Socl Review

Generalized other

pretty much how you think people will react

operational definition

the definition of a concept or variable such that it can be measured during research

Socialization

the process of learning how to interact in society by learning the rules and expectations of a society

Mind

we behave based on how we think others will act

Values

what a society views as desirable, good, and important

Beliefs

what we deem to be true

role ambiguity

when the expectations are not clear

Role Taking

when we play out potential outcomes of situations to decide behavior

Mores

widely held beliefs about what is considered moral and just behavior in society

Proletariat

working class

Folkways

rules of behavior for common and routine interactions

Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

the idea that different languages create different ways of thinking

Political Science

the study of power, government, and political processes

Idioculture

the system of knowledge, beliefs, behaviors, and customs that is unique to a given group Inside jokes

Latent function

the unrecognized and unintended consequences of any social pattern not bad

Auguste Comte

Father of Sociology Social Physics 3 Stages

Harriet Martineau

First female sociologist Translated some of Comte's Early works

Conflict theorist view of culture

Groups engage in social conflict to enact social change Countercultures

Herbert Spencer

Survival of the fittest Social Darwinism/ Non-Interference

Me

The I from the outside

Status

A social position that a person holds

Workers lack

class consciousness

Bourgeoisie

own the means of production

Max Weber

verstehen

WEB Dubois

1st black to earn Ph.D. from Harvard

Comte's Three Stages of Society

1. Theological Stage 2. Metaphysical Stage 3. Scientific Stage

Symbolic Interactionism

Behavior is driven by subjective meaning. We act based upon perception of what objects, interactions and ideas mean

Macrosociology

Big picture, bigger perspective, state, country, large group of people

What purpose is served by a particular social organization

Broad social ideas

Symbolic Interactionist view of culture

Cultural identities can change over time and cultures often have smaller groups within

Functionalist view of culture

Culture changes over time due to social consensus

I

Impulsive

C. Wright Mills

Make the familiar Strange Intersection of history and biography

Preparatory Stage

Mimic without meaning

Mead's Social Self

Nor born with a sense of self, but it is gained

Game Stage

Playing by the rules

Play Stage

Playing without rules

Enlightenment

Proliferates scientific thoughts and ideas

Role Conflict

Roles conflict with each other

George Simmel

Said human action isn't rational, but rather based on subjective meaning

Microsociology

Small group or individual

Emile Durkheim

Social Facts Collective Conscience Suicide

Conflict theory

Social change is driven by conflict between groups over limited set of resources Inequality is a driving force

Structural Functinalism

Society in an interconnected set of systems that support society and keep it in equilibrium Changes happen through consensus

Karl Marx

Strong critic of Capitalism

collective conscience

The shared values and beliefs of people Stronger in small societies

Economics

The study of how goods, services, and wealth are produced, consumed, and distributed within societies.

Anthropologist

The study of physical, biological, social, and cultural development of humans, often on a comparative basis

Language

a series of symbols used to communicate meaning

Social institution

a stable culture that develops around basic goals that are necessary for social systems to survive

Culture

a system of ideas, values, beliefs, knowledge, norms, customs, and technology shared by almost everyone in a particular group or society that make it distince

Concept

an abstract system of meaning that enables us to perceive a phenomenon in a certain way Often Variables

Verstehen

an empathic understanding taht comes from studying the subjective meaning that people attach to things in the social world

Symbol

anything that has the same meaning for two or more people

Roles

are a bundle or set of expectations given to a social status in society

Subcultures

are groups that exist within a larger culture They accept many of the big ideas, but have their own separate ideas

Countercultures

are groups that have values, rules, or beliefs that conflict with mainstream culture

Ethnocentric

believing in the superiority of one's own ethnic and cultural group, and having a corresponding disdain for all other groups

Sociology

broad social science that studies the human social life

Exchange theory

cost-benefit analysis

Scientific Stage

develop a social physics to understand human behavior

Social facts

distinct elements of society to be understood on their own like job market after college

Social groups

groups where people physically or socially interact

Metaphysical Stage

human behavior governed by natural, biological instincts

Manifest Function

intended and recognized consequence of some element of society

Achieved Status

is one that is the result of our own effort or action

Culture is socially constructed because

its meaning is created through social interaction

Cultural relativism

judging another culture based on its own cultural standards

Taboos

mores that prohibit something

Cultural Lag

non-material culture lags behind material culture

Egoistic Suicide

not enough integration

Anomic Suicide

not enough regulation

Hawthorne Effect

occurs when researchers contaminate a study and cause a change in the dependent variable

Role Strain

one role causes stress

Xenocentric

sees their own culture as inferior

Theological Stage

society is the result of divine will

Ascribe status

status you are born with

Norms

the expectations about appropriate thoughts, feeling, and behaviors

Altruistic suicide

too much integration

Fatalistic suicide

too much regulation

Dysfunction

unintended consequence that is bad