Animal Science 120 Midterm Review
testing of personal care products accounts for__% of the national demand for laboratory animals
<1%
Index Medicus
A comprehensive index of medical scientific journal articles; published since 1879
Animal welfare act
A movement that believes a reduced and minimal number of animals should be used in research -and that those animals used should be treated as humanely as possible. this concept includes proper housing, disease prevention, nutrition and humane euthanasia or slaughter. This concept implies that humankind has dominion over animals.
AAZPA
American Association of Zoological parks and Aquariums; now called Association of Zoos and Aquariums; accredits zoos and aquariums (moorpark is not accredited)
ASPCA
American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals animal welfare organization;1866; New York; Henry Bergh; originally protected horses
Health Research Extension Act
HREA of 1985 requires the National Institutes of Health to create guidelines for animal use and to develop a research plan for alternatives to the use of animals
Humane Society of the United States
HSUS; 1954 Animal rights activists group; nations largest animal advocacy organization; boasts a $40m a year budget
CAAT
Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing; Johns Hopkins University; Henry Spira; leading research facility for animal testing with a donation from Revlon
Clinical Trials
Were used to develop open heart surgical techniques, coronary bypass surgery, heart transplantation, techniques used to save the lives of "blue babies" with structural defects in their hearts
physiology
the study of the body, its parts and how they function
4
transporting animals - check animals every _ hours to ensure proper air, temp.
USDA regulations/guide
used as a basis of federally mandated IACUC research facility's program reviews and animal facilities inspections
Scientifically Validation
used in scientific method; the idea that the experiment has been tested several times and produced the same results, and there is a control used to compare the results in
NSF
National Science Foundation 1/4 the animals under_____ grants involve field studies of free living wild animals
Burdizzo
"bloodless castrator"; breaks the blood vessels leading to the testicles by crushing the spermatic cord
Anantomy
"cut" branch of science concerned with structure/form of living things
Alternative is
...
Domestic Farm Animal
...
Fetal Alcoholism
...
Human dominion over animals
...
Rodeo
...
great Britain (an invertebrate) list of protected
...
johns Hopkins enter for alternatives to animal testing
...
Percentage of animal used in research non-human primates, rodents
90-95% rats and mice <0.5% non-human primates
# of animals used in biomedical research per year in the US
17-23 million
Study of science achievement in seventeen countries, the US ranked
17th in top 17
Food, drug and Cosmetic Act
1938; gave oversight of safety of food, drug and cosmetics to the FDA; also defined what is suitable for human use/consumption
Food, Agriculture Conservation, and trade Act
1990; 4th amendment to the AWA; protection of pets
__ % of studies proposed to and approved by federal agencies /year actually funded
24 (1/4)%
# americans suffer severe traumatic injuries each from car accidents and other causes that leave them permanently disabled
300,000
__ % of animals used in research in the United States are subjected to pain
31%
# poliomyelitis cases in the US
50,000 in 1952, 1984, and today
American Quarter Horse Association
AQHA
Sentience
Ability to experience pain and pleasure
ALF
Animal Liberation Front; terrorist organization (US and GB)
Tom Regan
Animal Rights Activists and professor created the idea of inherent value wrote "The Case for Animal Rights"
AWIC
Animal Welfare Information Center mandated by the AWA to provide information for improved animal care and use in research, testing, teaching and exhibition
USDA pain classifications
B - no pain or distress because the animal is not yet being used C - no or minimal pain or distress D - pain with pain-relieving drugs E - pain without pain-relieving drugs
Jeremy Bentham
British philosopher who was the first to explicitly describe utilitarianism
open heart surgical techniques, coronary bypass surgery, heart transplantation, techniques used to save the lives of blue babies and babies with structural defects in their heart all were developed using...
Clinical trials
Russel and Burch
Created the three R's
major U.S. government agency funding lab animal research
NIH: National Institutes of Health
California, the regulation of research facilities falls under the department of
Department of Health
first major theory based on experiments on living animals
Diptheria
FBI
Federal Bureau of Investigation; keeps files on the ALF as the biggest domestic terrorist group
Cruelty to animals Act
First legislation in the world to regulate the use of animals in research
Kidney Transplant
First sucesful one was in 1909 on a dog
FDA
Food and Drug Administration, at the federal level, monitors the process of food production to assure safe food supply
Health Research Extension Act
HREA
HFA
Humane Farming Association
IACUC
Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee
Utilitarian Philosophy
Is the philosophy in which the individual believes using animal for the betterment of people is acceptable, as long as the animal is treated with compassion where an action id determined to be morally right outweighs any harm it may cause
Hermann Goring
Leading member of the Nazi party; ordered an end to "unbearable torture and suffering" in animal experiments and threatened to "commit to concentration camps those who think they can continue to treat animals as inanimate property
One fourth of the animals under __ grants involve field studies of free living wild animals
NSF, National Science Foundation
Branding
Marking of animals for identification purposes
mg
Milligram
OPRR
Office for Protection fro Research Risks now OLAW - Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare
PCRM vs AMA
PCRM - is an animal rights organization purported to represent physicians in favor of animal rights
The principles of Humane Experimental Technique
PHET, 1959, created by Russel and Burch, described a method of minimizing unnecessary suffering and use of animals in laboratories
ppb
Parts per billion standard of measurements used to detect carcinogens and other unhealthy agents
PETA
People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals
Libertarian Philosophy
Philosophy that animals are not to be put to work in any way, and all use of animals should be eliminated.
Inherent Value
Philosophy were animals and humans all have equal intrinsic value on which their right to life and concern are based
Dr. John Orem
Physiology professor at Texas Tech; investigated and researched SIDS using cats, ALF raided and burned down his lab on campus in 1989
Ingrid Newkirk
President and co-founder of PETA; diabetic; said: "I need to live to save the rights of animals"
JS mill
Refined the term utilitarianis,; defended bantham's view
Three R's
Refinement, Replacement, Reduction
Analgesia
State of insensitive to pain but still awake
Anesthesia
State of lack awareness or sensitivity, with or without loss of consciousness
SIDS
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
Animal Liberation (philosophy)
The concept that animals are not to be put to in any way, and all use of animals should be eliminated. Animal liberationists have been known to break into research labs and set animals free.
Standard temperature set for livestock under the law
To which an animal responds most favorably. (OR) After 85*F Auxiliary ventilation must be used, and cannot exceed 85*F for more than four hours nor fall below 45*F
What are the instructions when shipping dogs and cats for food and water?
Transportation act P.E. (primary Enclosure): cage 4 hours for food and water 12 hours for stopping
Country - systematic data on animal pain and distress
US is the only country that collects systematic data
USDA
United States Department of Agriculture
Galen
Used animal experimentation "dog" to demonstrate that veins carried blood
Replaceability Argument
Utilitarian view introduced by Singer's "animal liberation"; says that it is not wrong to rear and kill an animal for food, provided that it lives a pleasant life, and after being killed is replaced by another animal, which will lead a similarly pleasant life and would not have existed if the first animal had not been killed
Nazis
Vegetariana
Nociceptive reflex
a reflex elicited by a painful stimulus
Draize test
acute toxicity test devised in 1944 by FDA toxicologist Draize and Spines
de minimis standard
amount so small that it is legally insignificant
In vitro
an experiment done in an artificial environment outside the living organism
In vivo
an experiment done within a whole living organism
Henry Spira
animal rights activist; Associated with the CAAT and the cosmetics, toiletries and fragrances association
Thalidomide
anti morning sickness drug used in GB in the 70's, resulted in a large number of children being born without legs or arms
Dominionists
are the people who believe that individuals can do whatever they want to animals, and that humans are the only species with any rights
Animal liberation
book written by peter singer; bible of the animal rights movement
Eminent Domain
concept of Utilitarian philosophy; the right of a law body to impose upon or take an individual's personal space/property for the use of the greater good
Body of Liberties
first law in modern day world to protect farm animals from cruel treatments; Massachusetts bay colony; 1641
Animal Welfare
movement that believes a reduction in a minimal number of animals should be used in research, and those animals that are used should be treated as humanely as possible. the concept implies that humankind has dominion over animals, and as such has responsibility for animal well-being
IACUC regulations/guide
has the obligation to review all research projects proposed for PHS support prior to their receiving funding must prepare reports of animal facility inspection and submit them to institutional official
In Situ
in the original place, natural place or site
Ames test
is a non-animal test used to test for carcinogenicity - but is made from mouse liver cells
Anthropomorphism
is the concept of ascribing human traits to animals
Euthanasia
is the humane killing of an animal accomplished by a method which produces rapid unconsciousness and subsequent death, without evidence of pain or distress
NIH
is the major US government agency funding lab animal research
Ethology
is the study of behavior of animals
Scotland yard
law enforcement in GB who also considers the ALF to be the largest domestic terrorist group
Revlon
main source of funding that established CAAT at johns Hopkins university in response to its cosmetic testing on rabbits
Serendipity
making a (scientific) discovery that was unanticipated
Vivisection
means of cutting into a live animal (originally meant "without anesthesia" because it had not been developed yet).
Standing
means one's place or relative position, or one's rank in the community
LD 50 - Lethal Dose 50
measure of acute lethality; rating is calculated for the dose at which one-half of the test animals can be expected to die from ingestion of the test substance
Animal Rights
movement that insists that animals have moral rights equal to those of humans. This concept is totally opposed to biomedical research, sporting events, clothing, product testing, entertainment using animals, and eating of animals
nano gram
ng one billionth of a gram
1889, Minkowski and Von Mering demonstrated
pancreas contained regulators to control blood sugar; dogs induced with diabetes by removing their pancreas
malthusianism
philosophy that animals/nature should not be interfered with
Soring
the application of any chemical or mechanical agent on any limb of a horse, or any practice inflicted on a horse that can be expected to cause it physical pain or distress when moving; aimed at producing an exaggerated gait
Speciesism
the belief that humans are superior to animals - a prejudice or bias toward the interests of members of one's own species and against the members of another species
Peter Singer
wrote "Animal Liberation"; Replaceability argument; father of animal rights movement; Austrailian professor of bioethics; coined the term speciesism; fell out of favor with the animals rights movement for supporting research of Huntington's disease