AnP II Exam I

Which of the following about ADH is false?

ADH causes vasodilation to lower blood pressure

All preganglionic autonomic fibers release ____ at their synaptic terminals, and the effects are always ____.

Acetylcholine; excitatory

A reduction in sensitivity in the presence of constant stimulus is ____.

Adaptation

Which endocrine gland is directly innervated by sympathetic preganglionic axons?

Adrenal gland

Which of the following anterior pituitary hormones stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol?

Adrenocorticotropic (ACTH)

Which of the following responses is NOT caused by activation of the sympathetic division?

Airway constriction

Which of the following is NOT a parasympathetic terminal ganglion?

All are parasympathetic terminal ganglia

Which area of the brain is involved in the conversion from short-term to long-term memory?

All of the above

If the aqueous humor in the ____ cavity of the eye cannot drain into the scleral venous sinus, the intraocular pressure rises and causes an abnormal condition known as ____.

Anterior; glaucoma

Which cells of the pancreas produce insulin?

Beta cells

Which of the following types of adrenergic receptors are found on cardiac muscle fibers where their activation stimulates increased force and rate of contraction of the heart?

Beta1-adrenergic

Which of the following types of adrenergic receptors are only found in brown adipose tissue where their activation stimulates heat production?

Beta3-adrenergic

Which of the following does NOT contribute to the longer lasting and more widespread effects observed with sympathetic activation versus parasympathetic activations?

Blood flow to the hypothalamus is decreased when sympathetic activation occurs

Which of the following hormones opposes the action of parathyroid hormone?

Calcitonin

Parathyroid hormone is the major regulator of the plasma concentration of which of the following ions?

Calcium

Which of the following regions of the brain compares the intentions of skeletal muscle movements with the actual movement performed and then sends out corrective feedback to upper motor neurons?

Cerebellum

The integration centers for sensations that are consciously perceived (like vision, smell, taste , and pain) are found in the ____.

Cerebral cortex

Which structure of the vascular layer of the eye contains melanocytes and reduces light reflection within the eyeballs?

Choroid

Which of the following is NOT a sympathetic prevertebral ganglion?

Ciliary ganglion

The spiral organ (organ of Corti) is located in the ____ of the inner ear.

Cochlea

Nerve impulses for the sense of hearing are initiated in the spiral organ (organ of Corti) and then travel through the ____ to the ____.

Cochlear branch of cranial nerve VIII; medulla oblongata

Myopia is corrected by ____ lenses.

Concave

Which types of photoreceptors is primarily used for detecting colors?

Cones

This is a thin mucous membrane that protects the inner aspect of the eyelids and the portion of the sclera covering the anterior surface of the eyeball.

Conjunctiva

Which of the following is the transparent layer on the anterior of the eyeball through which the iris can be observed?

Cornea

Which of the following hormones play key regulatory roles in the body's long-term response to stress?

Cortisol, hGH, Thyroid Hormone

Which of the following is NOT a function of the thyroid hormones in T3 and T4?

Decrease protein synthesis

Under which of the following circumstances would the diameter of peripheral blood vessels be greatest?

Decreased sympathetic stimulation

Which of the following conditions would result from lower-than-normal levels of aldosterone?

Dehydration

Which of the following senses is NOT classified as a general sense?

Equilibrium sensation

The neurological effects seen in schizophrenia are due to ____.

Excessive dopamine.

All of the following hormones are produced and secreted by the ovaries EXCEPT

FSH

Which hormone promotes the secretion of estrogen by the ovaries in females and sperm differentiation in males?

FSH

Which of the following types of papillae do NOT contain taste buds?

Filiform

Which of the following descriptions of a preganglionic neuron is NOT correct?

Forms gap junctions with postganglionic neurons in autonomic ganglia

A blood sample contains elevated levels of IGFs (or somatomedins). Which pituitary hormone would you expect to be elevated?

GH

Which of the following hormones are released in response to decreases in blood glucose content?

Glucagon

Which of the following anterior pituitary hormones stimulates general body growth?

Growth Hormone

What would be an effect of a drug that substantially increases the amount of serotonin released by the brain?

Heightened perception of sensory stimuli and hallucinations

A patient suffers from a head injury and subsequent loss of the ability to convert short-term memory into a long-term memory, although he can retain previous long-term memory. This patient most likely has a brain damage affecting the ____.

Hippocampus

What controls hormone release from the anterior pituitary gland?

Hormones released from the hypothalamus

Which of the following is NOT a common effect of glucocorticoid stimulation?

Increased production of all types of blood cells

The tympanic membrane is part of the ____.

Inner ear

Which blood glucose-lowering hormone is produced by the pancreatic islet cells?

Insulin

Which structure regulates the amount of light entering the eyeball through the pupil?

Iris

Which is the correct order in the flow of tears?

Lacrimal gland, lacrimal duct, superor or inferior lacrimal canal, lacrimal sac, nasolacrimal duct, nasal cavity

Which of the following anterior pituitary hormones stimulates the gonads to secrete progesterone and/or testosterone?

Lutenizing hormone (LH)

The center area of the retina where visual image arrives after passing through the cornea and the lens is called ____.

Macula

Which of the following structures contains otoliths (ear stones)?

Macula of the saccule

The hair cells of the uritcle and succle are clustered in oval structures called ____.

Maculae

The malleus, incus, and stapes are the tiny bones located in the

Middle ear

Which of the following are types of cholinergic receptors?

Nicotinic and muscarinic receptors

Visceral pain results from stimulating ____.

Nociceptors

Which type of sensory receptors responds to stimuli resulting from physical or chemical damage to tissue?

Nociceptors

Which of the following is not an effect of the hGH?

None of the above

Which hormones promote the smooth muscle constrictions in the walls of the uterus during labor?

OXT

Which of the following is the best explanation why olfactory sensations are long-lasting and an important part of our memory?

Olfactory sensory information reaches the cerebral cortex via the hypothalamus and the limbic system without first being filtered through the thalamus

A blind spot occurs in the retina where ____.

Optic disk is located

Which ganglia contain the cell bodies of the parasympathetic postganglionic neurons that serve that parotid salivary glands?

Otic ganglia

Which of the following pairs of hormones are secreted by the posterior pituitary gland?

Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone

Which of the following is the space that separates the free margin between the upper and lower eyelids?

Palpebral fissure

Which of the following is an example of a specialized "separate cell" sensory receptor?

Photoreceptor cell in the retina

Which of the following types of neurons would normally have the shortest axon?

Preganglionic sympathetic neurons

Which of the following anterior pituitary hormones stimulates milk production?

Prolactin

Which of the following statements about propioception is INCORRECT?

Proprioceptive sensations are used to activate the nervous system in response to threatening situations

Dreams occur during ___.

REM

Intense inhibition of somatic neurons except the neurons controlling the eye movement occurs during ____.

REM

Infants spend approximately 50% of their sleeping time in ____.

REM sleep

Which of the following statements about referred pain is false?

Referred pain is a type of superficial somatic pain arising from stimulation of skin receptors

Which is NOT considered an accessory structure of the eye?

Retina

Which structure of the eye contains the photoreceptors?

Retina

Which of the following is the fibrous layer known as the "white" of the eye that covers most of the eye and consists of collagen and elastic fibers?

Sclera

You recall facts while you take your A&P test, but then you forget it after the test is complete. Which type of memory were you using to learn these facts?

Short-term memory

Which of the following states of NREM sleep is considered the deepest level of sleep?

Stage four

The division of the autonomic nervous system that prepares the body for activity and stress is the ____ division.

Sympathetic

Thoracolumbar is another name for which division of the ANS?

Sympathetic

All of the following result from some form of malfunction of the basal nuclei EXCEPT

Synesthesia

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic physiological change that occurs during the NREM phase of sleep?

The brain waves, as seen on EEG, resemble that of an awake state.

The retina is found in ____.

The inner layer

What effect would an elevated circulating level of cortisol have on the pituitary gland secretion of ACTH?

The pituitary gland will decrease ACTH secretion

Which of the following statements describes a common response of an autonomic effector during the "fight-or-flight" response?

The pupils of the eyes dilate

Which of the following would be a proper adjustment of your eyes when your gaze shifts suddenly from a far-away object to close object?

The pupils would constrict and the lenses would become more spherical

Which of the following is NOT a component required for the synthesis, release, and transport of T3 and T4?

Triiodonthyronine

The vascular layer of the eye is known as ____.

Uvea

Which of the following nerves conduct impulses associated with the sense of gustation?

Vagus

Infection of a sebaceous ciliary gland can result in

a sty

The neurotransmitter at all synapses of neuromuscular or neurograndular junctions in the parasympathetic division of the ANS is

acetylcholine

The process in which the frequency of nerve impulses in the first-order neuron decreases during prolong stimulus is called ____.

adaptation

At sunset, your visual system adapts to

all of the above

Taste buds are found on

all of these choices

Proprioception means awareness of ____.

body position

The largest autonomic plexus is called the

celiac plexus

Long-term memories are stored in the

cerebral cortex

Endocrine organs can be regulated by all of the following, except

changes in the genetic makeup of the target cells

Based on their microscopic structure, the sensory receptors for pain, temperature, and touch are classified as ____.

free nerve ending receptors

Receptors in the saccule and urticle provide sensations of

gravity and linear acceleration

The basic receptors in the inner ear are the

hair cells

Autonomic tone is regulated by the

hypothalamus

A possible side effect of a drug used to open airways of someone suffering from asthma attack is ____.

increased blood pressure

Effects produced by the parasympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system include

increased secretion by the digestive gands

Sensory receptors that are located in blood vessels and visceral organs and whose signals are not usually consciously perceived are the

interoceptors

Cataract leads to blindness due to

loss of transparency of the lens

Nearsigtedness is called

myopia

The vestibular nuclei of the brainstem that control equilibrium receives sensory information from all the following areas EXCEPT the

nociceptors in the distal limbs

The two main neurotransmitters of the autonomic nervous system are

norepinephrine and acetylcholine

Olfactory receptors are found

only in the superior portion of the nasal cavity

Which of the structures listed below converts vibrations in the endolymph into action potentials?

organ of Corti

All of the following are true of the endocrine system except that it

produces rapid, local, brief-duration responses to specific stimuli

The olfactory tract

projects directly to the primary olfactory cortex and to the limbic system and hypothalamus

A postganglionic neuron in the ANS

releases neurotransmitter that binds to the effector cell

Which of the following structures senses change in rotational movements of the head in order to maintain dynamic equilibrium?

semicircular canals

One of the main differences between a somatic reflex and autonomic reflex is the type of effectors that are activated. The effectors in somatic reflexes are ____, while the effectors in autonomic reflexes are _____.

skeletal muscles; smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

The main function of muscle spindles is ____.

to sense changes in muscle length

Sound waves are concerted into mechanical movements by the

tympanic membrane

The autonomic division of the nervous system directs

unconcious regulation of visceral functions