Socl Review
Generalized other
pretty much how you think people will react
operational definition
the definition of a concept or variable such that it can be measured during research
Socialization
the process of learning how to interact in society by learning the rules and expectations of a society
Mind
we behave based on how we think others will act
Values
what a society views as desirable, good, and important
Beliefs
what we deem to be true
role ambiguity
when the expectations are not clear
Role Taking
when we play out potential outcomes of situations to decide behavior
Mores
widely held beliefs about what is considered moral and just behavior in society
Proletariat
working class
Folkways
rules of behavior for common and routine interactions
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
the idea that different languages create different ways of thinking
Political Science
the study of power, government, and political processes
Idioculture
the system of knowledge, beliefs, behaviors, and customs that is unique to a given group Inside jokes
Latent function
the unrecognized and unintended consequences of any social pattern not bad
Auguste Comte
Father of Sociology Social Physics 3 Stages
Harriet Martineau
First female sociologist Translated some of Comte's Early works
Conflict theorist view of culture
Groups engage in social conflict to enact social change Countercultures
Herbert Spencer
Survival of the fittest Social Darwinism/ Non-Interference
Me
The I from the outside
Status
A social position that a person holds
Workers lack
class consciousness
Bourgeoisie
own the means of production
Max Weber
verstehen
WEB Dubois
1st black to earn Ph.D. from Harvard
Comte's Three Stages of Society
1. Theological Stage 2. Metaphysical Stage 3. Scientific Stage
Symbolic Interactionism
Behavior is driven by subjective meaning. We act based upon perception of what objects, interactions and ideas mean
Macrosociology
Big picture, bigger perspective, state, country, large group of people
What purpose is served by a particular social organization
Broad social ideas
Symbolic Interactionist view of culture
Cultural identities can change over time and cultures often have smaller groups within
Functionalist view of culture
Culture changes over time due to social consensus
I
Impulsive
C. Wright Mills
Make the familiar Strange Intersection of history and biography
Preparatory Stage
Mimic without meaning
Mead's Social Self
Nor born with a sense of self, but it is gained
Game Stage
Playing by the rules
Play Stage
Playing without rules
Enlightenment
Proliferates scientific thoughts and ideas
Role Conflict
Roles conflict with each other
George Simmel
Said human action isn't rational, but rather based on subjective meaning
Microsociology
Small group or individual
Emile Durkheim
Social Facts Collective Conscience Suicide
Conflict theory
Social change is driven by conflict between groups over limited set of resources Inequality is a driving force
Structural Functinalism
Society in an interconnected set of systems that support society and keep it in equilibrium Changes happen through consensus
Karl Marx
Strong critic of Capitalism
collective conscience
The shared values and beliefs of people Stronger in small societies
Economics
The study of how goods, services, and wealth are produced, consumed, and distributed within societies.
Anthropologist
The study of physical, biological, social, and cultural development of humans, often on a comparative basis
Language
a series of symbols used to communicate meaning
Social institution
a stable culture that develops around basic goals that are necessary for social systems to survive
Culture
a system of ideas, values, beliefs, knowledge, norms, customs, and technology shared by almost everyone in a particular group or society that make it distince
Concept
an abstract system of meaning that enables us to perceive a phenomenon in a certain way Often Variables
Verstehen
an empathic understanding taht comes from studying the subjective meaning that people attach to things in the social world
Symbol
anything that has the same meaning for two or more people
Roles
are a bundle or set of expectations given to a social status in society
Subcultures
are groups that exist within a larger culture They accept many of the big ideas, but have their own separate ideas
Countercultures
are groups that have values, rules, or beliefs that conflict with mainstream culture
Ethnocentric
believing in the superiority of one's own ethnic and cultural group, and having a corresponding disdain for all other groups
Sociology
broad social science that studies the human social life
Exchange theory
cost-benefit analysis
Scientific Stage
develop a social physics to understand human behavior
Social facts
distinct elements of society to be understood on their own like job market after college
Social groups
groups where people physically or socially interact
Metaphysical Stage
human behavior governed by natural, biological instincts
Manifest Function
intended and recognized consequence of some element of society
Achieved Status
is one that is the result of our own effort or action
Culture is socially constructed because
its meaning is created through social interaction
Cultural relativism
judging another culture based on its own cultural standards
Taboos
mores that prohibit something
Cultural Lag
non-material culture lags behind material culture
Egoistic Suicide
not enough integration
Anomic Suicide
not enough regulation
Hawthorne Effect
occurs when researchers contaminate a study and cause a change in the dependent variable
Role Strain
one role causes stress
Xenocentric
sees their own culture as inferior
Theological Stage
society is the result of divine will
Ascribe status
status you are born with
Norms
the expectations about appropriate thoughts, feeling, and behaviors
Altruistic suicide
too much integration
Fatalistic suicide
too much regulation
Dysfunction
unintended consequence that is bad
