ANS 216 Small Ruminant Final

4. Based on use/purpose in the U.S., rank goat inventory from largest to smallest

Inventory (as of Jan. 1 2017) a. 2.62 million head i. Breeding Goats - 2.16 million head ii. Market Goats - 459,000 head

1. What is the progenitor of the domestic sheep? What is the progenitor of the domestic goat?

a. Sheep are descendants of the Mouflon b. Goats are descendants of the Bezoar Goat

12. Identify structures of the male/female reproductive anatomy and their respective function(s)

Female Anatomy: ovaries (hormones, follicles, CL) Infundibulum, oviduct uterus cervix vagina Male Anatomy: testes scrotum epididymis vas deferens accessory glands (seminal vesicles, prostate, bulbourethral gland) penis

7. Advantage and disadvantage of different sheep breeds and provide an example of a breed within that classification

fine wool long wool medium wool hair sheep

d. White Muscle Disease

caused by deficiency in selenium and/or vitamin E

6. Types of enterprises that comprise the modern sheep industry (i.e. purebred, commercial, etc.)

commercial purebred (registered) club lambs lamb feeders (feedlots)

g. Milk Fever

- Deficiency of calcium (Ca) in bloodstream, can occur before or after parturition i. Caused by inadequate intake of calcium during late pregnancy

b. Bloat

- Form of indigestion caused by excessive accumulation of gas in rumen i. Drastic change, legume forage typical culprit

iii. Scrapie

1. Fatal disease affecting the central nervous system of sheep/goats a. Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) 2. Spread from dam to her offspring (and other lambs) a. Contact with birthing fluids, placenta, and bedding soiled w/birthing fluids 3. Signs a. Intense itching, behavior changes, lack of coordination, gait abnormalities, tremors 4. No treatment for Scrapie a. Clinical signs appear 2-5 years after infection 5. National Scrapie Eradication Program a. Began in 2001 (by USDA) b. Scrapie ID allows trace-back of infected animals and identification of infected, source, and exposed flocks c. Reduced prevalence by 96% 6. Genetic selection, susceptibility a. Codon 171, 136 (R=Resistant, Q = Susceptible)

i. Sore Mouth

1. Most common skin problem in sheep/goats a. Usually clears in 3-4 weeks 2. Viral skin disease (pox family) 3. Contagious to other animals and people (zoonotic) 4. Clinical signs of sore mouth infection: a. Scabs/blisters on the lips, nose, udder and teats 5. Once infected, vaccinate to control outbreaks a. Live virus - Don't use unless you have it! b. Apply to wool/hairless protected area

commercial

1. Over 80% of all commercial lamb production takes place in the 17 western states 2. Most sheep are handled according to the range-band method a. Experienced herders (with the help of dogs) move sheep to areas where vegetation is abundant 3. Band implies a flock of 1000 head or more a. Depend on sheep as their only source of income 4. Farm flock is a flock of sheep that generally serves as an additional source of income and is less than 500 head 5. Two broad classifications: a. 1) Range Production b. 2) Farm Flock Production

What do Yield Grades estimate? How do you calculate a final YG?

1. Predicts % closely trimmed boneless retail cuts from the shoulder, rack, loin, and leg 2. Yield grade score range = 1-5 a. The lower the yield grade indicates more pounds of meat as compared to waste (fat, bone, unused by-products) 3. Measure external fat thickness (over center of rib eye) a. Between 12th and 13th 4. Formula: a. YG = (12th rib backfat thickness x 10) + 0.4 i. NO ROUNDING!

ii. Epididymitis

1. Venereal disease of rams caused by the bacteria Brucella ovis 2. Severely affected rams often have at least one enlarged epididymis, may show pain when the testicle is manipulated a. Cause infertility by affecting the males ability to produce viable sperm i. Number one ram fertility problem 3. Contagious, transmitted during homosexual activity or during the breeding season via the ewe

Foot Scald

30. Caused by bacteria (Fusobacterium necrophorum) present wherever there are sheep, goats, and/or cattle 31. Starts with irritation (due to trauma or moisture) of interdigital tissue a. Redness or inflammation of tissue between claws 32. Outbreaks occur during periods of wet weather 33. Not contagious, but can be a pre-cursor to foot abscesses and foot rot

Foot Rot

34. Caused by interaction of two anaerobic bacteria (F. necrophorum and Dichelobacter nodosus) a. D. nodosus is introduced to farm, usually in hoof of carrier animal 35. Involves separation of horny tissues of hoof a. Usually affects both claws and multiple hooves 36. Highly contagious, difficult to eradicate a. Economically devastating b. Contagious c. Heavily cull

a. Acidosis -

Develops as a result of animals consuming too much carbohydrates; primarily grain

f. Ketosis/Twin lamb disease

Disorders that occur when intake decreases as energy requirements increase i. Ketosis/Twin lamb disease/pregnancy toxemia - Disorders that occur when intake decreases as energy requirements increase ii. More common if fat or carrying triplets, need to feed appropriately 4-6 wks before kidding, supplement grain into diet

h. Floppy Kid Syndrome

Exhibit metabolic acidosis (low blood pH), exact cause is unknown i. Combination of consumption of excessive amounts of milk and proliferation of an "infectious agent" in the gastrointestinal tract ii. Affects kids 3-10 days of age (normal at birth)

8. Name a goat breed that produces fiber, meat, and milk

Fiber and Meat Goat Breeds • Angora • Cashmere • Kiko • South African Boer o All goats create cashmere, but the cashmere goat was selected for Dairy Goats • Alpine • La Mancha • Nubian • Oberhasli • Saneen • Toggenburg

26. At weaning, how should ewes/does be managed? Why?

Lambs/Kids a. Creep Feeding i. Nutritional requirements will vary by age and genetic potential for growth (frame size) ii. Objective? 1. Maximum gains a. Concentrate feeding or feedlot finishing 2. Pasture finishing a. 4-6 wks after parturition lambs are getting over 50% of their nutrition from other sources besides mom b. Easier to feed lamb vs feeding ewe enough to milk properly for lamb gains b. Late lactation i. Peak lactation occurs at 3-4 weeks after parturition ii. Considerations at weaning? 1. Try to prevent mastitis, don't let them have lush pasture, starve nutritionally a little to decrease/stop milk production c. Maintenance (open, "dry" period) i. Occurs from weaning to start of next breeding season 1. Low quality feeds

e. Copper Toxicity

Sheep are especially sensitive to increased levels of copper i. Ideal range is 10-25 ppm

2. Listed two states in the top 10 for sheep/lamb production

Total number of sheep/lambs a. 1. Texas....................... 750,000 b. 2. California............... 570,000 Top wool producing states: c. 1) California d. 2) Utah

14. What factors can effect ewe/doe fertility?

a. Heredity b. Age of Puberty c. Age of female d. Light, temperature, relative humidity, and season e. Association with ram/buck f. Nutrition g. Parturition and lactation h. Disease and parasites i. Fertility of the ram/buck

41. What product(s) can be made based on certain micron ranges? (i.e. woolen vs. worsted)

a. Carding i. Passing clean and dry wool through a system of wire rollers to straighten the fibers and remove any remaining vegetable matter ii. Smooth steel fingers then divide the web and roll the strands over onto one another to create narrow continuous ropes of fibers called "slivers" 1. Coarser fiber and shorter staple length (3 inches or less), the machinery gently twists the slivers into ropelike strands called "roving" and winds the roving into balls ready for spinning into woolen yarns 2. Finer fiber and longer staple length (longer than 3 inches), the slivers usually go to the combing and drawing steps which prepare them for spinning into worsted yarn 3. Spinning iii. Twists roving and turns it into yarn

28. What is the universally recommended vaccination (for both sheep/goats) preventing?

a. Clostridium perfringens Types C and D and Tetanus (CD&T) i. Vaccinate ewes/does 4-6 weeks before parturition ii. Vaccinate lambs at 6-8 weeks, give booster 4 weeks later

42. What is the most common predator of sheep/goats?

a. Coyotes

11. Selection criteria for market lambs/goats

a. Current market goals for market lambs (ideal weight, backfat range, etc.) b. Grading/Carcass Evaluation (Sheep) iii. What do Yield Grades estimate? How do you calculate a final YG?

20. Select a lambing system/season and provide an advantage and disadvantage

a. Early Lambing (Winter-Early spring) i. Positives 1. Labor availability 2. Marketing a. Lamb prices are the highest during first half of the year (Easter period) 3. More ewes can be maintained on pastures ii. Negatives 1. Facilities (housing considerations) 2. Mastitis, scours, and pneumonia bigger issues b. STAR System (five lamb crops in three years) i. Split into 3 groups: 1. Breeding and pregnant ewes and the rams 2. Lambing and/or lactating ewes and their lambs 3. Growing lambs - both market lambs and the replacement ewe lambs ii. Doesn't rely on hormones/light control, relies on sheep that breeding during any season 1. Good for dorsets, haired sheep, rambouillet

16. Describe the "Ram/Buck Effect"

a. Introduction of a ram or buck near the end of the anestrus period i. Induce estrus earlier than would normally occur without the presence of a male 1. Male pheromones increase onset of estrus

38. In terms of a health program, what are two management practices that can be conducted to reduce a breach in biosecurity?

a. Isolate new sheep b. Limit access to farm i. Require visitors to wear plastic boots/clean feet c. General management i. Rodents, cats, and other wildlife can harbor infectious agents

5. What state(s) lead in the production of dairy goats, meat goats, and angora goats?

a. Meat Goats = 2.10 million head i. Top three states = Texas, Tennessee, Oklahoma b. Dairy Goats = 380,000 head i. Top three states = Wisconsin, California, Iowa c. Angora goats = 142,000 head i. U.S. Mohair production = 725,000 pounds ii. Top three states = Texas, Arizona, New Mexico

21. Describe post lambing/kidding husbandry practices

a. Newborn Care i. Death losses in neonatal lambs/kids are most common in the first 24 hours 1. Causes: Scours, starvation, pneumonia ii. Make sure newborn is breathing: 1. Clean membranes from around nose and mouth (use straw or hay stem to clear nostril) 2. Hang upside down to clear fluids iii. Clip, dip, strip, sip 1. Disinfect the Navel a. Spray or dip navel with antiseptic solution (Iodine) b. Newborn Care i. Make sure lamb/kid nurses: 1. Does female have milk? a. Strip teat to remove wax plug 2. Consumption of colostrum is essential for lamb/kid survival! i. Recommended that lambs receive 10% of body weight by 24 hours after birth 3. If babies are weak or fail to nurse, use stomach tube 4. If lamb/kid is cold, can use heat lamp/hot box and rub vigorously with dry towel

23. When are nutrient requirements the highest? Why?

a. Nutrient requirements are higher during: i. 1. Birth to 2 years of age 1. Stage of rapid tissue growth ii. 2. Late gestation - Last trimester iii. 3. Early to mid lactation 1. Females raising multiple lambs/kids have higher nutrient requirements vs. females with singles b. Sheep have lower maintenance requirements than goats c. Dairy goats have higher maintenance requirements than meat and fiber goats d. Females with a higher genetic potential for milk production have higher nutritional requirements

37. What is the FAMACHA guide and why was it developed?

a. Utilize eye anemia guide to determine severity of parasite infection (evaluate eyelid color) i. Score 1 or 2 - No treatment ii. Score 4 or 5 - Treat

i. Lanolin

i. A natural oil extracted from sheep's wool ii. Also called: wool wax, wool fat, or wool grease

f. Vegetable Matter

i. Any material of plant origin found in the fleece (hay, grass, seeds, etc.)

e. Vitamins

i. Fat-soluble: A - D - E - K 1. Carotene (green forages) - Vitamin A 2. Sunlight - Vitamin D 3. Vitamin E (sometimes requires supplementation) 4. Vitamin K synthesized in rumen ii. Water-soluble - B complex - C 1. B vitamins synthesized in rumen 2. Vitamin C synthesized in tissues

Grading/Carcass Evaluation (Sheep)

i. What three factors determine Quality Grade? 1. Conformation 2. Maturity 3. Flank streaking ii. Specific grades for lamb/yearling mutton, mutton 1. Lamb a. Carcasses range from 2-14 months of age b. Have the characteristic break joint on front shanks following the removal of the front legs c. The ribs vary from round in shape to moderately flat and show redness on their surface 2. Yearling Mutton a. Carcasses range from 12-24 months of age b. Characterized by spool joints on both front shanks or one spool joint and an imperfect break joint 3. Mutton a. Carcasses over 24 months of age b. Have spool joint instead of break joint c. Ribs are wide and flat

g. Tag

i. Wool that has manure attached to it

c. Fineness - fiber diameter

i. thickness of the wool fiber (measured in microns)

k. Tender wool

is wool that is weak and/or breaks due to poor nutrition or sickness

24. Recognize the importance of different nutrients and types of feedstuffs that can adequately supply these

water energy (carbs/fats) protein minerals vitamins

medium wool

• Also referred to as meat breeds • Advantages o Growth traits (most breeds) Carcass merit - muscle and leanness • Disadvantages o Poor wool quality Lack of flocking instinct o Not as adaptable to range conditions wool quality isn't as important or good Not good flocking Smaller farm flock operations • Suffolk, Hampshire, Shropshire, Dorset, Texel, Southdown

18. When evaluating BCS, where do we handle? Understand optimum scores based on various production stages

• A BCS estimates the condition of muscling and fat development o Based on feeling the level of muscling and fat deposition over and around the vertebrae in the loin region • Evaluation o Central Spinal column o Loin vertebrae Spinous process (vertical bone protrusion) Transverse process (short horizontal protrusion on each side) o Body Condition Scoring • Scale 1 - 5 o Condition 1 (Emaciated) o Condition 2 (Thin) o Condition 3 (Average) o Condition 4 (Fat) o Condition 5 (Obese)

long wool

• Long-staple wool with large fiber diameter (greater than 30 microns) • Advantages o Best adapted to cool, high rainfall areas with abundant forage o Heavy fleeces (14-16 lbs/yr) o Fleeces popular in niche markets (hand spinning) • Disadvantages Low quality carcasses Excessively fat • Border Leicester, Cotswald, Lincoln, Romney, Coopworth

fine wool

• Small fiber diameter (20 microns or less) • Advantages o Best adapted to o Known for longevity and flocking instinct • Disadvantages o Wool blindness o Wrinkles (wrinkly hides or pelty = hard to shear) o Light muscled o Slow growth Hardier breeds Having flocking instinct and longevity

c. Urinary Calculi

- Imbalance of Ca:P ratio, affects male sheep/goats and wethers i. Stones lodge in urinary tract and prevent urination

17. In terms of management, what tasks should be performed prior to the breeding season?

a. Flushing: i. To increase nutrient intake prior to breeding to cause an increase in body condition 1. Flushing should influence ovulation rate early in the breeding season, increase embryo survival b. Males and females should be... i. Wormed prior to breeding ii. Special attention should be given to feet 1. Trim feet, examine for foot rot iii. Sheared 2-4 weeks prior to breeding season 1. Heat stress

13. Gestation length (average), average estrous cycle,

a. Gestation length range = 142 to 152 days i. Sheep - Avg. 147 days 1. Medium-wool and meat breeds tend to have shorter gestation while fine-wool breeds will be longer ii. Goats - Avg. 150 days b. Estrous Cycle: i. Sheep: 14-19 days 1. Avg. 17 days ii. Goats: 18-24 days 1. Avg. 21 days

9. Understand and be able to discuss sheep/goat behavior

a. How does this impact facility design? What is Behavior? • Behavior is defined as an animals response to its environment • A basic understanding of sheep behavior will make raising and handling sheep less stressful for both the sheep and shepherd Sheep/Goat Handling • Why proper handling is important o Reduce work and physical exertion o Reduce stress on handler and sheep o Management jobs performed in a more timely and routine manner o Less risk of injury to sheep and shepherd o Wool is kept cleaner Improper handling leads to weight loss, decreased meat quality, reproduction, productivity Sheep Behavior • Follow the Leader o When one sheep moves, the rest will follow (even if it is not a good idea) o From birth, lambs are taught to follow the older members of the flock o The dominant members of the flock usually lead, followed by the submissive ones If there is a ram in the flock, he usually leads Sheep Behavior • Flocking and following instinct enables humans to care for large numbers of sheep o Makes sheep easier to move or drive o Enables a guardian dog to provide protection for a large flock o Domestication favored the non-aggressive, docile nature of sheep o Easier for people to care for sheep • Flocking Instinct (Gregariousness) o Sheep are best known for their strong flocking (herding) and following instinct o Run from what frightens them, band together in large groups for protection Only method of protection from predators • Safety in numbers o Harder for a predator to pick a sheep out of a group than to go after a few strays o White-faced wool breeds tend to be more gregarious Example: Merino & Rambouillet (Strong) Columbia & Targhee (Moderate) Meat breeds (Weak) Sheep Behavior • Sheep are very social animals o In a grazing situation, they need to see other sheep Visual contact with other sheep prevent excess stress when moving or handling • Sheep become highly agitated if separated from rest of flock o Visual contact solid alleyways but see through sorting gates to keep them moving

3. Explain reasons for sheep decline

a. Less demand for wool b. Declining demand for lamb in consumer diets, high price c. Increased difficulty in obtaining/keeping reliable herders to manage and care for range flocks d. Increased competition for public owned rangeland and increasing grazing fees e. Decreased government support, demise of wool support f. Farmer diversification into other enterprises g. Inadequate profit to keep producers producing h. Seasonal nature of lamb production and consumption i. Predator increase

40. What is the current method for grading wool?

a. Micron i. Most technical and accurate, standard used in U.S. ii. Objective 1. Measure individual fiber diameters in microns a. Micron = 1/25,400 of an inch iii. Separates wool into 16 grades

10. Selection criteria for breeding sheep/goats

a. Mouth soundness differences b. What is an EBV? c. Significance of DNA testing, why used and for what?

43. Describe predator control methods (both non-lethal and lethal)

a. Non-lethal i. fencing ii. guardians iii. night penning b. Management i. frightening devices, plastic collar c. Controlling Predation i. Over half of all sheep operations (58%) used one or more non-lethal methods for predator control 1. Most commonly used methods: a. Fencing (54.8%) b. Guard dogs (40.5%) c. Lamb sheds (34.4%) d. Night penning (33.7%) d. 93% of all goat operations used some kind of non-lethal method i. Fencing (44.5%), guard dogs (33%), night penning (with lights) (23.8%) e. Lethal i. Shooting, trapping ii. Livestock protection collar (LPC) 1. Filled with compound 10-80, so when coyote attacks neck it poisons them iii. M-44 ejector device 1. Put into the ground with bait aspect, triggers release of cyanide

22. Why would we need to use grafting? Methods of grafting?

a. Reasons: i. More lambs/kids than she can successfully cared for ii. Females becomes sick, dies, or does not have enough milk to adequately feed lambs/kids iii. Multiple lambs/kids, but she is young, old, or in poor body condition iv. Dam rejects baby v. Baby is weak b. Options: i. 1. Head stanchion ii. 2. Slime iii. 3. Scent iv. 4. Skin graft

19. Advantages/disadvantages of breeding ewe lambs, things to consider to be successful at doing so?

a. Research shows ewes that lamb at 12-14 months b. Advantages: i. ii. When lamb as yearling, c. Disadvantages: i. Increase in: 1. Management requirements during lambing 2. Nutrient requirements before and after lambing

15. Discuss and understand the seasonal breeding habits of sheep/goats

a. Seasonal breeding habits i. Sexual activity in sheep/goats is primarily controlled by light-dark ratio 1. Seasonally polyestrous, short day breeders a. Incidence of estrous increases as days become shorter b. Range: August-December i. Fertility is the highest and most efficient in September, October, and November (light exposure 10-12 hrs) 1. Increase in ovulation rate and better embryo survival due to cooler temps ii. Goats are less seasonal than sheep

27. What is the definition of targeted grazing?

i. Application of a specific kind of livestock at a 1. Determined season (relative to the plant) 2. Determined duration (days in a year, typically just a few days to hit a certain plant species) 3. Intensity (animals/area or bites/plant per time) a. Sometimes want them to bite and bite and bite to stress the plant ii. To achieve defined vegetation or landscape goals iii. To reduce weeds or fire risk can reduce insurance o Himalayan blackberry, noxious B goats can eat them but cattle wont

purebred (registered)

i. Goal: to make genetic changes in economically important traits 1. Have selection programs to produce superior rams for commercial producers 2. Progress is made by selecting for heritable traits

Mouth soundness differences

i. Jaw Alignment 1. Teeth should meet dental pad a. If not, what problems? ii. Bites rarely improve with age iii. Jaw defects are inherited iv. Teeth

lamb feeders (feedlots)

i. Lamb feeders purchase 60 to 90 pound lambs for finishing in feedlots 1. Colorado = primary feedlot state

c. Protein

i. Most expensive ingredient in ration ii. Protein need decreases as animal matures 1. Source of essential amino acids 2. Excess dietary protein is converted to energy, fat iii. Common protein supplement - Soybean meal, fish meal, alfalfa pellets, etc. iv. Green pastures provide adequate protein v. What about urea? 1. Non-protein nitrogen source 2. Gets converted to protein in rumen 3. Used in conjunction with high energy diets like in feedlot setting a. Good pasture is typically good in protein

a. Water

i. Most important nutrient, participates in all body functions ii. A sheep/goat will consume anywhere from ½ to 4 gallons of water per day 1. Depends upon physiological state and environmental conditions

What is an EBV?

i. NSIP - National Sheep Improvement Program 1. Estimated Breeding Value (EBV) a. Science-based, industry-tested measurements of heritable traits that can be tracked and measured b. Denote/quantifies the genetic merit of individual animal (for breeding)

d. Crimp

i. Natural curl or waviness of wool fiber ii. Fine wool usually has more crimp per inch than coarse (long) wool

d. Minerals

i. Needed in small amounts, but assist with multiple bodily functions ii. Macro (needed in grams), micro (needed in milligrams) 1. Macrominerals - Calcium (Ca), Phosphorus (P), Salt (NaCl), Magnesium (Mg), Potassium (K), Sulfur (S) 2. Microminerals - Cobalt (Co), Copper (Cu), Fluoride (F), Iron (Fe), Iodine (I), Manganese (Mn), Molybdenum (Mo), Selenium (Se), Zinc (Zn) iii. Salt - important regulatory function in the body 1. Inadequate salt intake can decrease: a. Feed and water intake, milk production, growth of lambs Animals desiring salt may eat dirt iv. Ca:P ratio must be 2:1 (proper balance) 1. Interrelated in development and maintenance of the skeleton Deficiencies may result in rickets Calcium in most forages is usually adequate to meet the needs a. Rickets: Bone doesn't harden properly, prone to fracture

b. Energy (carbohydrates and fats)

i. Nutrient needed in the greatest quantity ii. Common Energy Feeds 1. Many forages are effective for feeding sheep/goats 2. Orchardgrass hay, fescue pasture, alfalfa, annual and perennial rye grass, clover fields, silage, etc. 3. Cereal grains - Corn, barley iii. Fats (lipids) - Cheapest energy source, provide 2.25x as much energy as carbohydrates 1. Used to raise energy level of feed, improve flavor, texture, and palatability 2. Source of heat, insulation and body protection 3. Essential fatty acids 4. Ruminant diets are typically <4% fat a. Feedstuffs - Whole cottonseed, whole soybeans, corn distiller's grains, etc. i. High salt and protein diets will cause increase water intake ii. Will meet a lot of their requirements from just forages

e. Staple

i. Refers to the length of a un-stretched lock of shorn wool 1. Coarse wools are usually longer than finer wools

h. Skirting

i. Removing the stained, unusable, or undesirable portions of a fleece (bellies, top knots, tags)

club lambs

i. Revolves around the production of raising project (market or show) lambs for junior exhibitors involved in 4-H, FFA, and other youth activities

Significance of DNA testing, why used and for what?

i. Scrapie 1. RR - Sheep which are 2. QR - Sheep which are 3. QQ - Sheep which are ii. Spider Lamb (Suffolk/Hampshire) 1. NN (non-carrier), NS (carrier) or SS (possess Spider Syndrome)

Current market goals for market lambs (ideal

i. Should be around 6-8 months of age ii. Hopefully at harvest time, market lambs should weigh between 115 to 155 lbs. 1. Varies depending on market a. Average live weight of slaughter lambs 136 lbs. iii. Have ideal back fat between .15 - .25 inch

j. Yield

i. The amount of clean wool that remains after scouring 1. Expressed as a percentage (varies 40-70%) 2. Long wools have higher yields than fine wools, due to less grease

b. Clip

i. The amount of wool shorn from the sheep in one flock

a. Fleece

i. The wool from one sheep, sheared off in one piece ii. Grease or raw wool is wool as it is shorn from the sheep

hair sheep

• Mostly found in Africa and Caribbean or temperature climates in U.S. and Canada • Require fewer inputs than wool sheep Parasite resistance Do not require tail docking or shearing • Found in warmer climates • May have some wool fibers but shed them naturally • Can breed out of season • Katahdin, St. Croix, Dorper