ANTH420 Quizzes

Richard Evans Schultes was ____________________.

An ethnobotanist interested in Amerindian use of plants

The ritual of Dia de los Muertos (Day of the Dead) has roots in:

Catholic All Saints/All Souls Day and Aztec rituals

Symbolic thinking enables humans to: (select all that apply)

Communicate abstract ideas such as the existence of supernatural entities Contemplate the origin of the universe Think about a past and envision a future event

The Sun Dance is _____________________.

a Native American ceremony that includes an act of "self-sacrifice" or hanging from hooks on the central pole

Sympathetic Magic is ________________.

a concept outlined by James Frazer stating that magic depends on associations between things

Among the Azande, the source of witchcraft is _______________.

a physical substance in the body

An ______________________ is any mental state that is out of the ordinary or different from normal day-to-day experiences.

altered state of consciousness

Gods whose relative importance depends on the activities associated with a society (e.g., war) are known as _____ gods.

attribute

Magic is ______________.

influencing events by using supernatural forces

Time can be divided into measurable units, this type of reckoning is considered ______________ as it is not directly related to observable phenomena.

symbolic

For Christians, the source of witchcraft is _____________ and the only magic is that performed by Jesus all other magic is heresy.

the devil

Among the Trobriand Islanders, magic is _________________. (select all that apply)

the private property of individuals or family lines often used in conjunction with a spell

What is the difference between Azande witchcraft and witchcraft among the Navaho and other Southwestern Indigenous groups?

witchcraft among SW Indigenous groups is an intentional act

During the witchcraze of Europe and America, __________ were executed in much higher numbers than any other demographic.

women

In the anthropological literature, the non-corporeal spiritual component of human being is referred as a:

soul

For the Kogi, Aluna is _________________.

The creator Mother, Mother Nature

_____________ states that things that were once in contact continue to be connected after the connection is severed. For example, the use of hair that was once attached to a person, in order to bring harm/or healing against that person.

Law of Contagion

_________________ states that things that are alike are the same, "like produces like." For example, eating walnuts for head ailments as they visually resemble a brain.

Law of Similarity

An example of Image Magic is _______________.

"Voodoo Dolls"

In rites of passage rituals, Victor Turner argued that the _____________ phase was a period when roles can be reversed, and structures can be undone/changed.

Liminal

________________ proposed the concept of communitas. This is a process whereby a group of individuals undergo a rite of passage together, bringing a sense of community and camaraderie.

Victor Turner

The anthropologist _______________ was known for proposing "rites of passage" as a common ritual type found cross-culturally.

Arnold Van Gennep

Match the correct definition to the term:

Cultural anthropology Study of contemporary cultures Biological Anthropology Study of human biology and evolution Archaeology Study of human cultures in the past through material remains Linguistic Anthropology Study of Language

______________________ is to consider one's own culture as superior or the "correct" way to behave as compared to other cultural systems.

Ethnocentrism

[ ? ] is the intensive study of a single cultural group, and [ ? ] is a cross-cultural (comparative) study.

Ethnography Ethnology

James Frazer's understanding of magic as originating with the world's most "primitive religions" and a precursor to the major world religions, is a form of ________________ thinking.

Evolutionary

The _____________________ approach to religion considers animism to be the most primitive kind of religion.

Evolutionary

A jinn is an example of a creator god found amongst the Dani of New Guinea.

False

Compared to spirits, gods tend to be less powerful and more localized supernature beings.

False

Cross-cultural analysis reveals that all souls are to become venerated ancestors.

False

Divination is a technique to achieve an altered state of consciousness.

False

For the Azande, the termite oracle is the strongest and most reliable, so a specialist is needed.

False

In the case of the Yanomamö, souls are recycled as part of a system of birth, death, and rebirth.

False

In the reading "Ritual Experience: Pain and Transformation of Consciousness in Ordeals of Initiation", the author found that the association of the passage to adulthood with a physical and/or mental trial is rare outside of the United States.

False

It is common for the most popular and well-liked people in a community to be accused of witchcraft.

False

Meaning is static, it does not change across historical contexts.

False

Spirits are usually highly individualized supernatural beings with specific names and identities.

False

The Mamas are a type of Shaman from the Amazon.

False

The cross has always been a Christian religious symbol.

False

The latin word superstitio, used by the Romans, refers to a true devotion to the gods and was considered the same as "religion."

False

When anthropologists use the term culture, they mean "civilized" or "the finer things of life."

False

Wiccan magic is a centuries old tradition rooted in ancient West African magical practices.

False

The practice of wearing black to symbolizing the mourning of the deceased has its roots in:

Victorian England

____________ are those objects that have the identity of their owners associated with them.

Inalienable Possessions

The phases in rites of passage are: (select all that apply)

Incorporation Liminality Separation

______________________ was a Scottish anthropologist and wrote "The Golden Bough" - in which he argued that the world's oldest religions were rooted in magic and witchcraft. Anthropologists today, continue to use some of the classifications of magical principles from this work.

James Frazer

The _______________ is a religious symbol that exists cross culturally, but in its older forms was associated with positive meanings such as "prosperity" and "good luck" and is used in Hinduism, Buddhism, and by the Navajo.

Swastika

It is common for ______________ groups to use colors to symbolize the cardinal directions.

Native American

Among the ________________, it is common for girls transitioning to women to permanently modify their bodies by adding brass rings around their necks, effectively crushing their clavicle and giving the appearance of a long, slender neck.

Padaung

Match the correct term to their description:

Pastoralism Subsistence strategy that relies on herd animals Agriculturalists Subsistence strategy that relies on intensive farming Horticulturalists Subsistence strategy that relies on small scale gardening

Ethnobotany is ____________________.

Specialization in Anthropology concerned with the identification and classification of cultural use of plants

With Possession , one does not have control of their body, it is only a vehicle. But with Trance , the individual has control of their body and is able to leave their body to visit other worlds.

Possession Trance

________________________ is a recent movement that recognizes there are multiple ways in understanding the world, the Western viewpoint of science, objectivity and "reason" is but one.

Post Modernism

A Priest is a religious specialist that undergoes training, are typically full-time specialists, and are associated with formalized religious institutions.

Priest

A ________________ is a mouthpiece of the gods, it is their role to communicate the words and will of the gods to his or her community.

Prophet

Situations where a soul is reborn in the body of an animal is referred to as:

Reincarnation/Transmigration

The following can induce "altered states of consciousness": (select all that apply)

Repetitive drumming/dancing Hallucinogens Intense Pain

A Shaman is a religious specialist that has the ability to communicate directly with supernaturals or spirits, typically through trance or altered states of consciousness. These types of specialists are most often found in small-scale societies and are part-time specialists.

Shaman

The term "Shaman" (although broadly used to refer to a general class of religious specialists) is actually a term adopted from ___________________.

Siberia

Which of the following describes the difference between souls and ghosts?

Souls eventually leave the community of the living while ghosts remain in the vicinity of the community.

Members of Holiness churches in Appalachia, interpret the bible literally and their practices include: (select all that apply)

Speaking in tongues Snake handling Drinking poisons

In Turkey, Sufis may experience a feeling of ecstacy through continuous spinning, sometimes for hours. This dance is called _____________________.

The Whirling Dervish

Even though the Kogi Mamas live in small scale societies, they are an exception. They are not considered shamans but instead are priests because: (list all that apply)

They are full-time specialists They undergo extensive training, their skills are not inherent

Among the Azande, a person can practice witchcraft against someone and not know it.

True

In Christianity, angels and demons are examples of spirit beings:

True

In hunting societies, Shamans may have the power to become the animal to be hunted in order to determine migration routes.

True

In most cases, the connection between a symbol and thing to which it refers is arbitrary.

True

Many activities of healers are similar to those of U.S. medical practitioners, they set bones, treat sprains with cold or administer drugs made from native plants and other materials.

True

Rites of passage are found among all societies.

True

Rites of passage may also coincide with a permanent body modification to signal the transition.

True

The term primitive carries negative connotations such as inferior or "less than" and so small-scale society is a better description for hunter/gatherer, horticulturalists or pastoralists.

True

Typically, gods are considered to be more anthropomorphic than spirits.

True

Formerly known as "berdache" in early anthropological literature, ____________is a type of third gender indigenous ritual specialist that can access the spiritual realms of men and women.

Two-Spirit

In Turner's discussion of the phases of rites of passage, he likens the symbolism to:

biological life course, the separation is a "death" the liminal phase is neither living or dead/ "undead" and the incorporation phase is a "rebirth"

The Yanomamö are known to practice endocannibalism as part of their funerary rituals. This means they:

consume the remains of their own people

Of the many roles filled by Shamans, they include: (select all that apply)

contacting spirits of animals for a successful hunt contacting the spirits of the dead healer

In the reading "Ritual Experience: Pain and Transformation of Consciousness in Ordeals of Initiation", the author explains that rites of initiation have been argued by previous scholars to do the following things:

ease the social stress of role changes accomplish the transition from youth to adult social status contribute to the development of prized virtues like courage and forebearance

The ____ perspective involves an insider point of view while the _____involves an outsider point of view.

emic; etic

In general, anthropologists characterize ____ as individualized supernatural beings.

gods

Anthropological approaches to the study of ritual and religion is unique as it studies human societies as integrated wholes, this approach is called ____________________________.

holism

Judaism, Christianity, and Islam are examples of_____religions.

monotheistic

Ghosts are typically viewed as ____ forces.

negative

The Azande rely on _______________ in order to determine the source of witchcraft.

oracles

An assembly of all the deities of a given religious tradition is generally referred to as a:

pantheon

Cultural anthropologists study communities through _______________.

participant observations

Colors are commonly associated with symbolic meaning in ritual cross-culturally. For example, it is common to for the bride to wear the color ____________ in Asia as it represents luck and prosperity.

red

The Azande rely on multiple types of oracles for answers to situations that are unknown including: (select all that apply)

rubbing board oracle termite oracles poison oracle

The ________________________ is an example of complex symbolism displayed in an artistic scene. The entire scene contains multiple symbolic elements meant to convey a complex understanding of the Maya cosmos.

sarcophagus of Lord Pakal

Tibetan sky burials are examples of:

secondary burials

Typically sorcery requires training, rituals and poisons, but witchcraft does not depend on ritual, and misfortune can just be willed or it can be carried out without even knowing it.

sorcery witchcraft