Anatomy Test 3

Which nervous system structure(s) inhibits micturition by relaxing the detrusor and contracting the internal urethral sphincter?

Stretch receptor impulses activate sympathetic outflow.

List the structures of a sperm. (Module 26.3C)

acrosome, head, neck, middle piece, and tail

Where does filtration exclusively occur in the kidney? (Module 24.7B)

across the filtration membrane in the renal corpuscle

Each of the following organs is part of the urinary system except the

adrenal glands

Which of the following muscles move the testes towards the body?

both the cremaster and the dartos

The ability to form concentrated urine depends on the functions of

both the distal convoluted tubule and the collecting duct.

The small paired structures at the base of the penis that secrete a thick, alkaline mucus are the

bulbourethral glands.

The ________ are fingerlike projections that capture the freshly ovulated ovum.

fimbriae

Sperm are moved along the ductus deferens by

peristaltic contractions.

What roles do the ovaries perform? (Module 26.9B)

produce oocytes, secrete female sex hormones, secrete inhibin

Functions of the accessory glands of the male reproductive system include all of the following except

producing spermatozoa.

In response to increased levels of aldosterone, the kidneys produce

urine with a lower concentration of sodium ions.

Where does fertilization normally occur? (Module 26.8C)

uterine tube

How long does each menstruation typically last? (Module 26.12B)

1-7 days

A healthy adult typically produces ________ of urine per day.

1200 mL

In what order does sperm produced in the semiferous tubules pass through the following structures before being stored in the epididymis? 1) Efferent ductules 2) Straight ductules 3) Rete testis

2,3,1

Typical renal blood flow is about ________ percent of cardiac output under resting conditions.

25

How many sperm will eventually be produced from each primary spermatocyte? (Module 26.3B)

4

What is the final product of meiosis?

4 haploid cells

What is the proper arrangement of the four structures listed below into the order in which sperm pass from the testis to the urethral meatus? 1. ductus deferens 2. urethra 3. ejaculatory duct 4. epididymis

4, 1, 3, 2

The following is a list of the blood vessels that carry blood to the kidney. 1. afferent arteriole 2. arcuate artery 3. interlobar artery 4. renal artery 5. glomerulus 6. cortical radiate artery 7. efferent arteriole 8. peritubular capillary What is the proper order in which blood passes through these vessels?

4, 3, 2, 6, 1, 5, 7, 8

Put the following urinary structures in order to represent the flow of newly produced urine: 1) minor calyx 2) renal pelvis 3) ureter 4) major calyx 5) renal papilla

5,1,4,2,3

Which of the following interactions is incorrect regarding the reproductive system?

A vasectomy is an effective way of preventing ovulation.

Identify the correct direction of urine flow from formation to exiting the kidney.

Cortex, medulla, renal pelvis, ureter

Choose the correct event that occurs during the development of the testes.

Late in fetal development, each testis is pulled through the abdominal musculature into the scrotum.

Substances larger than ________ do not pass through the filtration membrane.

albumin

Within spaces between the seminiferous tubules, the interstitial endocrine cells __________.

are responsible for the production of androgens

As diffusion takes place across the dialysis membrane, which of the following diffuse(s) into the bloodstream?

bicarbonate ions

When the level of ADH (antidiuretic hormone) decreases,

both more urine is produced and the osmolarity of the urine decreases.

Variable secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions is a specific function of which renal structure?

collecting system

Name the three columns of erectile tissue in the penis. (Module 26.6A)

corpus spongiosum and the paired corpora cavernosa

The organ that carries sperm from the epididymis to the urethra is the

ductus deferens

Name the structures of the male internal genitalia. (Module 26.1C)

ductus deferens, seminal gland, prostate, bulbo-urethral gland, epididymis, testis

What is the term for painful or difficult urination? (Module 24.18A)

dysuria

Which male accessory organ functions as the site of sperm maturation?

epididymis

The nephron loops of juxtamedullary nephrons have an important function that other parts of the nephron do not share. What is this function?

establishing the concentration gradient in the renal medulla

Another term for vulva is

female external genitalia.

Which structure is composed of a layer of collagen fibers that covers the entire outer surface of the kidney?

fibrous capsule

Which transport mechanism(s) results from blood pressure that forces water and solutes across the membranes of the glomerular capillaries and into the capsular space?

filtration

Identify the three distinct processes of urine formation in the kidney. (Module 24.7A)

filtration, reabsorption, and secretion

Identify the structures of the renal corpuscle. (Module 24.4B)

glomerular capsule and glomerulus

Under normal conditions, glomerular filtration depends on three main pressures. Which of those pressures is a pressure that favors the filtration pressure?

glomerular hydrostatic pressure

The prominent indentation on the medial surface of the kidney is the

hilum

Gardasil is a vaccine against ______, which is responsible for 75 percent of cervical cancers.

human papillomavirus

The recto-uterine pouch:

is formed between the posterior wall of the uterus and the anterior surface of the colon.

Near the nipple, each lactiferous duct enlarges, forming an expanded structure called a:

lactiferous sinus.

All of the following are true of the kidneys except that they are

located partly within the pelvic cavity.

The ______ collects the urine produced by a single kidney lobe.

minor calyx

Which uterine structure provides much of the force needed to move a fetus out of the uterus and into the vagina?

myometrium

The U-shaped segment of the nephron is the

nephron loop.

Name the structures of the male external genitalia. (Module 26.1B)

penis, urethra, and scrotum

Which structure surrounds the tip of the penis, attaches to the relatively narrow neck of the penis, and continues over the glans?

prepuce

What is the function of gonads?

produce gametes and produce hormones

During the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle, __________.

progesterone secretion by the corpus luteum stimulates endometrial growth and secretion

Each of the following is a normal constituent of urine except

proteins.

In which portion of the nephron and collecting system does the most reabsorption occur?

proximal convoluted tubule

Which structure is found separating the renal pyramids?

renal columns

Which structure filters the blood?

renal corpuscle

Triangular or conical structures located in the renal medulla are called

renal pyramids

Formation of angiotensin I is triggered by ______.

renin

The cells that are formed during spermatogenesis by the first meiosis are called

secondary spermatocytes.

Regarding kidney function, in ________, solutes are transported from the peritubular fluid across the tubular epithelium and into the tubular fluid.

secretion

The ________ is/are in contact with the posterior side to the urinary bladder.

seminal glands

The left kidney lies ________ to the right kidney.

slightly superior

The most abundant waste solute in urine is

urea

Which nitrogenous waste has the lowest concentration (mg/dL) in normal urine?

uric acid

The vulva includes all of the following except the

vagina

When does urine production end? (Module 24.15A)

when the fluid enters the renal pelvis

_______ is/are an immediately life-threatening condition. However, if an individual survives the incident, full recovery is often possible.

Acute renal failure

The pathogen responsible for nearly 75% of cervical cancers is

Human papillomavirus

Which is true regarding menses?

It marks the beginning of the uterine cycle.

________ nephrons are essential to water conservation and the production of concentrated urine.

Juxtamedullary

Where does filtration of the blood occur within the kidneys?

Renal cortex

Which region of the kidney is the most superficial?

Renal cortex

Blood colloid osmotic pressure tends to draw water out of the filtrate and into the plasma. Why does this occur? (Module 24.8C)

The solute concentration in the blood exceeds that within the filtrate.

During menses,

the old functional layer is sloughed off.

What structures enter and exit the kidney at the hilum? (Module 24.2A)

the renal artery and renal nerves enter; the renal vein and ureter exit at the hilum

Regarding the proliferative phase of the uterine cycle:

the uterine glands are manufacturing a glycogen-rich mucus that can be metabolized by an early embryo.

Which of the following descriptions best matches the term "renal papilla"?

tip of the medullary pyramid

What is the function of the vasa recta?

to collect and transport water and solutes within the renal medulla in association with the juxtamedullary nephron

Briefly explain the difference between chronic and acute renal failure. (Module 24.14A)

Chronic renal failure is a gradual loss of renal function, whereas acute renal failure is a sudden loss of renal function.

Define dialysis. (Module 24.14B)

Dialysis is the process of using an artificial semipermeable membrane to remove wastes and retain plasma proteins in the blood of a person whose kidneys are not functioning properly.

On a warm day, would the cremaster muscle be contracted or relaxed? Why? (Module 26.2B

The cremaster muscle would be relaxed so the scrotum could descend away from the body.

Eighty-five percent of nephrons in the human kidney are located in the ________ and have short nephron loops.

cortex

Which of the following is not a function of the urinary system?

excretes abundant protein molecules

Which stage of spermatogenesis yields four immature (undifferentiated) haploid cells?

meiosis II

The special type of cell division required to produce gametes is called

meiosis.

The ______ control(s) capillary diameter and the rate of capillary blood flow.

mesangial cells

The filtrate first passes from the glomerular capsule to the

proximal convoluted tubule.

An X-ray image of the urinary system is called a

pyelogram

The primary function of the proximal convoluted tubule is

reabsorb nutrients

The inability of the kidneys to excrete adequately to maintain homeostasis is termed

renal failure

Where are the renal columns located?

renal medulla