Anatomy - The Axial Skeleton Review Guide

atlas and axis

C1 and C2 have specific names, which are the:

kyphosis

a normal thoracic curvature that becomes exaggerated, producing a "roundback" appearance, is _________________.

capitulum

a typical rib articulates with the vertebral column at the area of the rib called the ________________.

last thoracic and the first two lumbar vertebrae

after a hard fall, compression fractures or compression/dislocation fractures most often involve:

scoliosis

an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine is called:

scoliosis

an abnormal lateral curvature that usually appears in adolescence during periods of rapid growth is ______________.

lordosis

an exaggerated lumbar curvature or "swayback" appearance is _______________.

ossification centers

areas of the head that are involved in the formation of the skull are called:

metopic

at birth the two frontal bones that have no completely fused are connected at the ___________ suture.

fontanels

at birth, the bones of the skull can be distorted without damage because of the:

fontanels

at birth, the cranial bones are connected by areas of fibrous connective tissues called ________________.

xiphoid process

during CPR, proper positioning of the hands is important so that an excessive pressure will not break the:

nerves and blood vessels

foramina, located on the bones of the skull, serve primarily as passageways for:

between C1 and C2 and the sacrum and coccyx

intervertebral discs are found in between all the vertebrae except:

mucus

irritants are flushed off the walls of the nasal cavities because of the presence of _________________.

c) cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx

of the following selections, the one that correctly identifies the sequence of the vertebra from superior to inferior is: a) thoracic, cervical, lumbar, coccyx, sacrum b) cervical, lumbar, thoracic, sacrum, coccyx c) cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx d) cervical, thoracic, sacrum, lumbar, coccyx

c) skull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, hyoid

of the following selections, the one that includes bones found exclusively in the axial skeleton is: a) ear ossicles, scapula, clavicle, sternum, hyoid b) vertebrae, ischium, ilium, skull, ribs c) skull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, hyoid d) sacrum, ear ossicles, skull, scapula, ilium

the decreasing size and resiliency of the intervertebral discs

part of the loss in height that accompanies aging results from:

mental foramina

small openings that serve as nerve passageways on each side of the body of the mandible are the _____________________.

paranasal sinuses

the air-filled chambers that communicate with the nasal cavities are the:

paranasal

the airspaces connected to the nasal cavity are the _______________ sinuses.

"soft spot"

the anterior fontanel that is often easily seen by new parents is referred to as the ________________.

C3 - C7

the area of the greatest degree of flexibility along the vertebral column is found from:

hyoid and auditory ossicles

the associated bones of the skull include the:

auditory ossicles

the associated skull bones of the middle ear that conduct sound vibrations from the tympanum to the inner ear are the __________________.

forms the longitudinal axis of the body

the axial skeleton can be recognized because it:

the dorsal and ventral body cavities

the axial skeleton creates a framework that supports and protects organ systems in:

adjust the positions of the head, neck, and trunk; perform respiratory movements; stabilize or position parts of the appendicular skeleton

the axial skeleton provides an extensive surface area for the attachment of muscles that:

occipital, frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid

the bones of the cranium that exclusively represent single, unpaired bones are:

muscles

the bones of the skeleton provide an extensive surface area for the attachment of ________________.

lacrimal, zygomatic, maxilla

the bones that make up the eye socket or orbit include:

costal

the cartilaginous extensions that connect the ribs to the sternum are the ____________ cartilages.

they do no attach directly to the sternum

the first seven pairs of ribs are called true ribs, while the lower five pairs are called false ribs because:

the expansion of the brain

the growth of the cranium is usually associated with:

tears

the lacrimal bones house the structures that are associated with the production and release of ____________.

floating

the last two pairs of ribs that do not articulate with the sternum are called ________________ ribs.

attachment of muscles to bones

the lines, tubercles, crests, ridges, and other processes on the bones represent areas that are used primarily for:

sella turcica

the long framework of the sphenoid bone that houses the pituitary gland is the:

compensation

the lumbar and cervical curves that appear several months after birth and help to position the body weight over the legs are known as _____________________ curves.

centrum

the medium, heart-shaped, flat face that serves as a facet for rib articulation on the thoracic vertebrae is called the _________________.

lumbar

the most massive and least mobile of the vertebrae are the:

the brain stops growing and cranial sutures develop

the most significant growth in the skull occurs before age five because:

frontal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones; maxilla, lacrimal, and ethmoidal concha; inferior concha

the nasal complex consists of the:

foramen magnum

the opening that connects the cranial cavity with the canal enclosed by the spinal column is the _____________________.

alveolar processes

the oral margins of the maxillae that provide the sockets for the teeth are the ____________________.

parietal and temporal

the paired bones of the cranium are:

inferior concha

the pairs scroll-like bones located on each side of the nasal septum are the __________________.

axial

the part of the skeletal system that forms the longitudinal axis of the body is the ____________ division.

cranium

the part of the skull that provides protection for the brain is the _______________.

trap foreign articulate matter such as dust or microorganisms

the primary function(s) of the paranasal sinus mucus epithelium is to:

an attachment site for a muscle that closes the anal opening

the primary purpose of the coccyx is to provide:

accommodate the thoracic and abdominopelvic viscera

the primary spinal curves that appear late in fetal development:

fibrous connective tissue connects the cranial bones

the reason the skull can be distorted without damage during birth:

reproductive, digestive, and excretory organs

the sacrum consists of five fused elements that afford protection for:

mandible and vomer

the single, unpaired bones that make up the skeletal part of the face are the:

sphenoid, frontal, ethmoid, maxillary bones

the sinuses or internal chambers in the skull are found in:

thoracic vertebrae, ribs, and sternum

the skeleton of the chest or thorax consists of:

occipital condyles

the skull articulates with the vertebral column at the:

xiphoid process

the smallest part of the sternum that serves as an area of attachment for the muscular diaphragm and rectus abdominis muscles in the ______________________.

compensation

the spinal curves that assist in allowing a child to walk and run are called ________________ curves.

pharyngotympanic

the structure that ends inside the mass of the temporal bone, which connects the airspace of the middle ear with the pharynx, is the ___________________ tube.

lamboidal, sagittal, coronal, squamosal

the sutures that articulate the bones of the skull are:

manubrium, body (gladiolus), and xiphoid process

the three components of the adult sternum are the:

thoracic only

the vertebrae that are directly articulated with the ribs are:

thoracic vertebrae

the vertebrae that indirectly effect changes in the volume of the rib cage are the:

cervical

the vertebrae that stabilize relative positions of the brain and spinal cord are the ______________ vertebrae.

the region of the vertebrae

when identifying the vertebra, a numerical shorthand is used such as C3. The C refers to:

before age 5

brain growth, skull growth, and completed cranial sutures development occur

the diameter of the cord and the size of the neural arch decrease

beginning at the superior end of the vertebral canal and proceeding inferiorally: