ANTH D002 FINAL

Who is Miner actually describing in Body Ritual Among the Nacirema?

American society

Which of the following is a significant socio-cultural impact of time-space compression:

Cross-cultural encounters happen more often and are more intense. Cultural ideas spread and mix faster.

According to Race: Are We So Different? which of the following statements most accurately represents one of the key differences between indentured servants and enslaved persons in the North American British colonies?

Enslavement was permanent and inter-generational while indentured servitude was for a predetermined period of time.

According to Max Weber, power, prestige, and wealth are not mutually fungible - they can't be exchanged for one another. For example, a wealthy person can't use their wealth to gain power or prestige.

False

Anthropologists generally view globalization is an equalizing force in the world. Nearly everyone experiences it in the same way and benefits equally.

False

Non-binary sex/gender systems are a recent invention of Western societies. All non-Western societies traditionally viewed sex/gender as a binary concept.

False

Time-space compression effects impact everyone in the world equally because globalization allows everyone to have equal access to technology.

False

_____ refers to the anthropological practice of doing research "in the real world" by living in and participating in the the communities of research subjects. The term is borrowed from the biological sciences where researchers must leave their laboratories in order to collect samples and observational data "in the field".

Fieldwork

This term is a play on the word "globalization" It refers to how globalized ideas and commodities can simultaneously encourage cultural homogenization while also being particularized to reflect local cultural tastes. For example, how McDonald's restaurants can create a homogenized fast food "experience" in the countries they operate in even while their individual menus reflect the dietary preferences of local people rather than one standard menu.

Glocalization

According to Nanda and Warms there were three principle reasons why many European colonies in Africa and Asia where granted their independence after WWII. [Select three below]

Growing civil disobedience and rebellions in the colonies. The transformation of international economics by the rise of multinational corporations which are less tied to their countries of origin. The industrialization of many former colonies. A shift in the global balance of power away from Europe and toward the US and Soviet Union after WWII.

Which of the following would be considered ethical behavior from the point of view of an anthropologists conducting field research according to the principle of "do no harm"?

Observing (but not necessarily participating in) the every-day business practices of sex workers enlisted as research participants

In a _____ society men hold most of the power. Masculine perspectives and priorities are valued more than those of other genders and women are often treated as less than fully independent adults by men

Patriarchal

This early 20th century theory was first proposed by Franz Boas. The theory argued that all societies are the products of unique historical circumstances, influences, and environmental factors. Societies don't all develop in the same way and they don't represent more "primitive" or "modern" versions of each other. This theory is closely associated with cultural relativism.

The theory of Historical Particularism

This 19th century anthropological theory argued that all societies "evolve" through similar, linear, stages of cultural development culminating in "modern" societies.

The theory of Unilineal Cultural Evolutionism

According to Nanda and Warms, what where three key tactics/strategies European nations used to facilitate their expansion throughout the world: [Select only three]

The use of forced labor like enslavement and corvee labor The pillaging of valuable resources. The creation of join stock companies able to raise large sums of money quickly to finance colonial ventures.

Once they become participants in anthropological research, do informants have the right to stop their participation in the research at any time?

Yes. Informants can end their participation at any time.

According to Nanda and Warms, _____ is a type of farm that specializes in the large-scale production of a single crop intended for sale in global markets rather than local consumption. These one-crop "farms" required a great deal of labor to operate profitably. They created a high demand for enslaved and corvee labor in many European colonies.

a monocultural plantation

Among the pre-colonial Mojave, alyha were persons with male primary sexual characteristics who adopted what were considered feminine occupations and who could marry persons who were gendered as men. For anthropologists alyha are an example of _____.

a non-binary gender (a.k.a. third gender)

Which of the following best reflects one aspect of the post-colonial/globalization era anthropological view of culture?

all societies experience cultural change over time

In Righteous Dopefiend the anthropologists Bourgois and Schonberg explain that a moral economy is...

an economy of mutual obligations created when people give each other gifts

This sub-field of anthropology studies societies, often those that existed in the past, by examining the remains of their material culture (a.k.a. artifacts).

archaeology

According to Cowell and Medeiros in The Culture Concept early anthropologists mainly learned about other cultures using information gathered by others. This approach is today known as _____ anthropology and is no longer used.

armchair

Which of the following is something "race" does?

assigns cultural meaning and social consequences to human biological and cultural variation

This sub-field of anthropology focuses on the study of topics like human evolution and genetic variation.

biological anthropology

According to lecture, which of the statements below IS NOT true?

colonialism was something early anthropologists often explicitly wrote about

In Latin American and the Caribbean people don't typically categorize others in terms of "race", but instead in terms of _____.

color

____ refers to a social preference for, and/or advantages granted to, lighter skin persons over darker skinned ones. This is how people in places like Latin America and the Caribbean tend to conceptualize what people in the US call "race".

colorism

Anthropology is _____ because it requires anthropologists to test hypothesis about humanity against data gathered from a variety of different cultural communities and societies, not just one. We can't assume that because one group of humans believes or does something a certain way, all others will. We therefore have to examine a variety of cultural examples, not just one.

comparative

Despite initially being very excited about attending college a student begins to have trouble understanding their professors' expectations as well as navigating the software used to access course content. They start to feel increasingly frustrated by even simple tasks and as a result they begin to withdraw from participating in class. What stage of culture shock are they experiencing?

crisis

This sub-field of anthropology focuses on the study of the diverse ways of life of humans and how they make sense of and organize the world, adapt to its challenges, and give life meaning.

cultural anthropology

This term refers to the anthropological practice of attempting to understand the cultural beliefs and practices of others on their own terms, rather than according to the norms and values of our own culture.

cultural relativism

The Maasai people of Kenya use cattle as a form of currency to settle debts and as a symbol of a family's social status. A family's wealth and prestige in the community is measured in terms of the quality and number of cattle they own. In this cultural context the cattle can be best described as a kind of _____.

culturally valued resource

The feeling of anxiety, disorientation, frustration and even anger that people can experience when they encounter unfamiliar cultural expectations, beliefs and practices is called...

culture shock

In Marriage, a History Stephanie Coontz suggests that anthropologists:

don't really agree on a universally applicable definition of marriage

Anthropologists often seek to immerse themselves in the culture and day-to-day practices of the communities they study. Their aim is to better understand these communities by attempting to approximate an "insiders" cultural perspective, otherwise known as an _____ point of view.

emic

This anthropological term specifically refers to the process through which people learn culture via immersion and participation in the communities they live in such that they not only learn the symbols, beliefs, and practices of those communities, but they also internalize them (i.e. come to believe in them).

enculturation

In most societies people tend to select marriage partners from ethnic, religious, educational and class status groups that are the same as their own. This can be most accurately described as an example of an informal set of _____ rules.

endogamy

The social geographer Mike Davis, argued that one way social stratification becomes tangible in cities is through the "built environment" such as the architectural design of buildings, policing practices, surveillance systems, the layout of transportation networks, etc. The overall effect of these serves to:

enforce social segregation

This term refers to the tendency among people to believe that their own cultural beliefs and practices are universal, the most natural, and/or are innately better to those of others.

ethnocentrism

An _____ point of view is the point of view of an external observer. In anthropology, this is typically the initial perspective of the anthropologist who is a cultural outsider attempting to understand the culture and social organization of a community that is not their own.

etic

A _____ is a popular naming or categorizing system based on people's "common sense" rather than a scientifically rigorous classification.

folk taxonomy

For anthropologists like Nanda, the term _____ specifically refers to the cultural beliefs, practices, and social roles that human societies use to make sense of, and assign social meanings, consequences, and roles, to sex differences between humans.

gender

The phrase _____ refers to the systems of rewards and punishments that a society uses to encourage or compel its members to adopt culturally approved gendered appearances, behaviors and practices.

gender policing

In the 1930s the anthropologist Margaret Mead observed that among the Chambri of Papua New Guinea persons who were identified by their communities as females were customarily expected to be the primary food providers for their families and to represent them while doing business with other communities. Persons who were identified as males were thought of as being best suited for dealing with politics and creating art. These are examples of different _____ being assigned to different sexes within one society.

gender roles

This term broadly refers to the increased movement of, and intensification of interactions between, people, ideas, commodities and money across and within national borders.

globalization

Culture provides humans with a broad range of tools for dealing with the challenges of surviving in a dynamic world that is always changing. As a result we can say that culture _____.

has adaptive value

When studying cultural and social differences anthropologists adopt a _____ approach. This is the idea that in order to understand any cultural or social element of a community we must also try to understand how that element fits within the community's total way of life.

holistic

In the fictitious society of the Ainrofilac racial group X is considered to have a higher "racial status" than racial group Y. A person from group X and a person from group Y have children together. Other members of Ainrofilac society tend to racially classify their children as belonging only to racial group Y. This is an example of...

hypodescent

One of the first challenges Claire Sterk had to navigate when starting her research on sex workers was:

identifying locations where sex work took place

Select three traits listed below that were associated with "modern" societies by 19th century anthropologists. Note: Selecting an incorrect answer will result in a partial loss of credit on this question. This means that you should only select the three items as selecting more than three will result in a loss of credit.

industrial production organized as nation-states monotheistic religions

What is the term most commonly used by anthropologist to label the sex of persons born with primary sexual characteristics that are somewhere along a spectrum between those typically associated with human females and males?

intersex

Which of the following is IS NOT a characteristic of human culture:

it is genetically transmitted

According to Nanda and Warms, the _____ was the precursor of modern publicly held corporation. These organizations introduced the idea of selling "shares" of a business venture to the public in exchange for a share of future profits.

joint stock company

The Triqui can be best described as _____ because they typically only reside and work in California and Washing state for a limited period of time. They usually return to their communities of origin in Oaxaca, Mexico at the end of the fruit picking season.

labor migrants

"He [Claudius] did well," the old man beamed and announced to the others, "I told you that if we knew more about Europeans, we would find they really were very like us. In our country also," he added to me, "the younger brother marries the elder brother's widow and becomes the father of his children."(qtd in Bohannan 1966, 3) This passage from Shakespeare in the Bush suggests that the speaker is from a cultural community that follows the _____ marriage rule.

levirate

This sub-field of anthropology focuses on the study of human communication and the relationship between language and culture.

linguistic anthropology

This term refers to a popular idea in the US during the 19th century which argued that the US, "had the 'God given destiny' to 'civilize' and 'settle' the North American continent from coast to coast".

manifest destiny

According to Race: Are We So different? one of the earliest scientific debates regarding race was whether or not "all the human races" belong to the same species. Charles Darwin, believed that Humans originated as one species, not several. This is known as the _____ theory of human origins.

monogenists

To understand how De Anza College students use public transportation, an anthropologist decides to do fieldwork by riding the bus with them everyday to and from campus. While riding the bus the anthropologist watches what students do and attempts to follow their example. This anthropological research method is known as _____ .

participant observation

What is now Cuba, Mexico, and the Philippines were once colonial territories of Spain. They were part of the _____ that made up the Spanish colonial empire.

periphery

An entomologist [person who studies insects] notices that specimens of a species of moth in her field site vary in terms of their color, body size, and wingspan. These variations of visible characteristics can best be described as differences in the _____ of this species of moth.

phenotype

Until the late 1960s Irigwe women in Northern Nigeria could have multiple husbands. This is can be most accurately described as an example of a marriage system that allows ______ .

polyandry

This term broadly refers to any marriage system that allow persons to have more than one spouse at a time.

polygamy

This term refers to the marriage practice of allowing men to have more than one spouse at a time.

polygyny

According to Max Weber, ______ is the ability to get others to do what you want them to do based on a combination of authority and coercion.

power

According to Neo-Classical Immigration theory, things like ethnically distinct neighborhoods, family networks, and economic opportunity have served as strong ______ in transnational immigration patterns by influencing which "receiving communities" migrants decide to settle in.

pull factors

In 1845 a devastating famine struck Ireland resulting in mass starvation and the emigration of millions of people from the island. According to Neo-Classical Immigration theory, a disaster like a famine can be understood as a powerful _____ that motivates people to emigrate.

push factor

An anthropologists asks a group of De Anza College students how often they use public transportation to travel to and from campus during different quarters. This is an example of _____ data.

quantitative data

While most anthropologists agree that race is a socio-cultural idea imposed on human bodies, they nonetheless acknowledge that race can be biological in the sense that...

racism has biological consequences: e.g. shorter lifespans due to diminished access to health care, deadly encounters with the police, etc.

This stage of culture shock sometimes happens when people "return home" from living in a previously unfamiliar cultural and social setting. It occurs partly because the person has become use to the once unfamiliar setting, and because their family and friends back home sometimes have a difficult time relating to their experiences.

re-adjustment shock

When an anthropologist considers how their own social and cultural background might shape their interpretation of other peoples' cultures, or how their informants might view and react to them, they are being _____.

reflexive

Select the two terms listed below that anthropologists commonly use to label persons who participate in their research projects. These are persons the anthropologist interviews, interacts with, and learns from while conducting field work

research participant informant

The US film industry is typically thought of as an important contributor to globalization. However, many country's film industries also contribute to globalization, often in ways that are more regionally influential. For example, in parts of sub-Saharan Africa, "Bollywood" films (made in India) are now more popular than Hollywood films. In this sense globalization can be described as a _____ phenomenon because it doesn't just have one single point of diffusion, but rather multiple, interconnected, points of diffusion like the root network of a bamboo plant.

rhizomatic

In Marriage, a History Stephanie Coontz argues that ______ necessary pre-condition for, or, an essential part of marriage.

romantic love has not always been considered a

_____ are phenotypic and behavioral differences between females and males of the same species that typically don't fully develop until sexual maturity. These differences are associated with sexual dimorphism, but are not directly involved in biological reproduction.

secondary sexual characteristics

Body Rituals Among the Nacirema demonstrates how any cultural practice or belief, including familiar ones, can ______ when observed from an external perspective without adequate context.

seem strange and illogical

This form of colonialism involved the displacement of indigenous populations and their culture by colonists from the European metropole.

settler colonialism

For anthropologists like Nanda, the term _____ specifically refers to the biologically differentiated status of females and males.

sex

This racial classification scheme was used in Spanish and Portuguese colonies in the Americas and continues to influence how race and color is understood in Latin America. One of its defining features was its attempt to hierarchically classify and name all the various possible "racial mixtures" of Africans, Europeans, and Native Americans born from interracial marriages and conjugal relationships.

sistema de Castas

Classism, compulsory heterosexuality, patriarchy and white supremacy, can be best described as examples of systems of _____ because they institutionalize hierarchical, unequal access, to culturally valued resources like an education, health care, political representation, income, the respect accorded by others, etc.

social stratification

A group or category of people who are excluded from useful participation in society to the extent that they have a hard time functioning in it or are even targeted for elimination can be said to be _____.

socially marginalized

According to most anthropologists, racial categories are _____ created and defined. The phenotypic features that are used to sort people into racial categories don't represent discrete, innate, bio-genetic divisions of the human species, but rather people's beliefs about the significance of these differences.

socio-culturally

This term refers to the systemic ways the economic, political, and social organization of a society can harm individuals and entire communities of people either directly or through neglect.

structural violence

This phrase refers to the tendency of social researchers to conduct research among people and communities with less social status than themselves.

studying down

While discussing stories as a reflection of culture in The Culture Concept, Cowall and Medeiros explain the anthropological concept of "_____" as a term that refers to people whose customs, beliefs, and behaviors we perceive as being fundamentally culturally or socially different from our own. In other words, people who we view as strangers or outsiders.

the Other

In cultural anthropology the term agency refers to:

the ability of humans to reshape the world in ways they find meaningful

In 1983 Susie Phipps sued the state of Louisiana to have the race listed on her birth certificate changed from "black" to "white". The state of Louisiana refused arguing that anyone with a Black ancestor within the last five generations, like Susie Phipps, is considered Black according to Louisiana state law. This is informally known as _____ ; the US social/legal practice of racially classifying anyone with a Black ancestor as racially Black.

the one-drop rule

_____ refers to the idea that anthropological descriptions of the communities they study can become the subject of controversy because they have the social power to influence how readers perceive those communities. As such, there is often debate around how an anthropologists describes the way of life of a community and their ability to do so accurately, fairly, and authoritatively.

the politics of representation

Culture exists in different forms. These include:

the practices of everyday life symbols and ideas none of these choices how we use, modify, move, and think about our bodies human made objects, structures, and landscapes

Which of the following is an example of a primary sexual characteristic?

the spermatozoa producing testis of males

According to Nanda and Warms, European settler colonialism in the Americas was most aided by...

the spread of "Old World" diseases which devastated the populations of Indigenous Americans.

The term genotype refers to:

the total genetic makeup of an organism

This term refers to the effects of innovations in transportation and communication technologies that allow people, commodities, money and ideas to travel faster and in higher volumes around the world. It makes it seem like the world is shrinking and things happen faster.

time-space compression

In Marriage, a History Stephanie Coontz challenges many of our assumptions about marriage by pointing out how it has served different purposes in different societies across time and space. However, Coontz thinks there may be one common important purpose marriage serves in nearly all societies. That purpose is:

to acquire in-laws and create connections between families

In the US the term _____ is increasingly used in association with a wide variety of non-binary sex/gender persons. However, in the past the term tended to be used more exclusively to refer to persons who were assumed to be transitioning, or had transitioned, from one sex/gender to another.

transgender

While traveling and working with his Triqui informants Seth Holmes (in Fresh Fruit, Broken Bodies) discovers that people often _____. This points to how the social identity of anthropologists can shape their experience while conducting fieldwork.

treat him differently than his companions because of his race

This term was first used in the 1990s by Native American LGBTQI activists to broadly identify both contemporary gender nonconforming members of their communities, as well as collectively label the various non-binary sex/gender systems of pre-colonial indigenous societies in North America.

two spirit

White supremacy is usually discussed in terms of a belief in the innate superiority of the "White race". However, white supremacy also depends on the ______ of White cultural norms, phenotypes and points of view such that these come to define what it means to be a (normal) human being for everyone else.

universalization and centering

One way you can help yourself when dealing with culture shock is by...

working to build a sense of community with others

Ethnocentrism is the belief that:

your cultural beliefs and practices are universal, most natural, and/or innately correct

According to Seth Holmes in Fresh Fruit, Broken Bodies what transnational trade treaty had devastating effects on the Triqui corn farming economy and precipitated their transformation into migrant workers?

North American Free Trade Agreement NAFTA

Are anthropologists allowed to use deception in order to achieve their research goals?

Never. Anthropologist must always be transparent and truthful about their research goals, methods, and sponsorship

Based on Nanda's ethnographic description in Gender Diversity, which of the following two marriages would have been considered the most socially acceptable in a pre-colonial Mojave community? Hint: What did pre-colonial Mojave societies consider more important for a socially appropriate marriage: a difference in the gender roles of partners or a difference in the sex of partners?

A male-bodied alyha and a male-bodied man A male-bodied man and female-bodied woman

Match the terms on the left to how they are understood by anthropologist (on the right) using the drop down menus. Nationality Race Ethnicity

Nationality - Usually refers to a person's plce of citizenship, country of origin, or long term residence. Race - Typically a type of social categorization people mke bsed on persons' phenotype and ancestry. Ethnicity - Asocil category usully based on a person's shared sense of culture, traditions, language and community with a group of people.

According to Audrey Smedley in Race: Are We So Different? there were two principle reasons why colonial leaders in places like Virginia began to support the idea of institutionalized, racialized, slavery in the 17th century. One reason was to meet the labor needs of mono-cultural plantations. The other was...

To keep Africans, Native Americans, and poor Europeans from rebelling together

All Human cultures change over time.

True