cartilages that articulate with the superior border of the cricoid cartilage and help with opening and closing the glottis to produce sound are the ________ cartilages.
arytenoid cartilages
Identify three chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPDs)
asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema
If the fluid bond between the parietal and visceral pleura is broken and the lung collapses, the resulting condition is termed
atelectasis
An intestinal hormone that stimulates contraction of the gallbladder to release bile is
cholecystokinin
Which is an expanded, saclike chamber that receives lymph from the inferior part of the abdomen, the pelvis, and the lower limbs?
cisterna chyli
Functions of the nasal cavity include all of the following except
cooling the air
The ring-shaped cartilage just inferior to the thyroid cartilage is the ________ cartilage.
cricoid cartilage
After a quiet expiration, the amount of air in your lungs is called the
functional residual capacity
Which digestive hormone is secreted when fats and carbohydrates, especially glucose, enter the small intestine?
gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)
The hormone that stimulates secretion and contraction by the stomach is
gastrin
Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is
greater than the pressure in the atmosphere
What bacterium is responsible for most peptic ulcers? (Module 22.24C)
helicobactor pylori
The ________ is a depression in the lung that allows attachment of the primary bronchi, pulmonary vessels, and other structures.
hilum
Which of the following cranial nerves are not involved in stimulating salivary reflexes or taste buds?
hypoglossal (XII)
Which is true regarding the Bohr effect on the oxygen-hemoglobin saturation curve?
if the pH decreases, hemoglobin releases more oxygen
Which of the following descriptions is not related to cholecystokinin (CCK)?
increased sensation of hunger
In the lower respiratory tract, cartilage plates first appear at the
lobar bronchi
The gastroileal reflex
moves some chyme to the colon
Immunity that results from exposure to an antigen in the environment is called ________ immunity.
naturally acquired active
Immunity that results from antibodies that pass the placenta from mother to fetus is called ________ immunity.
naturally acquired passive
Which leukocytes are abundant, mobile, and quick to phagocytize cellular debris or invading bacteria?
neutrophils
Emphysema:
occurs due to the destruction of alveolar surfaces and inadequate surface area for oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange
What is the importance of the mesenteries? (Module 22.2A)
they support and stabilize organs of the abdominal cavity and provide a passageway for blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels
Most of the lymph returns to the venous circulation by way of the
thoracic duct
The largest shield-shaped cartilage of the larynx is the ________ cartilage.
thyroid
________ is the amount of air that moves into the respiratory system during a single respiratory cycle under resting conditions.
tidal volume
Which of the following is an accessory expiratory muscle?
transversus thoracis muscle
The lymphatic system is composed of all of the following except
venae cava
If a patient being tested inhales as deeply as possible and then exhales as much as possible, the volume of air expelled would be the patient's
vital capacity
Which characteristic is correct regarding an oxygen-hemoglobin saturation curve?
where the slope is steep, a very small change in the pO2 will result in a large change in the amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin or released from oxyhemoglobin
When the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract,
the volume of the thorax increases
Which of the following is not true of parietal cells?
they release bicarbonate into the lumen of gastric glands
A hemoglobin molecule contains ________ globular protein subunits.
2 alpha and 2 beta
Which is incorrect regarding smooth muscle in the digestive tract?
A smooth muscle fiber has an extensive network of T tubules.
What is the significance of Henry's law to the process of respiration? (Module 21.12B)
Henry's law states that at a given temperature, the amount of a particular gas that dissolves in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas, which underlies the diffusion of gases between capillaries and alveoli, and between capillaries and interstitial fluid.
During exercise, hemoglobin releases more oxygen to active skeletal muscles than it does when those muscles are at rest. Why?
Increased temperature and decreased pH generated by active skeletal muscles cause hemoglobin to release more oxygen during exercise than when the muscles are at rest
Explain lymphedema
Lymphedema is the accumulation of interstitial fluids that results from blocked lymphatic drainage.
Each terminal bronchiole supplies which singular structure?
Pulmonary Lobule
What would happen to the alveoli if surfactant were not produced?
The alveoli would collapse because of the normally high surface tension of the water coating the alveolar surfaces.
Distinguish between the conducting portion and respiratory portion of the respiratory tract.
The conducting portion includes the nasal cavity and extends through the pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and larger bronchioles. The respiratory portion includes the respiratory bronchioles and alveoli. Submit
Which is the function of parietal cells?
They secrete a glycoprotein that facilitates the absorption of vitamin B12 across the intestinal lining.
The greater omentum is
a fatty sheet that hangs like an apron over the abdominal viscera
A drug that blocks the action of the hormone cholecystokinin would not affect the
ability to absorb carbohydrates
Air remaining in the conducting portion of the respiratory system that does not reach the alveoli is known as
anatomic dead space
Most of the carbon dioxide in the blood is transported as
bicarbonate ions
In passive immunity, the
body receives antibodies produced by other humans or the body receives antibodies produced by an animal
Harry suffers from cystic fibrosis and has severe breathing difficulties. His problems result from
both the inability of the respiratory defense mechanism to transport mucus and the production of thick secretions that are difficult to transport
The respiratory center is housed in the ________ of the brain.
brain stem
Which of the following does not describe how products of fat digestion are absorbed and transported?
brush boarder enzymes break down the fats so they can be directly absorbed into the blood stream
The esophagus connects to which region of the stomach?
cardia
lacteals
carry absorbed fats into the lymphatic system
Damage to the type II pneumocytes of the lungs would result in all of the following except
decreased number of dust cells
Which of the following factors would increase the amount of oxygen discharged by hemoglobin into peripheral tissues?
decreased pH
Identify the three ways that carbon dioxide is transported in the bloodstream. (Module 21.14A)
dissolved in plasma, bound to hemoglobin or as bicarbonate ions in the plasma
The amount of air that a person can voluntarily expel after completing a normal, quiet respiratory cycle is termed
expiratory reserve volume
Which of the following is not a function of the digestive system
filtration
Immunity that is genetically determined and present at birth is called ________ immunity.
innate
In quiet breathing,
inspiration involves muscular contractions and expiration is passive
________ is the amount of air that you can inhale above the resting tidal volume.
inspiratory reserve volume
Which of the following are secreted by T cells and NK cells and stimulate macrophage activity?
interferon gamma
Low pH alters hemoglobin structure so that oxygen binds less strongly to hemoglobin at low PO2. This increases the effectiveness of
internal respiration
Complement
is a system of circulating proteins that assists antibodies in the destruction of pathogens
Most of the carbon dioxide that is absorbed by blood:
is converted into carbonic acid
What does not happen to a carbon dioxide molecule once it enters the bloodstream?
it binds to heme groups in hemoglobin
All of the following are true regarding carbonic anhydrase except that
it can convert carbonic acid into O2
Which of the following statements about the chloride shift is false?
it causes RBC to swell
How would the pH of the intestinal contents be affected if the small intestine did not produce secretin? (Module 22.14B)
it would be more acidic than normal
In emphysema, all of the following occur except
patients present with cyanosis
Chief cells secrete
pepsinogen
The haustra of the large intestine:
permit the expansion and elongation of the colon
The enzyme pepsin digests
proteins
The respiratory mucosa of the trachea consists of
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium