Anatomy, Physiology and Kinesiology

Direct synergists teres minor and infraspinatus

(HEALS)Horizontally ABducts, Extends, ADducts, Laterally rotates, and stabilizes the head of the humerus

The ESGs or Erector Spinae Group Bilateraly:

-Extension of the vertebral column-

The vertebral column consists of:

7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 3 to 5 coccygeal. The number is varied from body to body. For most human bodies there are 33 vertebrae all togethe

The Deltoid muscle has anterior, posterior, and middle sectional fibers. The one action they all perform is

ABduction. These three superficial fibers converge into the deltoid tuberosity insertion on the humerus. The actions of the deltoid only move the glenohumeral joint. Because of its size and placement the deltoid is an antagonist to itself in lateral/medial rotation and flexion/extension.

The serratus anterior muscle

ABducts and depresses the scapula. It also acts in forced inhalation if the scapula is fixed and works to stabilize the scapula's medial border against the rib cage.

The rhomboids (major and minor) are complete synergists that

ADduct (retraction), elevate, and downward rotate the scapulothoracic joint. Pay attention to the direction of the fibers and imagine what would happen when they shorten or contract.

The extensor digitorum, flexor digitorum superficialis, and palmaris longus all?

All three muscles originate on the lateral or medial epicondyles of the humerus and extend to insert below the wrist. Flexors at the medial epicondyle and extensors at the lateral epicondyle.

Posterior tilt or upward rotation of the pelvis: Posterior pelvic tilt (upward rotation)= short extensors and long flexors. ASIS pulled superior.

Biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus and psoas minor.

The three lateral or external rotators that laterally rotate the glenohumeral joint:

Deltoid (posterior), infraspinatus and teres minor.

The seven extensor muscles of the glenohumeral joint are

Deltoid (posterior), latissimus dorsi, teres major, infraspinatus, teres minor, pectoralis major (lower) and triceps brachii (long head). Next Question

In passive range of motion testing what two muscles are assessed when the foot is placed in inversion?

Fibularis (peroneus) longus and extensor digitorum longus. Passive ROM tests the antagonist muscles, in this case the muscles that Evert the foot.

What action(s) does the rectus abdominis muscle make?

Flex the vertebral column and tilts pelvis posteriorly

Diarthrosis=

Freely movable.

The erector spinae group (ESGs)

Longissimus, Iliocostalis, and Spinalis. They all have the same actions, Bilaterally extending and Unilaterally bending the vertebral column into Lateral flexion from side to side. They all stabilize the spine

The four muscles that work together unilaterally for the rotation in the vertebral column:

Multifidi (to the opposite side), rotators (to the opposite side), external (to the opposite side) and internal (to the same side) obliques.

Upper respiratory System Includes:

Nostril, nasal cavity, oral cavity, pharynx, and larynx (vocal cords)

The rectus abdominis muscle inserts at

T5, 6, T7-11, T12, ventral rami

What part of the femur articulates with the pelvic girdle?

The Head

The inNervation for the scalenes are

The inNervation for the Anterior= C5, 6 ventral; Medius= C3-8 ventral; Posterior= C6-8 ventral.

Which muscle does medial rotation and extension of the glenohumeral joint?

The latissimus dorsi muscle rotates the glenohumeral joint medially, ADduction and extension. It is also a complete synergist with teres major, together they are sometimes refered to as the "handcuff muscles" because they work together in bringing the arms behind the back in the position used to arrest someone. Pectoralis major extends from a flexed position, lats will do full extension.

Which muscle stabilizes the scapula's medial border against the rib cage?

The serratus anterior muscle ABducts and depresses the scapula. It also acts in forced inhalation if the scapula is fixed and works to stabilize the scapula's medial border against the rib cage.

The long bones are any bones in the body that are longer then they are wide.

The tibia, fibula, humerus, femur, ulna, radius, clavicle, metacarpals, metatarsals, and the bones in each phalange are long bones.

What bone is called the "Razor's Edge"?

The ulna shaft runs along the posterior medial aspect of the forearm. Many muscles are located next to the shaft of the ulna but the edge of the ulna is superficial and palpable,

There are 11 pairs of external intercostals

They run down from the rib superior to the rib just inferior.

Lower Respiratory System Includes:

Trachea, primary bronchi, lungs, and diaphragm.

Facet=

a smooth, flat surface on a bone.

The transverse abdominis muscle inserts at

abdominal aponeurosis to linea alba

The bursa

acts as a cushion between bones, tendons, joints and muscles - bursae are fluid-filled sacs (the plural of bursa is bursae).

Erythrocytes

are RBCs

Latissimus dorsi and teres major

are direct synergists.

Nerve vessels

are tubed-shaped, mobile and tender when compressed.

The scapular or superior notch is the

area where the brachial plexus passes through the scapula. It is anterior and medial at the base of the coracoid process.

The supraspinatus muscle inserts

at the 3 upper (superior) facets of the greater tubercle of the humerus.

The splenius capitis muscle originates

at the spinous processes of the seventh cervical vertebra through the fourth thoracic vertebrae. As well as the lower one half of the ligamentum nuchae.

Tendon

attaches muscle to bone and are composed of dense connective tissue shaped into bundles of parallel collagen fibers. Each muscle has one or more.

The nuchal ligament or ligamentum nuchae

attaches to the occipital protuberance and the spinous processes of C1 to C6 and becomes smaller at C7, termed supraspinous ligament, limiting flexion.

The articular facets for the dens is

between the atlas (C-1) and axis (C-2).

The trapezius upper fibers;

bilaterally extend the head and neck (h&n), unilaterally Rotate h&n to opposite side, Upwardly rotate scapula, Laterally flex h&n same side, and Elevate scapula (RULE). Middle fibers; ADduct and stabilize scapula.

The anatomy: red coarse cytoplasmic granules, figure-8 or bilobed nucleus stains

blue-red.

Chemoreceptors=

classification for sense of taste and smell,

Platelets are neither red nor white and are used for

clotting.

lymph node

collect lymphatic fluid from lymphatic vessels. range in size from a pea to an almond.

nerve vessels are best to be avoided

compression or impingement of a nerve may create a sharp, shooting sensation locally or down the corresponding appendage.

Ligament

connect bones together at a joint. Their task is to strengthen and stabilize joints. They are made of dense connective tissue like tendons but fiber's have a more uneven configuration.

Glossopharyngeal=

cranial nerve for taste.

The gracilis can not assist in flexion of the hip but it does

cross the knee giving it the ability to flex and medially (internally) rotate the knee, two actions none of the other ADductors can perform.

The trapezius lower fibers;

depress and upwardly rotate the scapula.

The rectus abdominus muscle

depresses the ribs and allows for the flexion in the waist.

The ADductor magnus posterior fibers

do extend the hip but there is no group action.

The Deltoids posterior fibers

extend, laterally rotate, and horizontally ABduct the glenohumeral joint. The origin is identical to the trapezius insertion, this broad origin and "V" shaped (deltoid) muscle performs every action except ADduction.

(foot) Antagonists for Eversion=

extensor digitorum longus, fibularis (peroneus) longus, and brevis.

The Spleen is a solid organ and it

filters bad blood cells and is involved in the immune response, working with the lymphatic system.

The ribs, cranium, and sternum are

flat bones.

A: External Obliques bilaterally:

flex the vertebral column and compress abdominal contents

The Deltoids anterior fibers

flex, medially rotate, and horizontally ADduct.

Brachialis

flexes the elbow in any position and that is its only action. It is the strongest elbow flexor

Vertebral foramen and transverse foramen are the terms

for the small openings on the vertebrae for the nerves and veins to pass through. Foram= opening.

Systemic circulation

happens on the left side of the heart, it is much thicker then the right because the left must pump nutrient-rich blood and oxygen to the entire body system.

deep fascia

has a complex design. It surrounds muscle bellies, holding them together and separating them into functional groups.

Direct or complete synergists

have all the same actions and cross all the same joints.

Cochlear=

hearing

SAD/ Synarthrosis=

immovable.

Teres Minor inserts at the

inferior greater tubercle.

the internal oblique muscle inserts at

internal surface of lower three ribs, abdominal aponeurosis to linea alba

Oxygenated blood flows from the heart out of the left ventricle

into the aortic arch.

Smooth muscle is

involuntary and not under our conscious control.

superficial fascia

is located immediately deep to the skin and covers the entire body.

The radial fossa

is on distal anterior surface of the humerus.

The olecranon fossa

is on the posterior aspect of the humerus.

Epiphysis

is the end part of a long bone, initially growing separately from the shaft and is another term for pineal.

The Olecranon process

is the insertion on the ulna.

The infraglenoid tubercle

is the origin of the triceps brachii long head.

Pulmonary circulation

is the right side of the heart, its duty is to carry blood to the lungs for gas exchange and transport the blood back to the heart.

The articular cartilage

is the smooth, white tissue that covers the ends of bones where they come together to form joints. For example it separates the head of the ulna and the bones of the wrist.

The supraglenoid tubercle

is where for the long head of the biceps brachii muscle originates

Fascia

it is a continuous sheet of fibrous membrane located beneath the skin and around muscles and organs. there are two types: superficial and deep

The ESGs or Erector Spinae Group Unilaterally:

laterally flex the vertebral column to the same side. Lateral flexion can only be achieved by the prime mover unilaterally.

A: External Obliques unilaterally:

laterally flex vertebral column to the same side

Anterior tilt or downward rotation of the pelvis: Anterior pelvic tilt (downward rotation)= short flexors and long extensors. ASIS pulled inferior.

latissimus dorsi, Think about the attachment sites, the latissimus dorsi originates; spinous process of the last six thoracic vertebrae, last three or four ribs, thoracolumbar aponeurosis and posterior iliac crest.

The four bone shapes are

long, short (cubed), flat, and irregular.

All the ADductor muscles ADduct and

medially (internally) rotate the hip or coxal joint.

Infraspinatus muscle inserts at the

middle greater tubercle

The term for the sense of smell is

olfaction, in reference to the olfactory receptor cells .

The Iliopectineal bursa is located

on the anterior aspect of the coxal joint and has the ability to be impinged by the iliopsoas muscles.

Posterior triangle

or Lateral cervical region/triangle borders are the anterior sternocleidomastoid (SCM), posterior trapezius, and its clavicular base. The external jugular vein, suprascapular artery, transverse cervical artery, and subclavian artery are the 4 vessels; the brachial and cervical plexus' along with C3,4 & 5 phrenic nerves and the spinal accessory Cranial Nerve Xl innervate. There are superficial occipital and supraclavicular lymph nodes within the Posterior triangle. All these structures within this triangle make it a site of caution.

The tibia is the

second strongest bone in the body which takes the weight of the leg from the femur and transmits the weight to the foot.

The glenoid tubercles

serves as attachment points for the long heads of the biceps brachii and the triceps brachii muscles

Amphiarthrosis=

slightly movable.

The Latin term glenoid meaning

socket or cavity refers to the glenoid cavity.

The rectus capitis posterior major originates at the

spinous process of C2, aiding in the actions of head extension and lateral flexion. It inserts on the lateral aspect of the inferior nuchal line on the occiput.

Supraspinatus muscle inserts at the

superior greater tubercle,

The fibrous sutures of the skull are an example of a

synarthrotic joint.

The risorius retracts

the angle of the mouth into a grimace.

The external oblique muscle inserts at

the anterior part of the iliac crest, abdominal aponeurosis to linea alba

The Transverse abdominis are

the deepest in reference to the lateral aspect of the abdominals. External, Internal, and Transverse abdominis.

The external oblique muscle originates at

the external surfaces of fifth to twelfth ribs

The cerebrum is

the largest part of the brain consisting the right and left cerebral hemispheres. Including frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital lobes. It is the most superior portion of the three; cerebral hemisphere, diencephalon and cerebellum.

The internal oblique muscle originates at

the lateral inguinal ligament, iliac crest and thoraculmbar

The transverse abdominis muscle originates at

the lateral third of the inguinal ligament, iliac crest, lower six ribs, and the thoracolumbar fascia.

The mentalis protrudes

the lower lip

The platysma depresses

the mandible. It is also the most superficial muscle on the surface of the neck.

The interosseous membrane refers to

the membrane that connects the tibia and the fibula

Superior articular facet is

the name for the area where the atlas articulates with the occipital condyle.

The rectus abdominis muscle originates at

the pubic crest, pubic symphysis

The metaphysis the term for

the region of the bone where the epiphysis and the diaphysis meet and is the site for the epiphyseal or growth plate.

Diaphysis

the shaft or central part of a long bone.

The inguinal ligament is attached to the pelvis at the pubic tubercle extending to the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS). It forms

the superior border of the femoral triangle and the lower edge of the abdominal aponeurosis. It also serves as an attachment site for the external obliques.

The levator scapula muscle has its origin at

the transverse processes of the 1-4 of the cervical vertebra. It inserts at the superior third of the vertebral border of the scapula.

(foot) Active ROM and resistive ROM test the prime movers. Prime movers for Inversion=

tibialis anterior /posterior, flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus, and extensor hallucis longus.

Eosinophils function

to kill parasitic worms, increase during allergy attacks, can phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes, and inactivate some inflammatory chemicals. They account for 1-4% of WBCs.

People with bursitis

will feel pain at the site of inflammation.