Anatomy

Where & When does the 5th Epiphysial center appear and when does it fuse?

Where: Lesser Trochanter Appears @ Last Fuses @ Puberty

Where & When does the 1st Epiphysial center appear and when does it fuse?

Where: Mid Shaft Appears @: 7th Embryonic Week Fuses @ Birth

T4 dermatome

level of nipples

T10 dermatome

level of umbilicus

True or False Left Lower Lobe of the Lung drains into the Thoracic Duct

False - Rt lymphatic Duct

Visceral Layer

Directly over organ Insensitive to pain Sensitive to stretch

Fibrous Cartialge Functions

Function is resists compression;prevents bone-to-bone contact; limits relative movement

Hyaline Cartilage Function

Function is that it provides stiff but somewhat flexible support; reduces friction between bony surfaces

Elastic Cartilage Functions

Function is that it provides support, but tolerates distortion without damage and returns to orginal shape

Superior Mediastinum

Lies above sternal angle Contents: remains of the thymus brachiocephalic Upper 1/2 of SVC Aortic Arch Vagus, phrenic, left recurrent Trachea Esophagus Thoracic Duct

1) Ulnar N, 2) Median N, 3) Flexor Retinaculum

Please name the following numbered structures

Fate of the 2nd through 4th branchial clefts?

Temporary cervical sinuses later obliterated by proliferation of the 2nd ARCH mesenchyme

Anterior 2/3 of tongue derived from what branchial arch?

1

How long should you wait after a nerve injury before an EMG can be performed?

1 week is how long you should wait to perform this test

Ulnar nerve innervation?

1) flexor carpi ulnaris muscle 2) ulnar half of the flexor digitorum profundus muscle in the anterior forearm 3) most of the intrinsic hand muslces (all of the interossei, hypothenar muscles, two lumbricals, and the adductor pollicis.

When does the Calcaneus mature?

15y to 20y

When do the proximal, middle & distal phalanges mature?

15y to 21y

Right Lung Tell me everything

2 fissures - oblique ( along 6th rib) and horizontal (along 4th rib) 3 lobes - superior, middle, inferior 10 BPS (Nwosu) Larger, wider, Heavier than left the superior and inferior vena cava are on the right (venous on mediastinal surface)

When does the epiphysis appear in the proximal, middle & distal phalanges?

2y to 3y

Posterior 1/3 of tongue derived from what branchial arch?

3 and 4

How many Epiphyses does the Femur have?

5

When does the Calcaneal apophysis primarily appear?

5y to 12y

When does the Fibular Proximal Epiphysis mature?

Age: 14y to 21y

When do Metatarsals 1 thru 5 mature?

Age: 15y - 18y

When does the Middle Cuneiform appear?

Age: 3 Months to 4 years

When does the Fibular Proximal Epiphysis primarily appear?

Age: 3 years to 4 years

When does the Medial Cuniform appear

Age: 3m to 4 years

When does the Navicular bone primarily appear?

Age: 3m to 4y

When do the Sesamoids primarily appear?

Age: 9y to 11 years

Trachealis

A fibrocartilaginous tube made up of C-shaped rings of cartilage and smooth muscle

When does the Lateral Cuneiform appear?

Age: Birth to 1 year

Triangle of Koch

AV node lies within it bounded by base of the septal leaflet of the tricuspid valve tendon of Todaro coronary sinus ostium

What is the 3rd Step to Drawing the Brachial Plexus?

Add a "W"

What is the 5th Step to Drawing the Brachial Plexus?

Add a "Y". (Just a branch of the "Y" is added.)

What is the 2nd Step to Drawing the Brachial Plexus?

Add a headless arrow to the left

What is the 4th Step to Drawing the Brachial Plexus?

Add an "X"

When does the Tibial Distal Epiphysis mature?

Age 17y - 19y

When does the Tibial Proximal Epiphysis mature?

Age 19y to 21 years

When does Tibial Distal Epiphysis appear?

Age 2 years

When does the Fibular Distal epiphysis appear?

Age 2y

When do the Metatarsal epiphyses primarily appear?

Age 2y - 3y

When does the Fibular Distal Epiphysis Mature?

Age: 11y to 14y

Arterial circle of Vieussens

An anastamotic connection between the conus artery of the right heart circulation and the LAD. This anastamotic connection may become an important source of collateral blood supply to the distal LAD if there is a proximal left circulation stenosis or occlusion.

L5 dermatome?

Anterior leg, dorsum of foot (excluding big toe and small toe), plantar surface of foot (but excluding the medial and lateral sides which are L4 and S1). Mixed tibial and common peroneal nerve.

apex beat

Apex beat also called The point of maximum Impulse or PMI place the tip of one finger just inferomedial to the left nipple

1st branchial arch contributes to what parts of the ear? 1st branchial cleft? 1st branchial membrane? 1st branchial pouch?

Arch: Malleus, tensor tyMPani (v3). Cleft: external auditory meatus. Membrane: tympanic membrane. Pouch: endoderm-lined structures of ear (middle ear cavity, Eustachian tube, mastoid air cells)

Where does thoracic duct arise from? Where does thoracic duct enter the thorax?

Arise from: cisterna chyli Enter thorax at aortic hiatus at T12 (L1,L2)

When do the proximal, middle & distal phalanges appear?

At Birth

Elastic Cartilage

Auricle of external ear; epiglottis; auditory tube; cuneiform cartilages of larynx

Myotonia Dystrophica (CTG)

Autosomal Dominant, Chromosome19q, Anticipation (Younger and more Aggressive), 1 in 8000 live births, Muscle Weakness and Wasting, "haggard" or "mournful" face, frequent falls, difficulty swallowing, voice changes and recurrent jaw dislocations. Sub-capsular cataracts asymptomatic. life threatening arrhythmias. atrophy of the testicles. excessive sleepiness and sensitivity to sedation. Severe mental retardation.

Branches of Descending Thoracic Aorta

B.E.S.T P.I.M.P Bronchial, esophageal, subcostal, tracheal pericardial, intercostal, mediastinal, phrenic

Costomediastinal Recess

Between Costal and Mediastinal Pleura Bare Area found here clinically useful in relieving pericardial effusion

Hyaline Cartilage

Between tips of ribs and bones of sternum; covering bone surfaces at synovial joints; supporting larynx (voice box), trachea, and bronchi; forming part of nasal septum

When do metatarsals 1 thru 5 primarily appear

Birth

When do the Tibia & Fibula primarily appear?

Birth

When does the Calcaneus primarily appear?

Birth

When does the Proximal Tibial epiphysis appear?

Birth

When does the Talus primarily appear?

Birth

When does the Cuboid primarily appear?

Birth to 1 year

Parts of Parietal Pleura

CERVICAL PLEURA : covers lung apex located above the superior thoracic aperture, 3 cm above clavicle, COSTAL PLEURA : covers internal aspect of thoracic wall, DIAPHRAGMATIC PLEURA : covers the superior surface of diaphragm, MEDIASTINAL PLEURA : covers lateral aspect of mediastinum

SNAP tests are not useful in the evaluation of this spinal segment.

C5: Not much sensory input

Biceps tendon reflex tests?

C6 root

Triceps tendon reflex tests?

C7 root. Lesions are often caused by cervical spondylosis or herniation for C6/C7 disc.

What is the First long bone in the body to begin Ossification?

Clavicle

C5 dermatome

Clavicles to lateral portion of anterior arm and lateral portion of anterior forearm.

Deep Pressure Test on Thumb involves this Nerve and Cervical Seg.

DPT for Median Nerve (C6) is carried out on this finger.

Deep Pressure Test on Middle finger involves this Nerve and Cervical Seg.

DPT for Median Nerve (C7) is carried out on this finger.

Deep Pressure Test on Little Finger involves this Nerve and Cervical Seg.

DPT for Ulnar Nerve (C8) is carried out on this finger.

Blood supply to posterior compartment of arm?

Deep artery (profunda brachii). This is a branch off the brachial artery and runs with the radial nerve around the humeral shaft.

Causes foot drop.

Deep branch = Dorsiflexion and feeling DEEP between the toes. Superficial branch = mainly Sensation (but also eversion)

What is the 1st Step to Drawing the Brachial Plexus?

Draw two headless arrows to the right.

What lies between the trachea and the vertebral bodies?

Esophagus

What is the second Long bone in the body to begin Ossification?

Femur

Pericardium

Fibrous-serous sac which encloses the heart and the roots of the great vessels Situated in the middle mediastinum 2 sacs of Pericardium outer single layered fibrous pericardium inner double layered serous pericardium

Pulmonary Plexus

Formed from branches of the right and left Vagus nerves

Parasympathetic innervation of lung comes from? causes?

From pulmonary plexus (vagus) Causes bronchoconstriction, vasodilation, and increases surfactant production Sensory for cough reflex

Sympathetic innervation of lung comes from? causes?

From sympathetic chain next to vertebrae T1-L2 Causes bronchodilation, vasoconstriction, and decreases surfactant production

What lies anterior to esophagus

Heart Lungs

Posterior Mediastinum

Irregular triangular space parallel with the vertebral column bounded in front by the pericardium Superior to Inferior- surface of the diaphragm to the thoracic transverse plane plane - manubrium - sternal junction Posterior- vertebral column lower border to T4 - T12 Contents: (DATES) Descending Thoracic Aorta Azygos venous system Thoracic Duct Esophagus Splanchnic n./Sympathetic Chain

Patellar tendon reflex tests?

L4, mainly integrity of femoral nerve which contains roots L2-L4 and is responsible for extension of the knee.

What is the 6th Step to Drawing the Brachial Plexus?

Label C5 to T1.

What is the 7th Step to Drawing the Brachial Plexus?

Label the major branches: (Top to bottom) MC = musculocutaneous R = radial M = median AX = auxiliary U = ulnar

Movement of posterior compartment of arm?

Largely extensors of the forearm at the elbow.

C6 Dermatome?

Lateral arm and lateral FOREarm to thumb. Tested by biceps tendon reflex.

Feeding centre

Lateral nucleus

Thoracodorsal nerve innervates?

Latissimus dorsi

Which Crus is Esophagus in (according to Nwosu)

Left

Anastomose of systemic and venous system involving esophagus

Left Gastric V drains to portal veins Esophageal V drains to azygos, SVC

What arteries supply the lesser curvature of the stomach? They are tributaries from which main artery?

Left and Right gastric arteries - both are from the main celiac trunk. Celiac gives off three direct branches: (1) left gastric (2) splenic (3) common hepatic. The common hepatic further divides into the hepatic proper artery which gives off a gastroduodenal artery and the RIGHT GASTRIC artery. The gastroduodenal artery branches into the right epiploic artery and the pancreaticoduodenal artery.

Left Lung Tell me everything

Longer and lighter 1 fissure - oblique 2 lobes - superior, inferior Lingula Cardiac Notch 10 BPS the ascending aorta, aortic arch, and descending aorta are all on the left (arterial on mediastinal surface)

Saturday night palsy , crutch palsy are associated with these sensory deficits sensory

Loss of sensation in lateral arm, posterior forearm, the radial half of dorsum of hand, and dorsal aspect of radial 3½ digits, excluding their nail beds is commonly associated with

C8 dermatome

Medial arm, medial forearm, ring and little fingers

Obturator nerve innervates?

Medial thigh

Innervation of the anterior compartment of FOREarm? (includes wrist and finger flexors, and forearm pronators.)

Median nerve and ulnar nerve. Median nerve innervates all except: 1) flexor carpi ulnaris 2) ulnar half of the flexor digitorum profundus muscles

Fragile X (CGG)

Methylation of the CGG repeat expansion Gene affected:FMR1 gene. Protein affected fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP). X-Dominant S&S: Autism, Elongated Face, Macroorchidism, Flapping Tremor, Social Anxiety. 10-40% chance of Partial Seizures, Menopause before age 40

Innervation of MUSCLES in the anterior compartment of the arm?

Musculocutaneous nerve. Musculocutaneous n also provides lateral forearm sensation.

Boxers fracture

Neck of 5th metacarpal

Wartenberg's syndrome is best described like this.

Numbness and tingling in radial half of dorsum of hand, and dorsal aspect of radial 3½ digits, excluding their nail beds. Plus, Radial wrist pain describes this issue.

Huntingtons Disease (CAG)

Neurodegenerative genetic disorder that affects muscle coordination and leads to cognitive decline and psychiatric problems . Autosomal Dominant. CAG repeats in Huntington gene(IT15) Protien affected: "Huntingin" Anticipation 6% will get Juvenile Akinetic-Rigid Syn (Early onset, faster progression) Presentation: Subtle personality and cognition change. Chorea is the first Physical Symptom (at first just genera restlessness) in about 3 years full blown. Slowed Saccades Abnormal posturing Seizures are common Tetrabenazine is a drug for the management of the hyperkinetic part of the disease. SSRI

What is the chronological relation of the appearance of the Femoral Epiphyses to their fusion

Order of their APPEARANCE is OPPOSITE to their FUSION (Exception being 1st Center)

Parietal Pleura and its parts

Outer layer Very Sensitive to Pain Forms Pulmonary Ligament 4 parts: cervical, costal (ribs), mediastinal & diaphragmatic

Pulmonary veins carry _____ to _____

Oxygenated blood LA

Fibrous Cartilage

Pads within knee joint; between pubic bones of pelvis; intervertebral discs

Meralgia Paresthetica

Pain Tingling & Numbness Without Weakness In The Lateral Aspect Of Thigh. Occurs due to Entrapment Of Lateral Cutaneous Nerve Of Thigh

Bare Area of pericardium

Part of pericardium not covered by pleura Found on Left Costamediastinal Recess.

The 3 P's (serous mesodermal derived membranes) what innervates them?

Pericardium Peritoneum Pleura Phrenic

Innervation of the radial nerve?

Posterior arm and posterior forearm muscles, supinator muscles (which are posterior compartment muscles), and the extensor muscles of the wrist and fingers. Cutaneous sensory innervation from the posterior arm to the radial dorsum of the hand (excluding finger tips and last 1.5 fingers).

Injections due to tennis elbow, injuring the deep branch of the radial nerve that pierces the radial head will lead to this problem.

Posterior interosseous nerve syndrome can be caused by this injury.

Aspiration of solid object while lying down goes...

Posterior segment of upper lobe of right lung

Where are trachea cartilaginous rings are deficient

Posteriorly where trachealis is located

Shoulder Abduction, Extension, external rotation, some elbow flexion. Which Cervical root is involved in these motor tasks?

Presentation of a C5 lesion.

ELbow flexion, forearm pronation + supination and some wrist extension. Which Cervical root is involved in these motor tasks?

Presentation of a C6 lesion.

Loss of this Cervical Segment will cause, paralysis of Latissmus dorsi, elbow extension and generalised UL paresis.

Presentation of a C7 lesion.

Finger extension + flexion, wrist flexion, and hand intrinsics are controlled by this Cervical segment.

Presentation of a C8 lesion.

Loss of control over the intrinsic muscles of the hand is seen when this cervical segment is lost.

Presentation of a T1 lesion.

What does the RT Lymphatic Duct Drain?

Rt side of head and neck and thorax Rt upper extremity Rt lung & LEFT LOWER LOBE Rt side of heart Convex surface of liver Empties into RT Jugulo-Subclavian Confluence

The sternocostal surface of the heart is formed primarily by the anterior wall of which heart chamber

RV

Weakness of supination, and loss of extension of hand and fingers. Plus the presence of wrist drop , due to inability to extend the hand and fingers, describes this lesion.

Radial N injury at the level of the elbow. Which commonly occurs due to a Mid-shaft humeral fracture leads to these motor symptoms.

Loss of sensation in posterior forearm, the radial half of dorsum of hand, and dorsal aspect of radial 3½ digits, excluding their nail beds, describes this lesion

Radial N injury at the level of the elbow. Which commonly occurs due to a Mid-shaft humeral fracture leads to these sensory symptoms.

Weakness in extension of hand and loss of extension of fingers. Presence of finger drop, and partial wrist drop, since the extensor carpi radialis longus and brachioradialis muscles are working, describes this lesion.

Radial N injury just distal to the elbow. Commonly caused by Neck of radius fracture, elbow dislocation or fracture, tight cast, and rheumatoid nodules will lead to these motor deficits.

The right lobe drains to...

Rt Lymphatic Duct

Suspensory Ligament of Treitz

Rt Crux of Diaphragm to Duodenal-Jejunal Flexure

The left lower lobe of lung drains to...

Rt Lymphatic Duct

Achilles tendon reflex tests?

S1, mainly integrity of tibial nerve which contains roots L4-S3 and is responsible for plantar flexion.

This test is helpful in differentiating preganglionic from postganglionic lesions.

Sensory nerve action potential (SNAP) is used to confirm these lesions.

Muscle of Lansici is an aka for?

Septal papillary muscle

Boxer's muscle is

Serratius anterior

Long thoracic nerve innervates?

Serratus anterior, this nerve runs with lateral thoracic artery. Lesion causes winged scapula.

2nd branchial arch contributes to what part of the ear?

Stapes, Stapedius muscle (CN 7)

T1 dermatome

Starts under clavicle on and includes medial portion of anterior arm and medial portion of anterior forearm.

Aspiration of liquid

Superior segment of lower lobe of both lungs

Aspiration of solid object while standing up goes...

Superior segment of lower lobe of right lung

SITS muscles names and function?

Suprspinatus= abducts shoulder first 20 degrees (Deltoid does remaining 100 degrees). Infraspinatus and Teres minor=laterally rotates arm at shoulder. Subscapularis= medially rotates arm at shoulder and adducts it.

Arterial supply of lungs

The bronchial arteries supply the bronchi and non-respiratory portions of the lungs. They are usually branches of the thoracic aorta : - RT is single and indirect - LT is double and direct

AV Valves

The tricuspid and mitral (aka bicuspid) valves are the atrioventricular valves. They are between the atria and ventricles.

What does the Pneumonic "CRITOE" stand for?

The order of appearnce of the 6 ossification centers in the elbow C - Capitulum @ 1y R - Radial Head @ 3y I - Internal (medial) Epicondyle @ 5y T - Trochlea @ 7y O - Olecranon @ 9y E - External (lateral) Epicondyle @ 11y

The Radial nerve gives motor innervation to these muscles.

The posterior compartment of the arm and forearm are supplied by this nerve.

These are the Branches of the Radial N in the Post Compartment of the forearm.

The superficial branch (sensory) & Deep branch (motor) are branches of?

This describes the motor innervation of the Radial N.

This Nerve and its branches provide motor innervation to the dorsal arm muscles (the triceps brachii and the anconeus ) and the extrinsic extensors of the wrists and hands

This describes the sensory innervation of the Radial N.

This Nerve provides cutaneous sensory innervation to most of the back of the hand.

This describes the sensory innervation of the Ulnar N.

This Nerve provides cutaneous sensory innervation to the back of the little finger and adjacent half of the ring finger.

EMG is positive for neuropraxia under these circumstances.

This would lead the EMG report to conclude that no signs of denervation are apparent in a paralyzed muscle 3 weeks after injury.

Voluntary motor unit APs lead to what conclusion in an EMG?

This result excludes complete nerve disruption

A SNAP test showing a nerve with an anesthetic dermatome confirms?

This test will confirm the presence of a preganglionic lesion. Injury is proximal to the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and no Wallerian degeneration occurs because the sensory axon is intact.

The left upper lobe of lung drains to...

Thoracic duct

3 Trinucleotide Repeat Disorders

ToMYs GF is AHa! First letter in the Mnemonic is the insertion into the C_G codon T-MY = Myotonia Dystrophica(CTG) GF = Fragile X (CGG) AH = Huntingtons (CAG)

C7 dermatome

Triceps, Posterior FOREarm, index and middle finger. Tested by triceps tendon reflex.

Cubital Tunnel Syndrome involves which nerve?

Ulnar Nerve

Guyan's Canal Syndrome involves which nerve?

Ulnar Nerve(in the wrist)

Major apertures of diaphragm

Vena Caval - T8 - IVC, phrenic Esophagus - T10, vagus Aortic - T12, azygos, throacic duct

Satiety centre

Ventromedial nucleus

Where & When does the 2nd Epiphysial center appear and when does it fuse?

Where: Distal Epiphysis Appears @ 9th Fetal Month Fuses @ 18y (16 in Females)

Where & When does the 4th Epiphysial center appear and when does it fuse?

Where: Greater Trochanter Appears @ 4 years Fuses @ 1 year after puberty

Where & When does the 3rd Epiphysial center appear and when does it fuse?

Where: Head of the Femur Appears @ 1 year Fuses @ 17 y (14y in Females)

Where & When does the 1st Elbow Ossification appear?

Where @ Capitellum When @ 1y

Where & When does the 6th Elbow Ossification appear?

Where @ External (lateral) Epiphysis When @ 11yrs

Where & When does the 3rd Elbow Ossification appear?

Where @ Internal(Medial Epicondyle) When @ 5yrs

Where & When does the 5th Elbow Ossification appear?

Where @ Olecranon When @ 9yrs

Where & When does the 2nd Elbow Ossification appear?

Where @ Radial Head When @ 3yrs

Where & When does the 4th Elbow Ossification appear?

Where @ Trochlea When @ 7yrs

Green : Median N, Blue : Ulnar N, Red: Radial N

Which nerve supplies the green area? Which nerve supplies the Blue are and which nerve supplies the Red area

Pulmonary Valve

a semilunar valve prevents backflow of deoxygenated blood from the pulmonary trunk to right ventricle

Aortic Valve

a semilunar valve prevents backflow of oxygenated blood from ascending aorta to left ventricle

Conus arteriosus

aka infundibulum of the right ventricle. It is the smooth area just before the pulmonary valve

Tricuspid Valves

an atrioventricular valve prevents backflow of deoxygenated blood from right ventricle to right atrium

Mitral Valve

another atrioventricular valve also known as the BICUSPID VALVE prevents backflow of oxygenated blood from left ventricle to left atrium

Anterior Mediastinum

anterior to the pericardium No major components Only on left side

Middle Mediastinum

area between the plane of the anterior pericardium and posterior pericardium Contents: heart - pericardium ascending aorta pulmonary trunk phrenic nerves pericardiacophrenic vessels bronchial lymph glands Lower ½ sup. vena Cava

What lies posterior to esophagus?

azygous veins, thoracic duct, and descending aorta

Mediastinum

interpleural space

Moderator band

conveys right bundle branch

Wartenberg's syndrome is commonly mistaken for this.

de Quervain's tenosynovitis is commonly mistaken for this.

Pulmonary arteries carry _____ to _____

deoxygenated blood to Right side of heart

Extrapulmonary brachial veins drain...

drain into systemic veins and the right heart via the azygous & hemiazygous systems. They share drainage from the bronchi with the pulmonary veins.

Intrapulmonary brachial veins drain...

drain into the pulmonary veins and left heart.

base of heart

formed by left atrium and part of right atrium bounded: superiorly by pulmonary arteries inferiorly by coronary groove posteriorly by pericardium, oblique sinus, oesophagus and aorta at T6-T9

apex of heart

formed by the left ventricle points inferolaterally, posterior to the left 5th intercostal space in adults (just medial to the left midclavicular line

L1 dermatome?

inguinal ligament

Tibial nerve innervates?

it is the larger of the two components of the sciatic nerve. It innervates the posterior compartment of the LEG and the plantar foot. A lesion may cause motor loss of plantar flexion, toe flexion and weakened inversion. Altered sensation in the posterior LEG and plantar foot. Plantar flexion tested by achilles tendon reflex.

Sternal Angle

junction b/w manubrium and sternum located at level of second ribs, aortic arch, and bifurcation of trachea into main bronchi

Axillary nerve innervates?

lateral arm deltoid, teres minor, and much of the skin on the shoulder. injured by fractures to the surgical neck of the humerus or dislocation of the humerus. Weakness of abduction at the shoulder and parasthesia to the skin on the shoulder.

Great saphenous vein runs medially or laterally?

medially to drain into femoral vein. Small saphenous vein travels laterally to drain into the popliteal vein.

Where is trachea

median position in the neck, and extends from where larynx ends to T4, IVD/manubrosternal angle, where it bifurcates

Nerve supply of phrenic (motor and sensory)

motor - phrenic sensory (central) - phrenic periphery - intercostal

The common fibular nerve innervates?

muscles of the anterior compartment of the LEG and dorsum of the foot including toes (responsible for dorsiflexion) and the lateral compartment of the LEG (responsible for eversion) passes around the fibular head where it is most vulnerable to injury.

Aortic Coarction

occurs in descending aorta in the area of the ductus arteriosus preductal = infantile coarction postductal = adult coarction High blood pressure before point of coarction Low blood pressure beyond point

Blood Supply of Esophagus

opportunistic arterial supply = esophagus gets blood supply from several different sources via smaller branches of arteries to other organs. Mainly from small branches off the aorta and left gastric artery.

S2, S3, S4 dermatome

perinium and external genitilia

Cardiac Plexus

post-ganglionic sympathetic and pre-ganglionic parasympathetic

S1 dermatome?

posterior thigh and leg, lateral foot including small toe. Mixed tibial and common peroneal nerve

Movements of the anterior compartment of the ARM?

primarily flexors of the forearm at the elbow. Secondarily flexors of the arm at the shoulder (biceps and corachobrachialis)supinates FLEXED forearm (biceps only)

Pleural Recess

reserve spaces spaces not occupied by lung tissue, except during inspiration

Pleura

serous membrane lined by mesothelium 2 pluera sacs, each side of mediastinum Each pluera sac invaginated by lung 2 layers of pleura: Visceral - directly over organ Parietal - outer layer The pleura have no true openings. The lungs simply grow and push into the pleural sac like the image of the fist going into the balloon above. Just imagine it as if the balloon never pops.

Branchial Arch 3 derivatives?

styloPHARYNGEUS innervated by glossoPHARYNGEAL nerve. Also greater horn of hyoid.

Innervation of the tongue?

taste: CN 7, 9, 10. Pain: CN V3, 9, 10. Motor: CN 12.

Femoral nerve innervates?

the anterior compartment of the THIGH (which are largely extensors of the knee) and tested by patellar tendon reflex (L4). The medial compartment of the LEG to the malleolus (does not include toes!). Also SENSATION to the outer thigh (lateral thigh) but does NOT innervate lateral thigh MUSCLES! (Obturator does sensation to the medial thigh.)

sciatic nerve is composed of?

the larger tibial nerve (L4-S3) and common fibular (L4-S2). Sciatic nerve lesions most commonly involve roots L5 or S1. Sciatic nerve symptoms with weak achilles tendon reflex means S1 root of the tibial portion is affected.

C4 dermatome

think a regular collared shirt

C3 dermatome

think a turtle neck

C2 dermatome

think skull cap