ANT-102 chapter 5

lists and describes various ways whites receive preferential treatment throughout all aspects of life

"White Privilege: Unpacking the Invisible Knapsack" (1989)

whiteness

A culturally constructed concept originating in 1691 Virginia designed to establish clear boundaries of who is white and who is not, a process central to the formation of U.S. racial stratification.

Phenotype

An organism's physical appearance, or visible traits.

Racial systems were challenged and reshaped in the postcolonial period through a variety of movements. Match each movement to the country or countries where it took place.

Brazil- racial democracy U.S- civil rights movement South Africa-anti-apartheid movement

While the United States and Brazil are the largest multiracial countries in the Western Hemisphere, race has been treated differently in each country. Identify whether the following statements apply to Brazil or the United States.

Describes Race Relations in the United States -has applied the rule of hypodescent -has barred interracial marriage Describes Brazil -uses hundreds of categories and terms for various races -race intersects closely with class, and racial categories can be shifted

Jim Crow

Laws implemented after the U.S. Civil War to legally enforce segregation, particularly in the South, after the end of slavery.

Eugenics

a pseudoscience attempting to scientifically prove the existence of separate human races to improve the population's genetic composition by favoring some races over others

racism

individual thoughts and actions and institutional patterns and policies that create unequal access to power, resources, and opportunities based on imagined differences among groups

miscgenation

interracial marriage

Anthropologist Donna Goldstein explored how poor Brazilian women use humor to cope with persistent brutality. Which describes Goldstein's observation of poor Brazilian domestic workers' "laughter out of place"?

laughed employees than tv

institutional racism

patterns by which racial inequality is structured through key cultural institutions, policies, and systems

individual racsim

personal prejudiced beliefs that discriminatory actions based on race

A person may express racism through - beliefs or - actions. These may be acts of commission or acts of omission, but anthropologists refer to both as -.

prejudiced, discriminatory, and individual racism

- is the process of categorizing, differentiating, and attributing a particular racial character to a person or group of people.

racialization

A person's genetic makeup cannot be determined simply by phenotype (physical traits). Identify whether or not these are reasons why racial stereotypes like "White Men Can't Jump" or "Asians Are Better at Math" do not have any biological basis.

-Genes that influence physical traits are not linked to any other genes. -Genes that influence traits like intelligence and artistic abilities do not respond quickly to environmental pressures.

Intersectionality studies the intersection of various factors that shape an individual's access to opportunities as well as societal patterns of stratification. Identify whether or not these are major factors that are part of intersectionality.

-class -gender -race

race

a flawed system of classification, with no biological basis, that uses certain physical characteristics to divide the human population into supposedly discrete groups

racial ideology

a set of popular ideas about race that allows the discriminatory behaviors of individuals and institutions to seem reasonable, rational, and normal

Race is a biological concept rooted in genetic differences between people.

false

nativism

favoring certain long-term inhabitants over new immigrants

Identify whether or not these are possible reasons why it is difficult for people in the United States to acknowledge the continuing existence of racism.

-People believe that mainstream U.S. society is a meritocracy. -Color blindness is seen as a solution to racism in the United States.

The first example of the term white can be traced to a public document written in Virginia in 1691. Identify whether or not these are major ways in which white privilege was subsequently invented and reinforced in Virginia in the 1700s.

-Whites were given more legal privileges. -Whites were counted as whole people in censuses.

White supremacy refers to the belief that whites are biologically different and superior to people of other races. Identify whether or not the following practices have been enforced legally in the United States.

-segregation -counting slaves as fractions of people -prohibition of interracial marriage

Identify whether or not these statements define the rule of hypodescent.

-that someone with any black ancestor is considered black -that children of "mixed" marriages are automatically assigned to the "lower" racial category

Racialization is the process of categorizing and attributing supposedly racial qualities to people based on perceived characteristics. Identify whether or not these are examples of racialization.

-the creation of the category "Middle Eastern" as a race in the United States -European immigrants in the United States calling the Chinese immigrants "Yellow Peril"-

a racial ideology is a set of ideas about race that justify and normalize discriminatory actions. Identify whether or not these are situations shaped by racial ideologies.

-white colonists' beliefs that slavery was natural -European settlers' beliefs that they had the right to "civilize" the American West

In Brazil, the - colonial government did not forbid -, nor did it apply the rule of -. This resulted in Brazilian society developing many racial categories, such as -.

In Brazil, the Portuguese colonial government did not forbid miscegenation, nor did it apply the rule of hypodescent. This resulted in Brazilian society developing many racial categories, such as black

critiques the current U.S. call for color-blindness and suggests that it perpetuates racial inequality

Racism without Racists (2010)

Race relations play out differently depending on a variety of historical, cultural, and social factors. Match each racial situation to the country to which it pertains.

U.S=This country defined the dominant category as "Aryan" or "Caucasian" and legal debates were important in defining who belonged to these privileged groups brazil=This country has many nuanced racial categories and has been referred to as a "racial democracy." south africa= This country developed a legal system called "apartheid" that established white dominance as a key governmental structure.

Page(s) 134-135 5.3. How Is Race Constructed in the United States? Chinese immigrants first arrived in the United States in large numbers during the 1850s. Identify whether or not the initial wave of Chinese immigrants experienced racial prejudice in these particular ways.

Way Chinese Immigrants Experienced Prejudice -They were treated with hostility by federal and state governments. -They were called derogatory names.

Intersectionality

an analytic framework for assessing how factors such as race, gender, and class interact to shape individual life chances and societal patterns of stratification

Identify these processes as beginning either during the colonial period or the postcolonial period.

colonial: -invention of classifications of people based on phenotype -use of "race" to justify the transatlantic slave trade postcolonial: -National liberation movements struggled to end occupations by foreign powers. -Anti-racist national movements challenged institutionalized violence and racism

Racism manifests itself in society in various ways. Identify the following as examples of individual or institutional racism.

individual: -A white woman protects her wallet when a black man sits next to her. -A white man shouts, "I hate blacks" and kills a black man. institutional: -The Plessy v. Ferguson court case ruled that segregation was legal. -New York City public schools with mainly minority students receive less funding than suburban public schools with mainly white students.

Identify whether or not these reasons are why it is impossible to distinguish clear genetic boundaries between one human population and another.

reason -human variation changes gradually in a geographic continuum. -Humans are 99.9 percent genetically the same. -Humans have been exchanging genetic material for 200,000 years.

Hypodescent

sometimes called the "one drop of blood rule"; the assignment of children of racially "mixed" unions to the subordinate group

white supremacy

the belief that whites are biologically different and superior to people of other races

genotype

the inherited genetic factors that provide the framework for an organism's physical form

Colonialism

the practice by which a nation-state extends political, economic, and military power beyond its own borders over an extended period of time to secure access to raw materials, cheap labor, and markets in other countries or regions

Racialization

the process by which understandings of race are used to classify individuals or groups of people