Anatomy, Physiology and Kinesiology
Direct synergists teres minor and infraspinatus
(HEALS)Horizontally ABducts, Extends, ADducts, Laterally rotates, and stabilizes the head of the humerus
The ESGs or Erector Spinae Group Bilateraly:
-Extension of the vertebral column-
The vertebral column consists of:
7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 3 to 5 coccygeal. The number is varied from body to body. For most human bodies there are 33 vertebrae all togethe
The Deltoid muscle has anterior, posterior, and middle sectional fibers. The one action they all perform is
ABduction. These three superficial fibers converge into the deltoid tuberosity insertion on the humerus. The actions of the deltoid only move the glenohumeral joint. Because of its size and placement the deltoid is an antagonist to itself in lateral/medial rotation and flexion/extension.
The serratus anterior muscle
ABducts and depresses the scapula. It also acts in forced inhalation if the scapula is fixed and works to stabilize the scapula's medial border against the rib cage.
The rhomboids (major and minor) are complete synergists that
ADduct (retraction), elevate, and downward rotate the scapulothoracic joint. Pay attention to the direction of the fibers and imagine what would happen when they shorten or contract.
The extensor digitorum, flexor digitorum superficialis, and palmaris longus all?
All three muscles originate on the lateral or medial epicondyles of the humerus and extend to insert below the wrist. Flexors at the medial epicondyle and extensors at the lateral epicondyle.
Posterior tilt or upward rotation of the pelvis: Posterior pelvic tilt (upward rotation)= short extensors and long flexors. ASIS pulled superior.
Biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus and psoas minor.
The three lateral or external rotators that laterally rotate the glenohumeral joint:
Deltoid (posterior), infraspinatus and teres minor.
The seven extensor muscles of the glenohumeral joint are
Deltoid (posterior), latissimus dorsi, teres major, infraspinatus, teres minor, pectoralis major (lower) and triceps brachii (long head). Next Question
In passive range of motion testing what two muscles are assessed when the foot is placed in inversion?
Fibularis (peroneus) longus and extensor digitorum longus. Passive ROM tests the antagonist muscles, in this case the muscles that Evert the foot.
What action(s) does the rectus abdominis muscle make?
Flex the vertebral column and tilts pelvis posteriorly
Diarthrosis=
Freely movable.
The erector spinae group (ESGs)
Longissimus, Iliocostalis, and Spinalis. They all have the same actions, Bilaterally extending and Unilaterally bending the vertebral column into Lateral flexion from side to side. They all stabilize the spine
The four muscles that work together unilaterally for the rotation in the vertebral column:
Multifidi (to the opposite side), rotators (to the opposite side), external (to the opposite side) and internal (to the same side) obliques.
Upper respiratory System Includes:
Nostril, nasal cavity, oral cavity, pharynx, and larynx (vocal cords)
The rectus abdominis muscle inserts at
T5, 6, T7-11, T12, ventral rami
What part of the femur articulates with the pelvic girdle?
The Head
The inNervation for the scalenes are
The inNervation for the Anterior= C5, 6 ventral; Medius= C3-8 ventral; Posterior= C6-8 ventral.
Which muscle does medial rotation and extension of the glenohumeral joint?
The latissimus dorsi muscle rotates the glenohumeral joint medially, ADduction and extension. It is also a complete synergist with teres major, together they are sometimes refered to as the "handcuff muscles" because they work together in bringing the arms behind the back in the position used to arrest someone. Pectoralis major extends from a flexed position, lats will do full extension.
Which muscle stabilizes the scapula's medial border against the rib cage?
The serratus anterior muscle ABducts and depresses the scapula. It also acts in forced inhalation if the scapula is fixed and works to stabilize the scapula's medial border against the rib cage.
The long bones are any bones in the body that are longer then they are wide.
The tibia, fibula, humerus, femur, ulna, radius, clavicle, metacarpals, metatarsals, and the bones in each phalange are long bones.
What bone is called the "Razor's Edge"?
The ulna shaft runs along the posterior medial aspect of the forearm. Many muscles are located next to the shaft of the ulna but the edge of the ulna is superficial and palpable,
There are 11 pairs of external intercostals
They run down from the rib superior to the rib just inferior.
Lower Respiratory System Includes:
Trachea, primary bronchi, lungs, and diaphragm.
Facet=
a smooth, flat surface on a bone.
The transverse abdominis muscle inserts at
abdominal aponeurosis to linea alba
The bursa
acts as a cushion between bones, tendons, joints and muscles - bursae are fluid-filled sacs (the plural of bursa is bursae).
Erythrocytes
are RBCs
Latissimus dorsi and teres major
are direct synergists.
Nerve vessels
are tubed-shaped, mobile and tender when compressed.
The scapular or superior notch is the
area where the brachial plexus passes through the scapula. It is anterior and medial at the base of the coracoid process.
The supraspinatus muscle inserts
at the 3 upper (superior) facets of the greater tubercle of the humerus.
The splenius capitis muscle originates
at the spinous processes of the seventh cervical vertebra through the fourth thoracic vertebrae. As well as the lower one half of the ligamentum nuchae.
Tendon
attaches muscle to bone and are composed of dense connective tissue shaped into bundles of parallel collagen fibers. Each muscle has one or more.
The nuchal ligament or ligamentum nuchae
attaches to the occipital protuberance and the spinous processes of C1 to C6 and becomes smaller at C7, termed supraspinous ligament, limiting flexion.
The articular facets for the dens is
between the atlas (C-1) and axis (C-2).
The trapezius upper fibers;
bilaterally extend the head and neck (h&n), unilaterally Rotate h&n to opposite side, Upwardly rotate scapula, Laterally flex h&n same side, and Elevate scapula (RULE). Middle fibers; ADduct and stabilize scapula.
The anatomy: red coarse cytoplasmic granules, figure-8 or bilobed nucleus stains
blue-red.
Chemoreceptors=
classification for sense of taste and smell,
Platelets are neither red nor white and are used for
clotting.
lymph node
collect lymphatic fluid from lymphatic vessels. range in size from a pea to an almond.
nerve vessels are best to be avoided
compression or impingement of a nerve may create a sharp, shooting sensation locally or down the corresponding appendage.
Ligament
connect bones together at a joint. Their task is to strengthen and stabilize joints. They are made of dense connective tissue like tendons but fiber's have a more uneven configuration.
Glossopharyngeal=
cranial nerve for taste.
The gracilis can not assist in flexion of the hip but it does
cross the knee giving it the ability to flex and medially (internally) rotate the knee, two actions none of the other ADductors can perform.
The trapezius lower fibers;
depress and upwardly rotate the scapula.
The rectus abdominus muscle
depresses the ribs and allows for the flexion in the waist.
The ADductor magnus posterior fibers
do extend the hip but there is no group action.
The Deltoids posterior fibers
extend, laterally rotate, and horizontally ABduct the glenohumeral joint. The origin is identical to the trapezius insertion, this broad origin and "V" shaped (deltoid) muscle performs every action except ADduction.
(foot) Antagonists for Eversion=
extensor digitorum longus, fibularis (peroneus) longus, and brevis.
The Spleen is a solid organ and it
filters bad blood cells and is involved in the immune response, working with the lymphatic system.
The ribs, cranium, and sternum are
flat bones.
A: External Obliques bilaterally:
flex the vertebral column and compress abdominal contents
The Deltoids anterior fibers
flex, medially rotate, and horizontally ADduct.
Brachialis
flexes the elbow in any position and that is its only action. It is the strongest elbow flexor
Vertebral foramen and transverse foramen are the terms
for the small openings on the vertebrae for the nerves and veins to pass through. Foram= opening.
Systemic circulation
happens on the left side of the heart, it is much thicker then the right because the left must pump nutrient-rich blood and oxygen to the entire body system.
deep fascia
has a complex design. It surrounds muscle bellies, holding them together and separating them into functional groups.
Direct or complete synergists
have all the same actions and cross all the same joints.
Cochlear=
hearing
SAD/ Synarthrosis=
immovable.
Teres Minor inserts at the
inferior greater tubercle.
the internal oblique muscle inserts at
internal surface of lower three ribs, abdominal aponeurosis to linea alba
Oxygenated blood flows from the heart out of the left ventricle
into the aortic arch.
Smooth muscle is
involuntary and not under our conscious control.
superficial fascia
is located immediately deep to the skin and covers the entire body.
The radial fossa
is on distal anterior surface of the humerus.
The olecranon fossa
is on the posterior aspect of the humerus.
Epiphysis
is the end part of a long bone, initially growing separately from the shaft and is another term for pineal.
The Olecranon process
is the insertion on the ulna.
The infraglenoid tubercle
is the origin of the triceps brachii long head.
Pulmonary circulation
is the right side of the heart, its duty is to carry blood to the lungs for gas exchange and transport the blood back to the heart.
The articular cartilage
is the smooth, white tissue that covers the ends of bones where they come together to form joints. For example it separates the head of the ulna and the bones of the wrist.
The supraglenoid tubercle
is where for the long head of the biceps brachii muscle originates
Fascia
it is a continuous sheet of fibrous membrane located beneath the skin and around muscles and organs. there are two types: superficial and deep
The ESGs or Erector Spinae Group Unilaterally:
laterally flex the vertebral column to the same side. Lateral flexion can only be achieved by the prime mover unilaterally.
A: External Obliques unilaterally:
laterally flex vertebral column to the same side
Anterior tilt or downward rotation of the pelvis: Anterior pelvic tilt (downward rotation)= short flexors and long extensors. ASIS pulled inferior.
latissimus dorsi, Think about the attachment sites, the latissimus dorsi originates; spinous process of the last six thoracic vertebrae, last three or four ribs, thoracolumbar aponeurosis and posterior iliac crest.
The four bone shapes are
long, short (cubed), flat, and irregular.
All the ADductor muscles ADduct and
medially (internally) rotate the hip or coxal joint.
Infraspinatus muscle inserts at the
middle greater tubercle
The term for the sense of smell is
olfaction, in reference to the olfactory receptor cells .
The Iliopectineal bursa is located
on the anterior aspect of the coxal joint and has the ability to be impinged by the iliopsoas muscles.
Posterior triangle
or Lateral cervical region/triangle borders are the anterior sternocleidomastoid (SCM), posterior trapezius, and its clavicular base. The external jugular vein, suprascapular artery, transverse cervical artery, and subclavian artery are the 4 vessels; the brachial and cervical plexus' along with C3,4 & 5 phrenic nerves and the spinal accessory Cranial Nerve Xl innervate. There are superficial occipital and supraclavicular lymph nodes within the Posterior triangle. All these structures within this triangle make it a site of caution.
The tibia is the
second strongest bone in the body which takes the weight of the leg from the femur and transmits the weight to the foot.
The glenoid tubercles
serves as attachment points for the long heads of the biceps brachii and the triceps brachii muscles
Amphiarthrosis=
slightly movable.
The Latin term glenoid meaning
socket or cavity refers to the glenoid cavity.
The rectus capitis posterior major originates at the
spinous process of C2, aiding in the actions of head extension and lateral flexion. It inserts on the lateral aspect of the inferior nuchal line on the occiput.
Supraspinatus muscle inserts at the
superior greater tubercle,
The fibrous sutures of the skull are an example of a
synarthrotic joint.
The risorius retracts
the angle of the mouth into a grimace.
The external oblique muscle inserts at
the anterior part of the iliac crest, abdominal aponeurosis to linea alba
The Transverse abdominis are
the deepest in reference to the lateral aspect of the abdominals. External, Internal, and Transverse abdominis.
The external oblique muscle originates at
the external surfaces of fifth to twelfth ribs
The cerebrum is
the largest part of the brain consisting the right and left cerebral hemispheres. Including frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital lobes. It is the most superior portion of the three; cerebral hemisphere, diencephalon and cerebellum.
The internal oblique muscle originates at
the lateral inguinal ligament, iliac crest and thoraculmbar
The transverse abdominis muscle originates at
the lateral third of the inguinal ligament, iliac crest, lower six ribs, and the thoracolumbar fascia.
The mentalis protrudes
the lower lip
The platysma depresses
the mandible. It is also the most superficial muscle on the surface of the neck.
The interosseous membrane refers to
the membrane that connects the tibia and the fibula
Superior articular facet is
the name for the area where the atlas articulates with the occipital condyle.
The rectus abdominis muscle originates at
the pubic crest, pubic symphysis
The metaphysis the term for
the region of the bone where the epiphysis and the diaphysis meet and is the site for the epiphyseal or growth plate.
Diaphysis
the shaft or central part of a long bone.
The inguinal ligament is attached to the pelvis at the pubic tubercle extending to the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS). It forms
the superior border of the femoral triangle and the lower edge of the abdominal aponeurosis. It also serves as an attachment site for the external obliques.
The levator scapula muscle has its origin at
the transverse processes of the 1-4 of the cervical vertebra. It inserts at the superior third of the vertebral border of the scapula.
(foot) Active ROM and resistive ROM test the prime movers. Prime movers for Inversion=
tibialis anterior /posterior, flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus, and extensor hallucis longus.
Eosinophils function
to kill parasitic worms, increase during allergy attacks, can phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes, and inactivate some inflammatory chemicals. They account for 1-4% of WBCs.
People with bursitis
will feel pain at the site of inflammation.