Anatomy Final Exam
**The region of the sarcomere that contains both actin and myosin myofilaments is called the
A band.
How does a buffer help a solution maintain pH?
A buffer can act like a base if pH is acidic, and it can act like an acid if pH is basic.
**A person who has seizures might have a deficit of which of the following?
GABA
Which muscle plantar flexes the foot?
Gastrocnemius
Which of the following is inserted on the calcaneus by the Achilles tendon?
Gastrocnemius
Which of the following muscles is used when walking on your tiptoes?
Gastrocnemius
What is the most commonly dislocated joint in the body?
Glenohumeral joint
The plasma membrane is selectively permeable. This means
only certain substances can pass through it.
The ventral root of a spinal nerve contains ________.
only motor fibers
Blood vessels enter the eye and nerve processes exit the eye at the ________.
optic disc
Which of the following cranial nerves does NOT carry parasympathetic fibers?
Hypoglossal
Which portion of the ear contains the sensory receptors for hearing and balance?
Inner ear
Which of the following terms encompasses all of the other ones?
Metabolism
To which of the following organic groups does DNA belong?
Nucleic acid
To which of the following organic groups does hemoglobin belong?
Nucleic acid
Which of the following is correctly matched?
Osteoclast - responsible for reabsorption
This condition is characterized by a thicker-than-normal stratus corneum producing large silvery scales.
Psoriasis
Which of the following is a group of four muscles in the anterior thigh?
Quadriceps femoris
To which of the following substances would the taste buds be most sensitive?
Quinine (tonic) water
Which of the following receptor type is mismatched with its sensation?
Ruffini end organs - temperature
Impetigo is caused by the bacterium ________.
Staphylococcus
During a spinal tap, cerebrospinal fluid is obtained from which of the following locations?
Subarachnoid space
Where is cerebrospinal fluid found around the spinal cord?
Subarachnoid space
Which structure makes the dorsal root different from the ventral root?
The dorsal root has a ganglion.
Which of the following is a part of the quadriceps femoris muscle group?
Vastus lateralis
Dermatomal maps are important clinically because they
can be used to help locate nerve damage.
Taste buds
can only perceive taste if the molecules are in solution.
Sympathetic preganglionic axons
can synapse in either chain or collateral ganglia
Osteogenesis imperfecta can be caused by abnormally formed ________.
collagen
Lack of acetylcholinesterase in the synaptic cleft would result in
continuous stimulation of the postsynaptic membrane.
During resting conditions, ________ is synthesized to store energy.
creatine phosphate
The spaces between developing skull bones that have not ossified are called
fontanels
The deltoid tuberosity is found on the ________.
humerus
Substance A is added to a solution, resulting in a decrease in the pH of the solution. Substance A ________ the H+ concentration; therefore, it is considered a/an ________.
increased, base
The pH values
is determined by the concentration of H+ in a solution.
Stratified epithelium consists of
multiple layers of cells
A sarcomere extends from
one Z disk to an adjacent Z disk
A buffer will
resist drastic changes in the pH of the solutions
Muscles exhibit the property of excitability. This means that the muscle
responds to stimulation by the nervous system
The parasympathetic nervous system is characterized by
short postganglionic axons near the organs they innervate.
A tennis player goes to the doctor and is told he has a torn rotator cuff. He has injured his ________.
shoulder
In a syndesmosis
the bones are held together by ligaments called interosseous membranes.
The limbic system involves various neural connections between ________.
the cerebrum and diencephalon
Gray matter on the surface of the brain is called ________.
the cortex
Damage to the pulmonary plexus that result in breathing rates that are normal or increased, but never decreased below normally indicates
the damage is most likely of the parasympathetic fibers.
The insertion is
the end of the muscle where the action occurs.
A concentric contraction is described as
the muscle produces increasing tension as it shortens.
Hyperventilation causes the loss of large amounts of CO2 from the body, decreasing the amount of H+ in solution. As a result,
the pH of body fluids will rise.
The vagus nerve carries parasympathetic impulses to the ________.
thoracic and abdominal viscera
Sympathetic fibers leave the spinal cord in the ________.
thoracic and lumbar regions
The thenar muscles are involved in controlling the ________; the hypothenar muscles control the ________.
thumb; little finger
The sciatic nerve is composed of the
tibial nerve and common fibular nerve
Which muscle dorsiflexes and inverts the foot?
tibialis anterior
The type of cell connection that serves as a permeability barrier is a ________.
tight junction
A ringing in the ears is called ________.
tinnitus
If you stepped in a hole in the yard and sprained your ankle, you have
torn a ligament of the ankle
Which of the following is a general sense?
touch
The motor root of a spinal nerve is also referred to as the ________ root
ventral
A person loses all vision in their left eye. One possible cause could be damage to the
optic nerve in the left eye.
The greater the concentration of a solution, the greater the
osmotic pressure of the solution.
The remodeling of bone tissue is a function of
osteoblast and osteoclast activity
Which type of cell breaks down bone tissue?
osteoclast
Ventral rami of some spinal nerves join with each other to form a ________.
plexus
The function of a bursa is to
provide a fluid-filled cushion that reduces friction.
Channel proteins
provide a tunnel through which ions or molecules can enter or leave the cell.
Proteins
provide much of the structure of body cells and tissues.
Flexion of the hip is a movement produced by the ________.
psoas major and iliacus
**Skin color is the result of the
quantity of melanin in the skin
Improper use of crutches could cause compression of the ________ nerve.
radial
The right cerebral hemisphere
receives sensory input from the left side of the body.
A cell uses centrioles in the process of
cell division
Mechanoreceptors respond to
compression of receptors
Arrange the events of synaptic transmission in correct sequence.
(5) Action potential causes release of neurotransmitter (3) Neurotransmitter diffuses across the synaptic cleft (2) Neurotransmitter binds with receptor on postsynaptic cell (4) Membrane permeability to Na+ on postsynaptic cell increases (1) Na+ diffuses into the cell and cause a local potential E) 5, 3, 2, 4, 1
Place the following parts of a reflex arc in the correct order beginning with the sensory receptor.
(5) Sensory receptor (4) Sensory neuron (2) Interneuron (1) Motor neuron (3) Effector E) 5, 4, 2, 1, 3
There are ________ pairs of cranial nerves and ________ pairs of spinal nerves.
12; 31
The spinal cord ends at the ________.
2nd lumbar vertebrae
Which of the following combinations indicates the correct distribution of spinal nerve pairs?
8 cervical - 12 thoracic - 5 lumbar - 5 sacral - 1 coccygeal
Which of the following statements accurately describe events that occur as a result of a local potential reaching threshold?
A positive feedback cycle develops in which depolarization causes activation gates of Na+ channels to open.
Select the types of angular movements allowed at synovial joints. (Check all that apply.)
A) Abduction B) Extension C) Flexion
In intestinal epithelial cells, Na+ is in higher concentrations outside of the cells. This gradient provides the energy for the symport of glucose into the cells. Which of the following explain how this transport mechanism works? (Check all that apply.)
A) Active transport of sodium out of the cell C) Carrier mediated transport of glucose into the cells D) Carrier mediated transport of sodium into the cell
Jasmine trips and tries to break her fall by putting her hand to the ground. The doctor informs her she has injured the ________ joints in her wrist.
A) Carpal
The dermis contains receptors that detect which of the following sensations? (Check all that apply.)
A) Changes in pressure C) Pain D) Touch E) Variations in temperature
Which of the following muscles are named based on their shape? (Check all that apply.)
A) Deltoid B) Orbicularis oris E) Teres major
Identify the embryonic germ layers.
A) Ectoderm - (outer layer) B) Endoderm - (inner layer) D) Mesodermo - (middle layer)
Indicate the statements that describe erythema. (Check all that apply.)
A) It can be caused by emotions such as anger. C) It may occur in response to exposure to the cold. D) It results from an inflammatory response. E) It can be caused by emotions such as embarrassment.
Which of the following statements is TRUE?
A) The coordinated activity of the organ systems is necessary for normal function. B) Because organ systems are so interrelated, dysfunction in one organ system can have profound effects on other systems. C) An organism is any living thing considered as a whole, whether composed of one cell, such as a bacterium, or trillions of cells, such as a human. D) Living things are highly organized, and disruption of this organized state can lead to loss of function and death. E) All of these statements are true
Which of the following influence the range of motion of a joint?
A) The shape of the articular surfaces of the bones B) The amount and shape of cartilage at the joint C) The amount of fluid in and around the joint D) The strength and location of tendons and ligaments E) All of these influence range of motion.
Treppe
A) can contribute to improved muscle efficiency. B) may be due to an increase in the level of Ca2+ around the myofibril. C) is an example of a graded response. D) is achieved during warm-up exercises. E) All of these choices are correct.
The brainstem
A) includes nuclei of cranial nerves II - XII. B) contains centers for several vital reflexes like heart rate and blood pressure. C) contains the reticular formation. D) contains nuclei for vomiting and sneezing reflexes. E) All of the choices are correct.
Aerobic exercise
A) increases vascularity of muscle. B) develops fatigue-resistant fast-twitch fibers. C) can increase the efficiency of slow-twitch fibers. D) can increase the number of mitochondria in muscle fibers. E) All of these choices are correct.
Which of the following chemical reactions best represents the synthesis of ATP?
ADP + Pi + energy → ATP + H2O
The sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS differ in the
A) length of the preganglionic and postganglionic axons. B) location of the preganglionic cell bodies. C) position of the ganglia where preganglionic and postganglionic neurons synapse. D) All of the choices are correct.
The nervous system
A) monitors internal and external stimuli. B) transmits information in the form of action potentials. C) interprets or assesses information. D) maintains homeostasis. E) All of the choices are correct.
Light and dark adaptation involve
A) pupillary reflexes. B) variations in rod and cone function. C) changes in the amount of available rhodopsin. D) All of the choices are correct.
If an x-ray shows a black area in the region of the epiphyseal plate,
A) the bone is fractured. D) the epiphyseal plate has not completely ossified.
57) Match the structure of the ear with the appropriate description.
A. Eardrum B. Part of the ear that contains the organ of hearing C. Includes the pinna and external auditory canal D. Fleshy portion of the external ear E. Air-filled space within the temporal bone External Ear - C Middle Ear - E Inner Ear - B Auricle - D Tympanic membrane - A
Glaucoma can result from
A. inhibition of the circulation of aqueous humor.
Which type of transport proteins use cell energy to move molecules across the plasma membrane?
ATP-powered pumps
**Which neurotransmitter is released at neuromuscular junctions?
Acetylcholine
Cyanide stops the production of ATP. Which of the following processes would be affected?
Active transport
A lack of mitochondria within skeletal muscle fibers would impair which ATP-yielding chemical process?
Aerobic respiration
Aldosterone is a hormone that increase the level of Na+ in the blood. Considering negative-feedback regulation of blood Na+ levels, which of the following events would most likely be an effect of aldosterone on the body in blood Na+ levels decreased?
Aldosterone would cause a decrease in the amount of Na+ that was excreted as part of urine.
The type of brain waves observed in an individual who is awake but in a quiet resting state with eyes closed are ________ waves.
Alpha
Which of the following muscles would be considered an antagonist to the rectus femoris?
Biceps femoris
Match the type of brain wave with its appropriate description.
Alpha waves= B) Observed in a person who is awake, quiet, and resting, with eyes closed Beta waves= D) Occur during intense mental activity Theta waves= A) Usually occur in children or in adults experiencing frustration Delta waves= C) Occur in deep sleep, infancy, and patients with brain disorders
Which of the following events will lead to depolarization?
An increase in K+ in the extracellular fluid
A researcher discovered a sensory receptor that detects decreasing oxygen concentrations in the blood. According to the principles of negative feedback, it is likely that stimulation of this sensory receptor will produce which of the following types of responses?
An increase in the respiratory rate
**LouAnn is being treated for a neurological condition with a specific drug that target neurons deep within the brain. Which glial cell must be bypassed by this drug in order for it to be effective?
Astrocyte
Delores is seeing a neurologist for severe inflammation in a specific type of joint. Which of these joints would be most likely to cause problems with the spinal cord?
Atlantoaxial joint
Which type of nerve would cause a blood vessel to constrict?
Autonomic
Which of the following is associated with nervous tissue?
Axon
The lateral leg muscles have which actions on the foot? (Check all that apply.)
B) Eversion D) Plantar flexion
Select the regions that are composed of loose connective tissue. (Check all that apply.)
B) Papillary layer of dermis D) Subcutaneous tissue or hypodermis
**Identify the functions of the integumentary system. (Check all that apply.)
B) Resistance to infection C) Sensation of environmental stimuli D) Thermoregulation
The displacement of a bone from its normal position is called ________. (Check all that apply.)
B) disarticulation D) luxation
Brain waves associated with information processing or problem solving are ________ waves
Beta
Harry is told he has structural damage to his dentoalveolar joint. Where specifically is the problem area?
Between a tooth socket and a tooth
Of the following muscles of the thigh, which one is NOT part of the quadriceps group?
Biceps femoris
This is a figure of a skin wound. What does "A" represent?
Blood clot
Which of the following arteries supply blood to the brain?
Both "Internal carotid arteries" and "Vertebral arteries" is correct.
Communication between cells is essential to coordinate the activity of the trillions of cells that make up the human body. Which of the following is/are directly involved in carrying out communication between cells?
Both "Receptor proteins of the plasma membrane" and "Chemical signal molecules released by cells" are correct.
A place where two or more bones come together is a/an ________.
Both "joint" and "articulation" are correct.
Two solutions, A and B, have the same osmolality. What does that mean?
Both solutions have the same number of solute particles
Which of the following statements about the femur is TRUE?
Both the greater and lesser trochanters are attachment sites for muscles.
**Normal bone growth requires adequate amounts of certain substances from the diet. Which of the following list three of the dietary needs for normal bone growth?
C) Calcium, phosphate, and vitamin D
The lateral and posterior neck muscles are involved in which types of head movements? (Check all that apply.)
C) Extension D) Lateral flexion E) Rotation
During the first step of gene expression, an RNA copy of a gene is made. Which of the following represents the correct sequence produced from a gene segment with the following sequence: GAACTAAGC?
CTTGATTCG
Voltage-gated Na+ channels are sensitive to changes in the extracellular concentration of ________.
Ca2+
The primary mineral in bone is ________.
Calcium
To which of the following organic groups does lactose belong?
Carbohydrate
Which molecule is produced as a waste product of the metabolism of glucose by cells?
Carbon dioxide
What is a malignant tumor derived from epithelial tissue?
Carcinoma
Which type of membrane proteins are integral proteins that move ions or molecules across plasma membrane?
Carrier proteins
Which of the following type of connective tissue is mismatched with its matrix?
Cartilage - highly vascular matrix
Match the description of the disease or disorder of the eye with its correct name.
Cataract - (C) Clouding of the lens of the eye Macular Degeneration - (E) Loss of acute central vision Myopia - (A) Difficulty seeing distant objects Astigmatism - (B) A type of refractory error Glaucoma - (D) Increased intraocular pressure that can lead to loss of vision
The structural and functional unit of all living organisms is the ________.
Cell
Which of the following is responsible for problem-solving skills?
Central nervous system
Which of the following would indicate dysfunction of the respiratory system?
Change in blood pH
Which molecule determines the fluidity of the plasma membrane?
Cholesterol
Which of the following structures is found in the nucleus?
Chromosome
Which of the following categories of epithelium is based on cell shape?
Columnar
Which of the following is NOT a function of skeletal muscle?
Constriction of organs
Which of the following is NOT a function of connective tissue?
Contraction
**Which of the following is NOT a function of the cerebellum?
Control the heart rate
Which of the following activities is NOT associated with the cerebrum?
Controlling the autonomic nervous system
The gray matter on the outer surface of the cerebrum is called the ________.
Cortex
Which of the following term and description is mismatched?
Cutaneous receptors - associated with the viscera
Which of the following statements concerning olfaction is true?
Damaged olfactory neurons are replaced.
Metabolic water refers to the water molecules produced during normal cellular metabolism. Which types of metabolic reactions are important for the production of metabolic water?
Dehydration reactions
Which of the following is NOT a G-protein complex protein?
Delta
Which type of connective tissue is found in the walls of large arteries?
Dense irregular elastic tissue
Which of the following structures is likely to consist of dense irregular collagenous connective tissue?
Dermis of the skin
What is a disc-shaped structure with especially adhesive glycoproteins around each cell that bind cells to one another?
Desmosomes
**Which neurotransmitter has been implicated in Parkinson's disease?
Dopamine
From which germ layer does the nervous system form?
Ectoderm
Which of the following pairs is mismatched?
Endoderm - bone
Which type of membrane proteins can catalyze chemical reactions on the inner or outer surfaces of the plasma membrane?
Enzymes
Hydrocephaly is a condition whereby cerebrospinal fluid accumulates around the brain. Which supportive cells continue CSF production despite it backing up in the subarachnoid space?
Ependymal cells
What space, found between the vertebral wall and the dura mater, is the area for injecting anesthesia for childbirth?
Epidural space
What is the site of longitudinal growth in long bones?
Epiphyseal plate
Indicate the class of tissue that is capable of regeneration, is avascular, and consists of cells that are bound to each other via specialized junctions.
Epithelial tissue
Which of the following is true about skeletal muscle?
Every muscle fiber receives a branch of an axon from the nerve
Which skull canal conveys sound waves to the eardrum?
External auditory canal
**Following a stroke, Harriet has impaired sense of taste on one side of the tip of her tongue, indicating the part of her brain that was affected must communicate with the ________ nerve.
Facial
Which of the following nerves has parasympathetic axons?
Facial
Which type of cell forms protein fibers in connective tissue proper?
Fibroblast
Which structure anchors the thecal sac and conus medullaris to the coccyx?
Filum terminale
The lens
Focuses light on the retina
Which of the following is NOT a cartilaginous joint?
Fontanelles
Melanoma can be detected early and treated with the application of a special rule. Which of the following is NOT a test used to determine if a mole is cancerous?
Freckles
A cut along which plane would result in the anterior perspective of the body appearing normal, with no evident cuts?
Frontal
Ringworm is an infection of the skin, hair, and nails caused by a/an ________.
Fungus
Which of the following statements regarding glial cells is false?
Glial cells produce action potentials for skeletal muscles.
From the following list, select the one organic substance found in the human body.
Glucose
Which organelle packages materials for secretion from the cell?
Golgi apparatus
The reflex that prevents excessive tension in a muscle is the ________ reflex.
Golgi tendon
Receptors that detect stretch of a tendon and are important for control of muscle contraction are ________.
Golgi tendon organs
Which thigh muscle adducts the thigh and flexes the knee?
Gracilis
) In the process of tissue repair, which of the events listed below occurs last?
Granulation tissue develops.
Which of the following would help to determine if the oculomotor nerve was damaged?
Have the patient look superiorly and inferiorly
Which of the following statements provides an accurate description of cellular physiology involving structures of the digestive system?
Hepatocytes (liver cells) produce bile to aid in the breakdown of ingested lipids.
Which of the following results from damage to the annulus fibrosus and release of the nucleus pulposus?
Herniated disk
Which of the following is mismatched?
Hip joint - cruciate ligaments
Microscopic examination of a frozen tissue specimen is an application of which of the following disciplines?
Histology
Which of the following best describes the effect that holding your breath has on blood pH?
Holding your breath increases blood pH by increasing the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood.
Which type of connective tissue forms most of the skeleton before it is replaced by bone?
Hyaline cartilage
**A boy grew rapidly and reached a height of 6'2" by the time he was 13. He had normal body proportions and sexual development but had below normal mental cognition. Which of the following likely caused his condition?
Hypersecretion of growth hormone
Red blood cells (RBCs) have been placed in three different solutions: hypotonic, hypertonic, isotonic. What is solution "B" relative to the RBC?
Hypertonic solution
**Thirteen-year-old Austin exhibits retarded growth, reduced metabolism, lack of normal reproductive gland development, inability to regulate water intake or water elimination from the body, and an uncontrolled appetite. Which part of Austin's brain is most likely involved?
Hypothalamus
**Which of the following brain areas serves as the major control center of the autonomic nervous system and endocrine system?
Hypothalamus
Red blood cells (RBCs) have been placed in three different solutions: hypotonic, hypertonic, isotonic. What is solution "C" relative to the RBC?
Hypotonic solution
Which of the following is NOT a direct effect of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?
Increased Ca2+ uptake by the small intestine
Describe the effect of exposure to UV rays on the skin.
Increased melanin synthesis
Which of the following muscles is part of the rotator cuff?
Infraspinatus
You are looking at a cell with the electron microscope and you notice the following characteristics: presence of many mitochondria and lysosomes; few, if any, Golgi apparatus; and many ribosomes. Which of the following is the most likely function of that cell?
Intracellular digestion
The anterior and posterior chambers of the eye are separated by the ________.
Iris
Match the structure of the eye with the appropriate description.
Iris - E - A pigmented contractile structure Pupils - C - The opening in the iris Retina - D - The innermost tunic of the eye Rods - A - Photoreceptor cells that function in black and white vision Cones - B - Photoreceptor cells that function in color vision
Which of the following is correctly matched?
Iris - sphincter pupillae
**Which of the following is correctly associated with the medulla oblongata?
It contains nuclei for regulation of heart rate and blood vessel diameter.
The skin discoloration most likely to result from liver disease is ________.
Jaundice
Low levels of ________ can have dire consequences on the functioning of neurons because of its role in membrane repolarization.
K+
Which durable protein is found in the nails, hair, and epidermis?
Keratin
**Doctor Johansson wants to test a patient's reflexes by briskly striking the patellar tendon with a reflex hammer. Which reflex is Dr. Johansson testing?
Knee-jerk reflex
Which cells of the epidermis are part of the immune system?
Langerhans cells
**Jill, an avid runner, experiences pain on her greater trochanter. Where is Jill's pain located?
Lateral femur
Which of the following could be used to study general features of cells?
Light microscope
To which of the following organic groups does a steroid belong?
Lipid
Which type of cell would have an abundance of peroxisomes?
Liver cells that detoxify hydrogen peroxide
Damage to the left side of the brain near the visual cortex could result in which of the following visual changes?
Loss of right visual fields from both eyes
Which of the following skin changes is usually associated with aging?
Loss of subcutaneous tissue contributes to sagging of the skin.
**A man was in an accident during which his spinal cord was severed between C6 and C7. Which of the following would NOT be a consequence of this injury?
Loss of use of the phrenic nerves and paralysis of the diaphragm
Which auditory ossicle is attached to the tympanic membrane?
Malleus
Which of the following is found inferior to the maxilla and has a posterior articulation with the temporal bone?
Mandible
**Which type of membrane proteins allow cells to identify one another?
Marker molecules
Which of the following muscles is involved in chewing gum?
Masseter
Which type of cell releases chemicals in response to injury and plays an important role in inflammation?
Mast cell
Which of these activities is associated with the left cerebral hemisphere in most people?
Mathematics and speech
**Which portion of the brainstem is continuous with the spinal cord?
Medulla oblongata
What structure does "B" represent on the diagram of the plasma membrane?
Membrane channel protein
All of the chemical reactions within a cell are known as cell ________.
Metabolism
**Frank has a microbial infection attacking his brain. Which cell type would you expect to proliferate and be most active during this time?
Microglia
Which of the following descriptions of glial cells is mismatched?
Microglia - provide support for the neuron cell body
Match the glial cell with its function.
Microglia= B) Macrophages in CNS Schwann Cells= E) Form myelin sheath around part of the axon in the PNS Oligodendrocyte= D) Form myelin sheath around axons in CNS Astrocyte= A) Influence function of blood-brain barrier Ependymal cells= C) Produce cerebrospinal fluid
Which of the following cell structures is CORRECTLY matched with its function?
Microtubules - cell support
Which of the following occurs when the permeability of blood vessels increases during inflammation?
Migration of white blood cells to the site of injury
**Solution A contains 5 grams of sugar per liter while solution B contains 2 grams of sugar per liter. The solutions are separated by a selectively permeable membrane. If the solvent in both solutions is water, predict in which direction most of the water molecules will move.
Most of the water will move by osmosis from solution B to solution A.
Which of the following represents a local reflex?
Motility of the digestive tract in response to stretch of the wall of the digestive tract
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic function of a cell?
Movement
**Which cell type would have many Golgi apparatuses?
Mucus cell (secretes mucus)
Which back muscle extends and rotates the vertebral column?
Multifidus
The brachial plexus supplies nerves that function to contract which of the following?
Muscles of the arm and forearm
During depolarization of the plasma membrane,
Na+ moves rapidly into the cell
Which type of tissue contains cells called neurons?
Nervous tissue
**Miguel fell out of a tree and broke his fall by putting his arm out, fracturing his radius and ulna. The bones were still aligned at the fracture site. Which specific type of bone fracture is Miguel most likely to have?
Nondisplaced fracture
Match the nerve or plexus with its appropriate description.
Obturator nerve= C) Innervates the muscles that adduct the thigh Femoral nerve= A) Innervates the iliopsoas, sartorius, and quadriceps femoris Tibial nerve= E0 Branches to form the medial and lateral plantar nerves Common fibular nerve=B) Innervates muscles of the pelvic floor Common peroneal nerve= D) Innervates the anterior and lateral muscles of the leg
Which of the following bones is part of the cranium?
Occipital bone
Which of the following special senses is relayed directly to the cerebral cortex without going to the thalamus?
Olfaction
Which of the special senses contains receptor neurons that are the only nerve cells in direct contact with the outside environment?
Olfaction
**Multiple sclerosis is a neurological disorder in which myelin sheaths in the CNS are destroyed. Which of the following neuroglial cells is being damaged in multiple sclerosis?
Oligodendrocyte
Which of the following cranial nerves does NOT innervate extrinsic eye muscles?
Optic
**Which of the following cell types is responsible for breaking down the bone matrix?
Osteoclast
The cell is the basic unit of life. All cellular structures exhibit special functions. Match the structure with its function. What is the function of "A"?
Outer boundary of cell, controls entry and exit of substances
Which of the following statements regarding PTH (parathyroid hormone) is true?
PTH causes increased reabsorption of Ca2+ in the kidneys.
Which of these activities is associated with the right cerebral hemisphere in most people?
Painting a watercolor landscape
Which of the following structures is considered to be an accessory structure of the eye?
Palpebrae
Match the structure associated with the eye with the appropriate description.
Palpebrae - C - Another name for the eyelids Palpebral fissure - B - The space between the two eyelids Canthi - A - The angle where the eyelids join Palpebral conjunctiva - D - The membrane that covers the inner surface of the eyelids Bulbar conjunctiva - E - The membrane that covers the anterior sclera of the eye
Inhibits heart rate but stimulates contraction of urinary bladder
Parasympathetic
Provides more extensive innervation of digestive tract
Parasympathetic
Which substance causes an increase in the blood calcium level?
Parathyroid hormone
Which of the following substance is mismatched with its role in the body?
Parathyroid hormone - increases calcium loss in the kidneys
Parathyroid hormone functions to increase calcium ion levels in blood. If its secretion is regulated through negative feedback, under which conditions would this hormone normally be released?
Parathyroid hormone secretion occurs when blood calcium levels are too low.
Which of the following structures of the lower limb is correctly matched to its description?
Patella - bone within tendon of quadriceps
Which of the following muscles of the chest has its insertion on the humerus?
Pectoralis major
Which of the organs listed below is not directly innervated by the autonomic nervous system?
Pectoralis major
Which of the following lists the components of a nucleotide?
Phosphate, monosaccharide, nitrogenous base
What structure does "A" represent on the diagram of the plasma membrane?
Phospholipid bilayer
Damage to which of these nerves would be most life-threatening?
Phrenic nerves
Sergio needs to reach the bowls on the top shelf, which are slightly out of reach. Which type of movement would give him the greatest chance of success in reaching the bowls?
Plantar flexion
Which of the following pairs of terms are opposites?
Plantar flexion - dorsiflexion
The central nervous system develops from a flat mass of tissue called the neural ________.
Plate
**The nucleus for the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII) is located in the ________.
Pons
Which area of the brain contains areas that initiates REM sleep?
Pons
**Which two portions of the brain are involved in controlling respiration?
Pons, medulla oblongata
An abrasion of the skin results in which of the following?
Portal of entry for microorganisms
Mary Lu is experiencing pain from her sacroiliac joint. In what region of her body is she most likely feeling pain?
Posterior pelvic region
Which of the following is true during the resting membrane potential?
Potassium is concentrated primarily inside the cell.
Which type of muscle tissue has neuromuscular junctions?
Skeletal muscle
Which of the following is NOT a function of carbohydrates in the body?
Protection
**Which of the following functions is associated with the skin?
Protection against ultraviolet radiation of the sun
If a toxic drug inhibited mRNA synthesis, which of the following would be most directly affected?
Protein synthesis
Which of the following is a source of nitrogen for the body?
Proteins
Which of the following matrix molecules in cartilage tends to trap large quantities of water?
Proteoglycan
Which of the following matrix molecules tends to trap large quantities of water?
Proteoglycan
Which of the following is NOT a function of cerebrospinal fluid?
Provides oxygen to CNS tissue
Match the nerve to the correct function.
Radial nerve= E) Innervates the triceps brachii Musculocutaneous nerve= A) Provides motor innervation to the biceps brachii Ulnar nerve= B) Innervates two forearm muscles plus most of the intrinsic hand muscles Median nerve= C) Innervates all but one of the flexor muscles of the forearm and most of the hand muscles near the thumb Axillary nerve= D) Innervates the deltoid and teres minor muscles
Which of the following is CORRECTLY matched with its function?
Receptor proteins - attach to ligand molecules
Which of the following activities is a function of the plasma membrane?
Recognition of bacterial cells by the immune system
To which colors are the three different kinds of cones sensitive?
Red, blue, and green
Which of the following are symptoms of inflammation?
Redness, heat, and pain
Which of the following functions is carried out by both aqueous and vitreous humor?
Refraction of light rays
Vitamin C is essential for normal collagen synthesis. If a child suffered from a vitamin C deficiency, which layer of the skin would be most affected?
Reticular layer of dermis
Which of the following bones is part of the axial skeleton?
Rib
Which of the following are associated with the retina?
Rods and cones
Maya is experiencing pain and discomfort in her posterior hip region. Which specific joint may be the problem?
Sacroiliac joint
**Sally has just heard a strange noise in her basement. Which of the following is an example of normal autonomic nervous system function during this type of situation?
Sally's heart rate increases preparing for possible activity.
What is a malignant tumor derived from connective tissue?
Sarcoma
What type of neuroglial cells provide support and nutrition to sensory ganglia in the PNS?
Satellite cells
Which of the following is NOT a glial cell of the CNS?
Satellite cells
Schwann cells differ from oligodendrocytes in which of the following ways?
Schwann cells form a myelin sheath around a portion of only one axon, while oligodendrocytes can surround portions of several axons
Barney sat on a hot camp stove while on a camping trip. The burn was painful and blistered. What type of burn did Barney experience?
Second degree
Which of the following is a function of epithelial tissue?
Secretion and absorption of molecules
A neuron that conducts pain sensations to the central nervous system would be classified as a/an ________.
Sensory or afferent neuron
Which of the following correctly matches the bone type with an example?
Short bone - carpal bone
Which organ system is the location of blood cell production?
Skeletal
Which of the following is NOT an effector controlled by the autonomic nervous system?
Skeletal muscle
Shannon, a boxer, is informed after a fight that she has a broken ethmoid bone. Due to its location, she may have difficulty with which of these special senses?
Smell
Which type of muscle tissue has spindle-shaped cells?
Smooth muscle
Which of the following statements about muscle tissue is true?
Smooth muscle is found in the walls of hollow organs.
Solution A has a pH of 10, and solution B has a pH of 2. Which of the following statements about these solutions is true?
Solution B has a higher H+ concentration than solution A.
If you feel someone touch you on the shoulder, the person has stimulated a/an ________ sense.
Somatic
All axons are myelinated
Somatic motor nervous system
Neuron cell bodies are in the cerebral cortex
Somatic motor nervous system
Which of the following is mismatched?
Somatic nervous system - sensory division of PNS
When people smoke cigarettes, they damage some of their taste buds. Which type of sense has been damaged by the smoking?
Special
Which of the following paranasal sinuses would most likely result in discomfort of the ears?
Sphenoidal sinus
Which condition is caused by the failure of vertebral laminae to fuse?
Spina bifida
Three-year old Trevor is admitted to the hospital with stenosis (narrowing) of the foramen magnum. This condition directly affects which of these structures?
Spinal cord
Which of the following is NOT a means of parasympathetic innervation of effectors?
Spinal nerves
Which type of nerve would be damaged if sympathetic innervation of the adrenal medulla was disrupted?
Splanchnic
Which type of cell has the potential to differentiate to form adult cell types?
Stem cell
**Hank was involved in a car accident during which a flat bone in the anterior region of his thorax was fractured. Which bone is most likely the one that was fractured?
Sternum
Meningitis
Stiffness in the neck and headache
This stratum contains many layers of dead squamous cells.
Stratum corneum
Provides innervation to blood vessels in skeletal muscles
Sympathetic
Which of the following is part of the spiral organ (organ of Corti)?
Tectorial membrane
If water accumulates between two sheets of glass, it is very difficult to separate them. Which of the following explanations best explains this situation?
The adhesive property of water holds the sheets of glass together.
A cell is
The basic unit of structure and function in living things
**Which of the following statements concerning the brainstem is true?
The brainstem consists of the medulla, pons, and cerebellum.
Sandy had a cookie for a snack. Which of the following statements accurately describes the fate of the carbon atoms in the sugar molecules present in Sandy's cookie after she ingested it?
The carbon atoms combined with hydrogen ions to buffer the stomach acids.
Which of the following statements concerning the epidermis is true?
The epidermis is nourished by blood vessels located in the dermis.
**Sixteen-year-old Jake is diagnosed with hydrocephaly. What will this do if left untreated?
The excess fluid will exert pressure on his brain
An infant is born with a genetic defect that greatly reduces his production of brown fat. Which of the following will most likely apply to this infant?
The infant will have difficulty regulating his body temperature
If the thoracic cavity was cut along the midsagittal plane, which of the following descriptions of the two halves would be accurate?
The midsagittal plane would produce a right half that contained one lung and a left half that contained a lung and most of the heart.
**A nurse is caring for a patient who exhibits the following symptoms: (1) Inability to maintain balance while walking (2) Normal intelligence (3) Can initiate voluntary movements, although they are somewhat uncoordinated (4) Decreased tone in the skeletal muscles
The patient is probably suffering from a condition that affected the ________. B) cerebellum
Anatomy is
The study of body structure
Which of the following statements concerning the structure of spinal nerves is true?
The ventral root contains motor or efferent fibers.
Which of the following is NOT true of enzymes?
They are catalysts that increase the rate of a reaction.
Which nerve is involved when a dancer points his/her toes?
Tibial
What is a collection of similar cells and surrounding substances?
Tissue
Which of the following muscles moves the scapula?
Trapezius
**If a man exercises by doing push-ups every day, he would strengthen or enlarge which of the following muscles?
Triceps brachii
Which of the following muscles extends the forearm and has its insertion on the ulna?
Triceps brachii
Which of the following would occur as a result of a single muscle contraction?
Twitch
A DNA base sequence is A T G C C G. The sequence of bases in a strand of mRNA transcribed from this sequence of bases in DNA would be
U A C G G C.
Which of the following nitrogen bases is found in RNA but not DNA?
Uracil
A construction worker was injured when a metal rod penetrated his abdominal wall inferior to his umbilicus and in the hypogastric region. The rod passed through to the lumbar region. Which of the following structures was most likely damaged?
Urinary bladder
Which of the following movements is an example of extension?
Using your finger to point out an area on a map
Which of the following cranial nerves is exclusively sensory?
Vestibulocochlear (VIII)
An example of a fat-soluble vitamin is
Vitamin D
Which chemical, ingested or synthesized by the body, is necessary for calcium absorption from the intestines?
Vitamin D
Which vitamin begins its synthesis in the skin when the skin is exposed to ultraviolet light?
Vitamin D
Which of the following statements regarding calcium homeostasis is true?
When blood calcium levels are too low, osteoclast activity increases.
**Which type of cell would have an abundance of lysosomes?
White blood cell, a phagocyte
**Kevin was playing softball with some friends and was hit in the face by a ball fracturing one of the bones. Select the bone matched with its proper description that was most likely fractured?
Zygomatic bone - irregular
Rheumatoid arthritis is
a condition that may involve an autoimmune disease.
**Rickets is
a disease in children characterized by soft, bowed, and swollen bones.
A synergist is
a group of muscles that work together to cause movement
Night blindness could be caused by
a lack of rhodopsin
Dense regular collagenous connective tissue would be found in
a ligament.
Gout is
a metabolic disorder caused by increased uric acid in blood.
An isometric contraction is described as
a muscle produces an increasing tension as the length remains constant.
An isotonic contraction is described as
a muscle produces constant tension during contraction.
An eccentric contraction is described as
a muscle produces tension, but the length of the muscle is increasing.
Lesion of the basal nuclei could cause
a slight shaking of the hands or head.
An organelle is
a small structure within a cell
An organ is
a structure composed of several tissue types
Synaptic vesicles in the neuromuscular junction contain
acetylcholine
Decreased sensitivity to a continued stimulus is called ________.
adaptation
Suppose you cup your hands to hold some water. To limit the amount of leaking through your hands, this action would most likely require ________.
adduction of the fingers
The oculomotor nerve
adjusts pupil size to the level of lighting.
**Injury to the thalamus would
affect sensory projection to the cerebral cortex
Eccrine sweat glands
aid in cooling the body
The semicircular canals
allow a person to detect movement in all directions.
Proteins in cells can act as important buffer systems. If intracellular pH rises, certain ________ of proteins can ________ H+ to return pH to normal conditions.
amino acids; donate
Saltatory conduction of an action potential means that
an action potential is conducted from one node of Ranvier to the next node
An organic molecule consists of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur; the molecule is probably
an amino acid
Normal pH range for blood is 7.35 to 7.45. If blood pH falls below 7.35,
an imbalance called acidosis results.
**Damage to Wernicke area would result in
aphasia
The pineal body
appears to play a role in controlling the onset of puberty.
The middle, thin, spider-like meninx is the ________.
arachnoid mater
The white matter of the cerebellum forms a branching network known as the ________.
arbor vitae
Phospholipids
are found in plasma membranes.
Muscle spindles
are innervated by gamma motor neurons.
Secondary olfactory areas
are involved in emotional reactions to odors.
Keratinocytes
are responsible for the reduction of water loss from the skin.
Osteons or haversian systems
are the basic units in compact bone tissue
Dendrites
are the input part of the neuron
Smooth muscle and cardiac muscle are similar in that they both
are under involuntary control.
Nissl bodies are ________.
areas of rough endoplasmic reticulum.
Bone remodeling may occur
as bones grow, as bones adjust to stress, as fractures heal and constantly during a person's lifetime.
Target tissues may be stimulated or inhibited
autonomic nervous system
Lyme disease is
bacterial infection transmitted by ticks
Damage to the vestibular branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve would result in loss of ________.
balance
A ________ is a type of joint that is multiaxial allowing a wide range of movement.
ball and socket
**Which type of skin cancer is the most common?
basal cell carcinoma
In order for a molecule to be detected by the olfactory neurons, it must
be dissolved in fluid covering the olfactory epithelium.
A local anesthetic such as Novocaine decreases membrane permeability to Na+. The use of this anesthetic will
block sensory input into the CNS
A tissue that has a fluid matrix is ________.
blood
Collagen and calcium hydroxyapatite are the primary constituents of ________.
bone matrix
Ligaments attach
bone to bone
Which type of muscle tissue possesses striations?
both skeletal and cardiac muscle
**Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter substance
both somatic and autonomic nervous systems
Spinal nerves C5-T1 make up the ________ plexus.
brachial
The function of acetylcholinesterase is to
breakdown acetylcholine in the synapse.
White matter is composed of
bundles of myelinated axons
Vitamin A, a fat-soluble vitamin, would move across the plasma membrane into the cell
by dissolving in the lipid bilayer.
Glycolipids would contain both lipids and ________.
carbohydrates
Which type of cell has abundant mitochondria?
cardiac muscle cells (require large amounts of ATP)
The breakdown of glucose to yield carbon dioxide, oxygen, and ATP can be described as ________.
catabolic and exergonic
**Neurotransmitters
cause the production of action potentials in the postsynaptic membrane
The energy stored in ATP is a form of ________ energy.
chemical
**Changes in the blood concentration of glucose, oxygen, and hydrogen are detected by ________.
chemoreceptors
The second most abundant of the lipids in the plasma membrane is/are ________.
cholesterol
Which of these molecules is hydrophobic?
cholesterol
Which type of cell forms cartilage?
chondroblast
Cerebrospinal fluid is produced by the ________ and is reabsorbed by the ________.
choroid plexus; arachnoid granulation
As cell division begins, DNA in the nucleus condenses to form ________.
chromatin
A movement through 360 degrees that combines flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction is called ________.
circumduction
An organic molecule such as a vitamin that makes an enzyme functional is called a/an ________.
coenzyme
The three types of protein fibers found in connective tissue are
collagen, elastin, and reticular fibers.
In the spinal cord, white matter is organized into
columns and the gray matter into horns.
Cells produce and respond to chemical and electrical signals as a means of ________.
communicating
In which type of bone tissue are osteons present?
compact bone
The type of lamellae found in osteons (Haversian systems) is ________.
concentric
Mechanical deficiency in transmission of sound waves to the spiral organ is ________.
conduction hearing loss
Pinkeye is an acute inflammation of the ________.
conjunctiva
Marfan syndrome is a genetic disorder associated with ________ tissue
connective
Muscle myofibrils
contain myosin and actin myofilaments
Cartilage
contains chondrocytes located in lacunae
Spongy bone tissue
contains interconnecting plates called trabeculae
The capacity of a muscle cell to shorten forcefully is known as
contractility.
Upper motor neurons
control skeletal muscles.
**The sensory (afferent) division of the peripheral nervous system
conveys action potentials to the CNS.
The bluish tinge of skin due to a reduction of oxygen in the blood is called
cyanosis
The study of the structural features and functions of the cell is ________.
cytology
Damage to the cerebellum is likely to cause
decreased muscle tone. balance impairment. the tendency to overshoot when reaching for an object. an intention tremor.
Synovial fluid
decreases friction between bones
**Another name for a bedsore is ________.
decubitus ulcer
**The fact that the right side of the brain controls the left side of the body is explained by the
decussation of the pyramids in the medulla
Pacinian corpuscles respond to
deep cutaneous pressure and vibration
Raising your arm to shoulder level is accomplished almost entirely by the ________.
deltoid
Connective tissue in tendons is
dense regular collagenous tissue
Acetylcholine binds to a membrane bound receptor and causes ligand-gated sodium channels to open and results in
depolarization
**The pyramids of the medulla contain ________.
descending motor tracts
The integumentary system has many functions, one of which is
detection of heat and touch.
The major movement produced during quiet breathing is accomplished by the ________.
diaphragm
**Where is the enteric nervous system located?
digestive tract
The enteric nervous system consists of plexuses within the walls of the ________.
digestive tract
On coming inside from the cold, students notice that their cheeks are red. This results from
dilation of the blood vessels in the dermis of the cheeks.
Solubility refers to the ability of one substance to ________ in another.
dissolve
The three arches of the foot
distribute the weight of the body during standing and walking
The sensory root of a spinal nerve is also referred to as ________ root.
dorsal
The most superficial meningeal layer is the ________.
dura mater
The thickest of the meninges is the ________.
dura mater
Inflammation of the skin is called dermatitis or ________.
eczema
The olecranon process of the ulna is commonly known as the ________.
elbow
Gap junctions are functionally ________ synapses.
electrical
In an oxidation-reduction reaction, ________ are transferred between molecules.
electrons
Which type of gland does not have ducts?
endocrine
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAO inhibitors)
enhance the binding of norepinephrine to its receptors.
The superficial layer of epithelium of the skin is called the ________.
epidermis
**Sympathetic stimulation of the postganglionic cells of the adrenal medulla causes the release of ________.
epinephrine and norepinephrine
) What is the end of a long bone?
epiphysis
Which type of tissue forms linings or coverings?
epithelial tissue
The four primary tissue types are
epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous
Chemical reactions with the property of being able to proceed from reactants to products and from products to reactants are called ________ reactions.
exchange
When acetylcholine binds with nicotinic receptors, the response is ________.
excitatory
Which type of gland possesses ducts?
exocrine
Acetylcholine is released from the presynaptic terminal by the process of
exocytosis
The environment outside the plasma membrane is most appropriately referred to as ________.
extracellular
You taste a sauce with the "tip of your tongue." These taste sensations would be carried via the ________ cranial nerve.
facial (VII)
A particular membrane transport process exhibits saturation, uses carrier molecules, but does NOT require ATP. The process is probably ________.
facilitated diffusion
Which muscle everts and plantar flexes the foot?
fibularis brevis
The spinal cord begins at the ________.
forms memory engrams.
The area of greatest visual acuity is the ________.
fovea centralis
Action potentials are conducted more rapidly when transmission is
from internode to node on a myelinated axon.
The central olfactory cortex areas are located in the ________.
frontal and temporal lobes
Cell bodies of the peripheral nervous system are located in
ganglia
The bulge of the calf is caused by the ________ and ________ muscles.
gastrocnemius; soleus
Proteoglycan molecules in the matrix of cartilage
give cartilage its resilient nature
The largest buttocks muscle is the ________.
gluteus maximus
A common site on the lower limb for injections is the ________.
gluteus medius
The joint between a tooth and the mandibular alveolus is an example of a ________.
gomphosis
An incomplete bone fracture generally found in children is a/an ________.
greenstick fracture
Calcitonin
is associated with decreased osteoclast activity.
The sense of taste is called ________.
gustation
**Betsy took a fall and broke her arm, which required that she wear a cast for a prolonged period of time. When she took the cast off, she was alarmed to see that her muscles
had undergone atrophy.
Lead poisoning can be detected by doing an analysis of ________.
hair
The biceps femoris is part of the ________.
hamstring muscles
Troponin
has a calcium-binding site
Axons
have a distal portion that branches to form the presynaptic terminals.
Plasma membrane phospholipids
have a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails
**Damage to the vestibulocochlear nerve would result in some loss of ________.
hearing and balance
Rapid changes in altitude can rupture the tympanic membrane. Symptoms that may occur include
hearing impairment
**Due to dual innervation of the heart,
heart rate can increase under sympathetic regulation or decrease under parasympathetic regulation, meeting the demands of the body
Hydrogen bonds are important for all of the following except
helping atoms give up or receive electrons.
Vitreous humor
helps to hold the lens and retina in place.
If the Broca area is damaged, the result is
hesitant and distorted speech
Tetanus of a muscle is thought to be caused by
high calcium ion concentrations in the sarcoplasm
The study of tissues is ________.
histology
What is the microscopic study of tissues?
histology
The rotator cuff muscles
hold the head of the humerus in the glenoid fossa of the scapula.
By reducing body temperature during hot weather, skin helps to maintain
homeostasis.
The type of cartilage associated with bone function and development is
hyaline cartilage
The compression (weight-bearing) strength of bone matrix is due to the presence of ________.
hydroxyapatite crystals
If a 0.9% NaCl (saline) solution is isotonic to a cell, then a solution of 3.5% NaCl would be
hypertonic to the cell.
**Anna has an eating disorder along with intense thirst and wildly varying body temperatures, which means she may have a dysfunction of the ________.
hypothalamus
Arthritis is
inflammation of a joint
The stalk that connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland is the ________.
infundibulum
When a skeletal muscle contracts to cause a given movement, the more movable end of attachment of the muscle is called its ________.
insertion
The taste area is located in the ________.
insula
The taste cortex is located in the ________.
insula
Membrane proteins that extend into the lipid bilayer are called ________.
integral proteins
A lesion in the red nucleus results in ________ tremors.
intention
A neuron within the central nervous system that carries action potentials from one neuron to another is called a/an ________.
interneuron
Pinocytosis
involves ingestion of liquids rather than particles.
The electrical properties of cells are the result of
ion concentration differences across the plasma membrane
The corpus callosum
is a band of commissural fibers that connects the right cerebral hemisphere to the left cerebral hemisphere.
Muscle tone
is a constant tension produced by muscles for long periods of time.
**Color vision
is a function of cone cells.
Hyaluronic acid gives a very slippery quality to fluids that contain it. Hyaluronic acid
is a good lubricant for joint cavities
A neuromodulator
is a substance released from neurons that influences the sensitivity of neurons to neurotransmitters
An electrolyte is
is a substance that conducts electricity when dissolved in a solution.
The conus medullaris
is a tapered, cone like region immediately inferior to the lumbar enlargement.
Melanin
is absent in individuals with albinism.
The limbic system
is associated with basic survival instincts of nutrition, memory, and reproduction.
If 0.9% NaCl (saline) solution is isotonic to a cell, then a 0.5% saline solution
is hypotonic to the cell.
During the absolute refractory period, the cell
is insensitive to further stimulation
The cornea
is part of the focusing system of the eye
An enzyme
is permanently changed in a chemical reaction.
The dermis
is responsible for most of the skin's structural strength.
A fascicle
is surrounded by perimysium
Endocytosis
is the bulk uptake of material through the plasma membrane by vesicle formation.
Complete tetanus
is the condition in which stimuli occur so rapidly that there are no intervening relaxations.
The blink reflex functions to ________.
keep the eyes moist
The medial meniscus is in the ________.
knee
Which condition is also known as "humpback"?
kyphosis
A by-product of anaerobic respiration in muscle fibers is
lactate
The arm is attached to the thorax by the ________.
latissimus dorsi and pectoralis major
**The primary function of osteoblasts is to
lay down bone matrix
The activity of apocrine sweat glands
leads to body odor
Which of these has the highest H+ concentration?
lemon juice, pH = 2.3
Molecules that serve as chemical signals to open or close gated ion channels are ________.
ligands
The appendicular skeleton consists of the
limbs and their girdles
The spinal cord
links the peripheral nervous system to the brain.
If the esophagus were cut from superior to inferior, as it occurs in the thoracic cavity, this would be considered a ________ section.
longitudinal
A red blood cell that is placed in a hypertonic solution
loses water
The extrapyramidal system
maintains control of unconscious movements
Glucose is the
major nutrient for most body cells
The thick fibrocartilage disks found in the knee joint are called ________.
menisci
Some marrow of long bones is termed "red" marrow. The function of red marrow is to
manufacture blood cells.
A cleft palate results from incomplete development of the ________.
maxillae.
Water-soluble molecules such as glucose and amino acids move across the blood-brain barrier by ________.
mediated transport
A small lesion in the brainstem which resulted in a rapid heart rate, intense vasoconstriction, and elevated blood pressure would probably be located in the ________.
medulla oblongata
**Which type of skin cancer is the most deadly?
melanoma
In general, water-soluble molecules diffuse through the ________; and lipid-soluble molecules diffuse through the ________.
membrane channels; lipid bilayer
Ion movement across the plasma membrane creates an electrical charge difference known as ________.
membrane potential
During an autopsy the brainstem was separated from the rest of the brain by a cut between the ________ and ________.
midbrain; diencephalon
Osteoarthritis is
most common type of arthritis
Effector cells that respond to acetylcholine released from postganglionic neurons have
muscarinic receptors.
The sensory receptor of the stretch reflex is the ________.
muscle spindle
Specialized muscle fibers associated with detection of muscle length are ________.
muscle spindles
Which type of tissue is contractile?
muscle tissue
Using the biceps brachii to flex the forearm requires innervation by the ________ nerve.
musculocutaneous
Skeletal muscle develops from cells called
myoblasts
Blood glucose concentration rises after a meal and stimulates the pancreas to release the hormone insulin. Insulin travels in the blood and stimulates the uptake of glucose by body cells from the bloodstream, thus reducing blood glucose concentration. This is an example of ________.
negative feedback
The sites where a chemical substance is transmitted from the presynaptic terminal of an axon to the postsynaptic membrane of a muscle fiber are called
neuromuscular junctions
In appositional growth of cartilage,
new chondrocytes and new matrix are added on the outside of the tissue.
The membranes of all postganglionic neurons in autonomic ganglia have ________.
nicotinic receptors
Gaps or interruptions in the myelin sheath are called ________.
nodes of Ranvier
Clusters of gray matter deep within the brain are called ________.
nuclei
In the CNS, clusters of gray matter containing cell bodies are called ________.
nuclei
The "control center" of the cell is the ________.
nucleus
Oscillation of the eyes during the tracking of something in motion is called ________.
nystagmus
Ptosis (drooping of the upper eyelid) of the left eye would be caused by damage to the ________ nerve.
oculomotor
In the process of diffusion, net movement of substances is always from a region
of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration.
**The cell type that is responsible for maintaining bone once it has been formed is the ________.
osteocyte
Cytoplasm is found
outside the nucleus and inside the plasma membrane
The cross-sectional view of the spinal cord reveals white matter on the
outside, gray matter on the inside, and a ventral motor root.
**The function of the Golgi apparatus is
packaging and distribution of proteins and lipids.
Which of the following is a visceral sensation?
pain
Effects more localized
parasympathetic
Functions at rest
parasympathetic
Preganglionic fibers from the thoracic and lumbar segments of the spinal cord are part of the ________ division of the ANS.
parasympathetic
Digestion of food is regulated by the
parasympathetic division of the ANS.
The primary somatosensory cortex is located in the ________ lobe.
parietal
A state of conscious awareness of stimuli received by sensory receptors is called ________.
perception
The covering of the outer surface of bone is the ________.
periosteum
Certain cells in the liver ingest bacteria and debris from damaged cells by a process called ________.
phagocytosis
White blood cells engulf foreign particles by means of ________.
phagocytosis
Amputees frequently perceive pain in the amputated structure. This type of pain is called ________ pain.
phantom
The predominant lipid in the cell membrane is a ________.
phospholipid
An investigator who conducts an experiment to determine how changes in pH affect the function of enzymes on digestion is most likely to be a/an ________.
physiologist
The outside of the resting plasma membrane is ________ relative to the inside of the resting plasma membrane
positively charged
Skeletal muscle fibers
possess striations
The age-associated changes that result in loss of accommodation of the eyes is called ________.
presbyopia
**Synaptic vesicles contain neurotransmitters and are present in the ________.
presynaptic terminals
The attenuation reflex
prevents damage to delicate ear structures
Receptors that in general produce an action potential in response to a receptor potential are ________ receptors.
primary
Keratinization
produces a layer of cells that resist abrasion
The perception of position and movement of body parts is ________.
proprioception
All of the following nerve endings are found in the skin EXCEPT ________.
proprioceptors
Important functions of the skeletal system include
protection of the brain and soft organs
**The blood-brain barrier
protects neurons from toxic substances in the blood.
Ribosomes are organelles responsible for
protein synthesis
Most enzymes are ________.
proteins
The main components of the plasma membrane are
proteins, lipids, carbohydrates
When an intramuscular injection is given in the anterior aspect of the thigh, the injection is in the ________.
rectus femoris
Blood cells are produced in hemopoietic tissue found in
red bone marrow.
The study of the body's organization by areas is ________.
regional anatomy
The plasma membrane
regulates movement of materials into and out of the cell.
Returning the thumb to the anatomical position after touching the little finger is ________.
reposition
Active transport
requires ATP.
The sleep/wake cycle is influenced by the ________.
reticular formation
The only place in the body where blood vessels can be viewed directly is the ________.
retina
Rhodopsin is found in the ________.
rods
The muscles that hold the humeral head within the glenoid cavity are collectively called the ________.
rotator cuff
The amount of body area involved with a burn is determined by the
rule of nines.
The muscle that is used to cross the legs is ________.
sartorius
The coracoid process is found on the ________.
scapula
What is formed from granulation tissue?
scar
Receptors that in general do not produce an action potential but can release neurotransmitters in response to a receptor potential are ________ receptors.
secondary
What occurs when wound edges are far apart?
secondary union
Alexander has been diagnosed with a pituitary tumor, which means the tumor is in the ________.
sella turcica
Sensory receptors for balance are found in the ________.
semicircular canals
Adipose tissue in the subcutaneous layer
serves as a storage site for lipids, which can be used for energy.
ATP
serves as the energy currency of the cell.
**A person suffered burns over a large part of his body. Evaporation of fluid from the surface of burned areas occurs. As a result of the evaporation process, cells will tend to
shrink.
Glands whose ducts have no branches are called ________.
simple
Epithelium that is primarily secretory in function would most likely be
simple cuboidal
If one of the functions of the capillaries is to supply body cells with oxygen and nutrients, you would expect the capillary walls to consist of
simple squamous epithelium.
Hypertrophy of skeletal muscles from weightlifting is caused by an increase in the
size of muscle fibers
The model that describes the contraction of the muscle is called the
sliding filament model.
The organelle that protects cells from the damaging effects of medications and toxins is the ________.
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Depolarization of the plasma membrane occurs when there is a rapid influx (inflow) of
sodium ions
Blood contains NaCl, protein, and cells. The NaCl is in a/an ________, the protein is in a/an ________, and the cells are in a ________.
solution; colloid; suspension
Cranial nerve functions include ________.
somatic motor control
Controls conscious movement
somatic motor nervous system
An anatomical image created from sound waves is a/an ________.
sonogram
The sensory cells for hearing are located in the ________.
spiral organ (organ of Corti)
Some marrow of long bones is termed "yellow" marrow under normal conditions. The function of yellow marrow is to
store adipose tissue
The sarcoplasmic reticulum
stores calcium
An epithelial tissue has multiple layers, flat and irregular cell shape, dead outer layers of cells, and keratin present in some cells. This is
stratified keratinized squamous epithelium
The layer of epidermis that undergoes mitosis and forms new epidermal cells is the ________.
stratum basale
Structurally, the simplest reflex is the ________.
stretch reflex
A sarcomere is the
structural and functional unit of the skeletal muscle fiber.
Joints are classified according to the
structure of the joint
Cerebrospinal fluid fills the ________.
subarachnoid space
A subcutaneous injection delivers medication into the ________.
subcutaneous layer
Endomysium is a delicate network of loose connective tissue that
surrounds each muscle fiber
Epimysium
surrounds individual muscles
Effects are more general
sympathetic
Fight-or-flight response
sympathetic
Release of epinephrine and norepinephrine
sympathetic
Thoracolumbar division
sympathetic
Chain ganglia are part of the ________.
sympathetic branch of the ANS
The junction of a neuron with another cell is a/an ________.
synapse
The epiphyseal plate of a growing bone is actually a temporary joint called a ________.
synchondrosis
**When you "pull your tummy in" and compress your abdomen, you use the rectus abdominis, external abdominal oblique, internal abdominal oblique, and transversus abdominis muscles. This is an example of muscles working as ________.
synergists
The least movable joints are ________ joints.
synostosis
When two bones grow together across a joint to form a single bone, this is called a ________.
synostosis
Most of the joints in the appendicular skeleton are ________ joints.
synovial
Which of the following joints is most movable?
synovial
The coccyx is also called the ________.
tailbone
**Sensory structures that detect taste are ________.
taste buds
Free nerve endings respond to
temperature change and pain
A person who has cerebrospinal fluid draining from the ear probably has a fracture of the ________ bone.
temporal
The auditory cortex is located in the ________.
temporal lobe
The sensation of hearing occurs when sensory impulses from the ears are transmitted to the auditory cortex in the ________ lobe from the ________ nerve.
temporal; vestibulocochlear
A band of connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone is a/an ________.
tendon
Which muscle abducts and flexes the thigh?
tensor fasciae latae
Parasympathetic ganglia are called ________ ganglia.
terminal
A sustained muscle contraction is known as ________.
tetanus
The primary structure of a protein is
the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide chain
**Salt was added to a beaker of distilled water (the water was not stirred). A sample taken from the bottom of the beaker was found to be 20% salt. At the same time, a sample taken from the top of the beaker was found to be 2% salt. After 24 hours
the percentage of salt in the top and bottom samples would be approximately equal.
In the sympathetic division of the ANS,
the preganglionic cell body is located in the lateral horn of the spinal cord
Chemical synapses are characterized by
the release of neurotransmitter by the presynaptic terminal.
The stem cells of osteoclasts are ________.
the same cells that give rise to monocytes
The transfer of information from DNA to messenger RNA (mRNA) is known as ________.
transcription
The malleus, incus, and stapes
transmit vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the oval window
**The motor (efferent) division of the peripheral nervous system
transmits impulses from the CNS to effectors, such as skeletal muscle.
A kiss on the cheek would be perceived by impulses from the ________ nerve.
trigeminal
When you walk up behind someone and tap their right shoulder, they will reflexively
turn their head toward the right.
Mitosis forms
two daughter cells with the same amount of DNA as the parent cell.
The sagittal suture is between the ________.
two parietal bones
The external ear terminates at the ________.
tympanic membrane
A styloid process is found on the ________.
ulna
What is the role of the red nuclei?
unconscious regulation and coordination of motor activities
Wernicke area is necessary for
understanding and formulating coherent speech
Albinism in which there is an absence of melanin pigment would affect the individual's
visual acuity and prevent scattering of light inside the eye.
Lesions of the limbic system might result in
voracious appetite
Osmosis is the diffusion of ________ across a selectively permeable membrane.
water
A research group is monitoring a series of reactions and have determined it is most likely a hydrolysis reaction because the number of ________.
water molecules increased
The speed of an action potential depends on
whether an axon is myelinated or not myelinated. thickness of the myelin sheath. the diameter of the axon.
