Anatomy Exam 2 Mastering AP Questions to know

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Describe the drainage of the right lymphatic duct and the thoracic duct. (Module 20.3A)

The right lymphatic duct collects lymph from the right side of the body superior to the diaphragm. The thoracic duct collects lymph from the body inferior to the diaphragm and the left side superior to the diaphragm.

Explain the relationship among BPG, oxygen, and hemoglobin.

BPG is a compound generated by RBCs that decreases hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen. If the concentration of BPG increases, the amount of oxygen released by hemoglobin will increase.

Define Dalton's law. (Module 21.12A)

Dalton's law states that in a mixture of gases, the individual gases exert a pressure proportional to their abundance in the mixture.

Compare dysplasia, metaplasia, neoplasia, and anaplasia. (Module 21.18C)

Dysplasia is the development of abnormal cells; metaplasia is the development of abnormal changes in tissue structure; neoplasia is the conversion of normal cells to tumor cells; and anaplasia is the spread of the malignant cells throughout the body.

Define oxyhemoglobin.

oxyhemoglobin is hemoglobin that has 4 molecules of oxygen bound

Which lymph node structure is dominated by T cells?

paracortex

Which characteristic of saliva is correct?

parasympathetic stimulation accelerates secretion by all the salivary glands

Which of the following muscles would not be recruited to increase inspired volume?

rectus abdominis

Which result of action of the complement system increases the degree of inflammation and accelerates blood flow to the region?

release of histamine

Which is defined as the amount of air that remains in the lungs even after a maximal exhalation?

residual volume

The condition resulting from inadequate production of surfactant and the resultant collapse of alveoli is

respiratory distress syndrome

The thoracic duct drains lymph from all of the following regions except the

right breast

Name the two large lymphatic vessels into which the lymphatic trunks empty. (Module 20.3B)

right lymphatic duct and thoracic duct

The respiratory membrane of the gas exchange surfaces consists of

simple squamous epithelium

Damage to the parotid glands would affect the digestion of which nutrient? (Module 22.19B)

starches

What is the salivary gland that secretes a watery mixture rich in salivary amylase and buffers?

submandibular

Lymphocytes are produced and stored in all of the following except

the brain

The movement of chloride ions into the RBCs in exchange for bicarbonate ions is known as

the chloride shift

Distinguish between the exocrine and endocrine secretions of the pancreas. (Module 22.18B)

the exocrine pancreas produces buffers and enzymes and the endocrine pancreas produces hormones

What pressures determine the direction of airflow within the respiratory tract?

the intrapulmonary pressure and the atmospheric pressure

Describe the forces that drive oxygen and carbon dioxide transport between the blood and peripheral tissues.

the partial pressure gradients push oxygen into peripheral tissues and carbon dioxide out of tissues into the blood

Which of the following would be greater?

the percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when the pH is 7.6

Parietal cells and their secretions are not involved in

the release of bicarbonate into the stomach

The paired cartilages that articulate with the superior border of the cricoid cartilage and help with opening and closing the glottis to produce sound are the ________ cartilages.

arytenoid cartilages

Identify three chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPDs)

asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema

If the fluid bond between the parietal and visceral pleura is broken and the lung collapses, the resulting condition is termed

atelectasis

An intestinal hormone that stimulates contraction of the gallbladder to release bile is

cholecystokinin

Which is an expanded, saclike chamber that receives lymph from the inferior part of the abdomen, the pelvis, and the lower limbs?

cisterna chyli

Functions of the nasal cavity include all of the following except

cooling the air

The ring-shaped cartilage just inferior to the thyroid cartilage is the ________ cartilage.

cricoid cartilage

After a quiet expiration, the amount of air in your lungs is called the

functional residual capacity

Which digestive hormone is secreted when fats and carbohydrates, especially glucose, enter the small intestine?

gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)

The hormone that stimulates secretion and contraction by the stomach is

gastrin

Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is

greater than the pressure in the atmosphere

What bacterium is responsible for most peptic ulcers? (Module 22.24C)

helicobactor pylori

The ________ is a depression in the lung that allows attachment of the primary bronchi, pulmonary vessels, and other structures.

hilum

Which of the following cranial nerves are not involved in stimulating salivary reflexes or taste buds?

hypoglossal (XII)

Which is true regarding the Bohr effect on the oxygen-hemoglobin saturation curve?

if the pH decreases, hemoglobin releases more oxygen

Which of the following descriptions is not related to cholecystokinin (CCK)?

increased sensation of hunger

In the lower respiratory tract, cartilage plates first appear at the

lobar bronchi

The gastroileal reflex

moves some chyme to the colon

Immunity that results from exposure to an antigen in the environment is called ________ immunity.

naturally acquired active

Immunity that results from antibodies that pass the placenta from mother to fetus is called ________ immunity.

naturally acquired passive

Which leukocytes are abundant, mobile, and quick to phagocytize cellular debris or invading bacteria?

neutrophils

Emphysema:

occurs due to the destruction of alveolar surfaces and inadequate surface area for oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange

What is the importance of the mesenteries? (Module 22.2A)

they support and stabilize organs of the abdominal cavity and provide a passageway for blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels

Most of the lymph returns to the venous circulation by way of the

thoracic duct

The largest shield-shaped cartilage of the larynx is the ________ cartilage.

thyroid

________ is the amount of air that moves into the respiratory system during a single respiratory cycle under resting conditions.

tidal volume

Which of the following is an accessory expiratory muscle?

transversus thoracis muscle

The lymphatic system is composed of all of the following except

venae cava

If a patient being tested inhales as deeply as possible and then exhales as much as possible, the volume of air expelled would be the patient's

vital capacity

Which characteristic is correct regarding an oxygen-hemoglobin saturation curve?

where the slope is steep, a very small change in the pO2 will result in a large change in the amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin or released from oxyhemoglobin

When the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract,

the volume of the thorax increases

Which of the following is not true of parietal cells?

they release bicarbonate into the lumen of gastric glands

A hemoglobin molecule contains ________ globular protein subunits.

2 alpha and 2 beta

Which is incorrect regarding smooth muscle in the digestive tract?

A smooth muscle fiber has an extensive network of T tubules.

What is the significance of Henry's law to the process of respiration? (Module 21.12B)

Henry's law states that at a given temperature, the amount of a particular gas that dissolves in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas, which underlies the diffusion of gases between capillaries and alveoli, and between capillaries and interstitial fluid.

During exercise, hemoglobin releases more oxygen to active skeletal muscles than it does when those muscles are at rest. Why?

Increased temperature and decreased pH generated by active skeletal muscles cause hemoglobin to release more oxygen during exercise than when the muscles are at rest

Explain lymphedema

Lymphedema is the accumulation of interstitial fluids that results from blocked lymphatic drainage.

Each terminal bronchiole supplies which singular structure?

Pulmonary Lobule

What would happen to the alveoli if surfactant were not produced?

The alveoli would collapse because of the normally high surface tension of the water coating the alveolar surfaces.

Distinguish between the conducting portion and respiratory portion of the respiratory tract.

The conducting portion includes the nasal cavity and extends through the pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and larger bronchioles. The respiratory portion includes the respiratory bronchioles and alveoli. Submit

Which is the function of parietal cells?

They secrete a glycoprotein that facilitates the absorption of vitamin B12 across the intestinal lining.

The greater omentum is

a fatty sheet that hangs like an apron over the abdominal viscera

A drug that blocks the action of the hormone cholecystokinin would not affect the

ability to absorb carbohydrates

Air remaining in the conducting portion of the respiratory system that does not reach the alveoli is known as

anatomic dead space

Most of the carbon dioxide in the blood is transported as

bicarbonate ions

In passive immunity, the

body receives antibodies produced by other humans or the body receives antibodies produced by an animal

Harry suffers from cystic fibrosis and has severe breathing difficulties. His problems result from

both the inability of the respiratory defense mechanism to transport mucus and the production of thick secretions that are difficult to transport

The respiratory center is housed in the ________ of the brain.

brain stem

Which of the following does not describe how products of fat digestion are absorbed and transported?

brush boarder enzymes break down the fats so they can be directly absorbed into the blood stream

The esophagus connects to which region of the stomach?

cardia

lacteals

carry absorbed fats into the lymphatic system

Damage to the type II pneumocytes of the lungs would result in all of the following except

decreased number of dust cells

Which of the following factors would increase the amount of oxygen discharged by hemoglobin into peripheral tissues?

decreased pH

Identify the three ways that carbon dioxide is transported in the bloodstream. (Module 21.14A)

dissolved in plasma, bound to hemoglobin or as bicarbonate ions in the plasma

The amount of air that a person can voluntarily expel after completing a normal, quiet respiratory cycle is termed

expiratory reserve volume

Which of the following is not a function of the digestive system

filtration

Immunity that is genetically determined and present at birth is called ________ immunity.

innate

In quiet breathing,

inspiration involves muscular contractions and expiration is passive

________ is the amount of air that you can inhale above the resting tidal volume.

inspiratory reserve volume

Which of the following are secreted by T cells and NK cells and stimulate macrophage activity?

interferon gamma

Low pH alters hemoglobin structure so that oxygen binds less strongly to hemoglobin at low PO2. This increases the effectiveness of

internal respiration

Complement

is a system of circulating proteins that assists antibodies in the destruction of pathogens

Most of the carbon dioxide that is absorbed by blood:

is converted into carbonic acid

What does not happen to a carbon dioxide molecule once it enters the bloodstream?

it binds to heme groups in hemoglobin

All of the following are true regarding carbonic anhydrase except that

it can convert carbonic acid into O2

Which of the following statements about the chloride shift is false?

it causes RBC to swell

How would the pH of the intestinal contents be affected if the small intestine did not produce secretin? (Module 22.14B)

it would be more acidic than normal

In emphysema, all of the following occur except

patients present with cyanosis

Chief cells secrete

pepsinogen

The haustra of the large intestine:

permit the expansion and elongation of the colon

The enzyme pepsin digests

proteins

The respiratory mucosa of the trachea consists of

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium


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