Anatomy - The Axial Skeleton Review Guide
atlas and axis
C1 and C2 have specific names, which are the:
kyphosis
a normal thoracic curvature that becomes exaggerated, producing a "roundback" appearance, is _________________.
capitulum
a typical rib articulates with the vertebral column at the area of the rib called the ________________.
last thoracic and the first two lumbar vertebrae
after a hard fall, compression fractures or compression/dislocation fractures most often involve:
scoliosis
an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine is called:
scoliosis
an abnormal lateral curvature that usually appears in adolescence during periods of rapid growth is ______________.
lordosis
an exaggerated lumbar curvature or "swayback" appearance is _______________.
ossification centers
areas of the head that are involved in the formation of the skull are called:
metopic
at birth the two frontal bones that have no completely fused are connected at the ___________ suture.
fontanels
at birth, the bones of the skull can be distorted without damage because of the:
fontanels
at birth, the cranial bones are connected by areas of fibrous connective tissues called ________________.
xiphoid process
during CPR, proper positioning of the hands is important so that an excessive pressure will not break the:
nerves and blood vessels
foramina, located on the bones of the skull, serve primarily as passageways for:
between C1 and C2 and the sacrum and coccyx
intervertebral discs are found in between all the vertebrae except:
mucus
irritants are flushed off the walls of the nasal cavities because of the presence of _________________.
c) cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx
of the following selections, the one that correctly identifies the sequence of the vertebra from superior to inferior is: a) thoracic, cervical, lumbar, coccyx, sacrum b) cervical, lumbar, thoracic, sacrum, coccyx c) cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx d) cervical, thoracic, sacrum, lumbar, coccyx
c) skull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, hyoid
of the following selections, the one that includes bones found exclusively in the axial skeleton is: a) ear ossicles, scapula, clavicle, sternum, hyoid b) vertebrae, ischium, ilium, skull, ribs c) skull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, hyoid d) sacrum, ear ossicles, skull, scapula, ilium
the decreasing size and resiliency of the intervertebral discs
part of the loss in height that accompanies aging results from:
mental foramina
small openings that serve as nerve passageways on each side of the body of the mandible are the _____________________.
paranasal sinuses
the air-filled chambers that communicate with the nasal cavities are the:
paranasal
the airspaces connected to the nasal cavity are the _______________ sinuses.
"soft spot"
the anterior fontanel that is often easily seen by new parents is referred to as the ________________.
C3 - C7
the area of the greatest degree of flexibility along the vertebral column is found from:
hyoid and auditory ossicles
the associated bones of the skull include the:
auditory ossicles
the associated skull bones of the middle ear that conduct sound vibrations from the tympanum to the inner ear are the __________________.
forms the longitudinal axis of the body
the axial skeleton can be recognized because it:
the dorsal and ventral body cavities
the axial skeleton creates a framework that supports and protects organ systems in:
adjust the positions of the head, neck, and trunk; perform respiratory movements; stabilize or position parts of the appendicular skeleton
the axial skeleton provides an extensive surface area for the attachment of muscles that:
occipital, frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid
the bones of the cranium that exclusively represent single, unpaired bones are:
muscles
the bones of the skeleton provide an extensive surface area for the attachment of ________________.
lacrimal, zygomatic, maxilla
the bones that make up the eye socket or orbit include:
costal
the cartilaginous extensions that connect the ribs to the sternum are the ____________ cartilages.
they do no attach directly to the sternum
the first seven pairs of ribs are called true ribs, while the lower five pairs are called false ribs because:
the expansion of the brain
the growth of the cranium is usually associated with:
tears
the lacrimal bones house the structures that are associated with the production and release of ____________.
floating
the last two pairs of ribs that do not articulate with the sternum are called ________________ ribs.
attachment of muscles to bones
the lines, tubercles, crests, ridges, and other processes on the bones represent areas that are used primarily for:
sella turcica
the long framework of the sphenoid bone that houses the pituitary gland is the:
compensation
the lumbar and cervical curves that appear several months after birth and help to position the body weight over the legs are known as _____________________ curves.
centrum
the medium, heart-shaped, flat face that serves as a facet for rib articulation on the thoracic vertebrae is called the _________________.
lumbar
the most massive and least mobile of the vertebrae are the:
the brain stops growing and cranial sutures develop
the most significant growth in the skull occurs before age five because:
frontal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones; maxilla, lacrimal, and ethmoidal concha; inferior concha
the nasal complex consists of the:
foramen magnum
the opening that connects the cranial cavity with the canal enclosed by the spinal column is the _____________________.
alveolar processes
the oral margins of the maxillae that provide the sockets for the teeth are the ____________________.
parietal and temporal
the paired bones of the cranium are:
inferior concha
the pairs scroll-like bones located on each side of the nasal septum are the __________________.
axial
the part of the skeletal system that forms the longitudinal axis of the body is the ____________ division.
cranium
the part of the skull that provides protection for the brain is the _______________.
trap foreign articulate matter such as dust or microorganisms
the primary function(s) of the paranasal sinus mucus epithelium is to:
an attachment site for a muscle that closes the anal opening
the primary purpose of the coccyx is to provide:
accommodate the thoracic and abdominopelvic viscera
the primary spinal curves that appear late in fetal development:
fibrous connective tissue connects the cranial bones
the reason the skull can be distorted without damage during birth:
reproductive, digestive, and excretory organs
the sacrum consists of five fused elements that afford protection for:
mandible and vomer
the single, unpaired bones that make up the skeletal part of the face are the:
sphenoid, frontal, ethmoid, maxillary bones
the sinuses or internal chambers in the skull are found in:
thoracic vertebrae, ribs, and sternum
the skeleton of the chest or thorax consists of:
occipital condyles
the skull articulates with the vertebral column at the:
xiphoid process
the smallest part of the sternum that serves as an area of attachment for the muscular diaphragm and rectus abdominis muscles in the ______________________.
compensation
the spinal curves that assist in allowing a child to walk and run are called ________________ curves.
pharyngotympanic
the structure that ends inside the mass of the temporal bone, which connects the airspace of the middle ear with the pharynx, is the ___________________ tube.
lamboidal, sagittal, coronal, squamosal
the sutures that articulate the bones of the skull are:
manubrium, body (gladiolus), and xiphoid process
the three components of the adult sternum are the:
thoracic only
the vertebrae that are directly articulated with the ribs are:
thoracic vertebrae
the vertebrae that indirectly effect changes in the volume of the rib cage are the:
cervical
the vertebrae that stabilize relative positions of the brain and spinal cord are the ______________ vertebrae.
the region of the vertebrae
when identifying the vertebra, a numerical shorthand is used such as C3. The C refers to:
before age 5
brain growth, skull growth, and completed cranial sutures development occur
the diameter of the cord and the size of the neural arch decrease
beginning at the superior end of the vertebral canal and proceeding inferiorally: