Anthro 169 Brantingham

Pataasin ang iyong marka sa homework at exams ngayon gamit ang Quizwiz!

Why does a lot of crime go unreported?

Inconvenient Attempted and not completed Little loss or injury Sense of security intact Does not seem serious Did not involve firearm Social stigma Police could not solve

Free will: → determinism

does not exist, it is determined by biological makeup of peopled, it is a determined characteristic

Stand your ground laws

"A defendant is not required to retreat. He or she is entitled to stand his ground and defend himself or herself and, if reasonably necessary, to pursue an assailant until the danger of (death/great bodily injury) _________ establishes a right by which a person may defend one's self or others against threats or perceived threats, even to the point of applying lethal force, regardless of whether safely retreating from the situation might have been possible Huge biases in terms of white on black and black on white homicides

Utilitarian

"greatest good for the most people"

The relationship between crime and social welfare

There is a weak relationship between the two. Switzerland and USA spend the same amount on social welfare, but have very different rates of crime

Dramatic Fallacy

(Fallacy) Goal of Hollywood is to entertain → Make money → Horror story The public perception of crime is driven by hollywood

The cops and courts Fallacy

(Fallacy) Public expectation that... Cops should always be there to prevent crime or catch criminals in the act Courts are effective in preventing future acts

The organized crime fallacy

-Most crimes are committed by solo offenders -avg number is less than 2 across ages -Younger means more common co-offending -emerges out of 'play groups' -Requires little skill to commit crime

Primacy of the individual

-Presumption of innocence public , impartial trials -Adherence to rules of evidence to rules of evidence and procedure -Equality before the law -Equal punishment for equal crimes -Due process -All rights of the individual must be respected

The whatever you think fallacy

-What constitutes a crime is subjective -Each society and state manufactures crime arbitrarily -there are NO universal processes or patterns to crime

mental illness & crime stats, schizophrenia and antisocial personality disorder statistics

-medically recognized impaired cognition & perception the world -schizophrenia -affects 0.4% of world population; 1.5-4.4% in prison populations -antisocial personality disorder -affects 1-3% of adult populations; 47% in prison populations

What percentage of homicides in the US are done through explosives?

0%

nine propositions (distilled into 4)

1. criminal behavior is learned via intimate social interactions 2. criminal behavior is learned if it is favored over non-criminal behavior in a social context 3. criminal behavior is learned like any other behavior and is therefore not categorically different 4. crime is not explained by general needs or general values

What is "street justice"

1. formal police justice is too slow and too 'weak' 2. people don't trust the police to respect their interests -loss of faith

The criminal justice funnel

2.5 million burglaries 1.9 million reported 245k arrests 84k convictions 71k prison → 2.8% chance of prison time

plausible numbers?

3,999,759 people in LA over age of 15 in 2017 79,995 may suffer from APD (2%) 19,193 GTAs in LA in 2017 approximately 1 in 4 would need to steal a car 132,125 violent + property crimes in 2017 each would need to commit 1.7 crimes per year

are the numbers plausible for people w APD

3,999,759 people in LA over age of 15 in 2017 n 79,995 may suffer from APD (2%) n 19,193 GTAs in LA in 2017 n approximately 1 in 4 would need to steal a car n 132,125 violent + property crimes in 2017 n each would need to commit 1.7 crimes per year not plausible

Mental disorders within prison populations

50% of the population in state prison has a documented mental health problem 39.8% of federal prison has a mental health problem 60.5% local jail 10.6% US population

Control theory key question

6.4 million vehicles in 2010 70k thefts 6.3 million not stolen Why are there not more cars stolen? Why are people resisting the urge? Why don't more people engage in more crime

Mental health and gun violence

<5% of crimes in US <5% of 120,000 gun killings between 2001-2010 ~111 mass shootings between 1982 & 2019 link to mental illness anecdotal those with mental illness 65- 130% HIGHER victimization rate than public overall

Violation of the law

A behavior that breaks the law and leaves offender liable to public prosecution and punishment -crimes may be intentional, or -unintentional but negligent, -Absent justifications such as self-defense or incapacity

Violation of social norms

A behavior that transgresses a unspoken social or cultural rule that leaves the offender liable to public gossip, ridicule and or ostracism

Gini Coefficient

A measure of income inequality within a population, ranging from zero for complete equality, to one if one person has all the income.

career criminal

A person who repeatedly violates the law and organizes his or her lifestyle around criminality.

Telescoping

A phenomenon of memory in which events that occurred in the distant past are remembered as having occurred more recently than they actually did.

Positivist Criminology

A school of criminology that views behavior as stemming from social, biological, and psychological factors. It argues that punishment should be tailored to the individual needs of the offender. Scientific revolution Rejection of Free will Replaced with Causal determinism

Biology plays a big role in risk taking activity

A serious bender: someone drinking alcohol breaks into a drug store and steals cigarettes: he was a nice guy but biology did it!

Private convergence settings

Abandoned buildings, hidden places for crime

Columbine

Abnormal behavior in normal conditions Abnormality comes from within the offender

Public incidence settings: bars and intoxication settings

Alcohol, self control goes down, intoxication, supervision is limited

victims rights

All 50 states have some form of victims rights statutes Treated with dignity, respect and sensitivity Informed of criminal justice process Protection from threats, intimidation and harm Apply for victim compensation funds restitution , minimally through right to sue

Superego dominant

All about social conformity If this drive is building up the id is just so pressured The id bursts The superego internalizes guilt so it looks back at those transgressions. Individuals may commit crimes to punish themselves so they go commit crimes The Id and the superego cannot be analyzed directly There is no way to really confirm this It is plausible but it cannot be proven

What data are best?

All of the above, depends what your question is

NCVS (National Crime Victimization Survey)

An annual survey of selected American households conducted by the Bureau of Justice Statistics to determine the extent of criminal victimization-especially unreported victimization-in the United States

What is crime?

An identifiable behavior than an appreciable number of governments have specifically prohibited and formally prosecuted and punished includes -rare crimes that are widely punished -Moral and social violations that are codified in law Excludes -oddball crimes that are irregularly punished -moral and social violations that are disapproved of

Cesare Beccaria and his book: Worries he had about publishing his book without anonymity

Beccaria cared about his own safety, he worried about how citizens could hurt them, he was also afraid of the above and wanted protection for his property, feared arbitrary seizure and wanted protection. He had great interests in protecting himself. He was very aware that his book would make people very angry, he published it anonymously originally because of his worry about how the catholic church would react for example.

Why differential

Association with criminal models varies This subculture is diff from other subcultures They present criminal models association with criminal 'models' varies in... frequency, duration, intensity but motives/attitudes learned early matter more

Why do some individuals refrain while others do not?

Awareness and fear of consequences: self control Absence of self control Reckless Immoral acts Illegal behavior

Antisocial behavior

Behavior that lacks consideration of others and may cause damage to society whether intentionally or unintentionally A person has acted in a manner that caused or was likely to cause harassment, alarm or distress to one or more persons not of the same household as himself Public substance abuse Aggressive dogs Begging Prostitution byproducts Abandoned vehicles Car cruising Public noise Littering and graffiti

Many to one crime

Burglary ← Money ← fun ← revenge One crime related to many crimes

By whom are most homicides committed?

By intimates and close friends 80% while only 20% are done by strangers

Italian Positivist School

Cesare Lombroso Most famous for publishing a book called the criminal man He proposed that there was an easy way to identify who was criminal and who was not Indicated by a bunch stigmata These stigmata tells you what time of crime they'd do and what type of criminal they are Ferri and Garafelo extended his work Ferri said there are features of the criminal environment that are just as detirministic of criminal behavior Garafalo extended more psychological approaches to criminality

Gun seizures

Changed immensely, there was 1k more shootings in 1990 than now due to new restrictions, heavier punishment

Justice system remains largely _______

Classical School

Dopamine and white collar crime

Committing a crime and not getting caught for it, it is like a drug. Getting a kick from being able to do such a thing What starts off as taking a couple of dollars from the bank account becomes exciting and then it becomes progressively worse The UCLA student hackers get a kick out of hacking There may be this pavlovian response The development of violence amongst individuals has a lot to do with this excitement, this kick You build a tolerance, so the punch turns into a kick which then eventually turns into something more and more dangerous

CRAVED

Concealable Removable Available Valuable Enjoyable Disposable

The other cop fallacy

Cops are perceived as...

Pre-Enlightenment crime

Crime has a 'supernatural origin' Crime was done through "demons and witchcraft"

general cue

Crime is favorable here You can do any type of crime here

CPTED

Crime prevention through environmental design = manipulate Opportunities for crime to occur Motivation for crime to occur Risk to offender if crime occurs

differential psychology

Crime product of "sick minds" The joker will take the money no matter what

Cognitive psychology

Crime product of way the mind works Product of the way the mind normally works Brain computes quickly It is normal to do such a thing Process psychology argument

How do we know about crime

Crimes are behavioral violations of the law reported to and certified by the police FBI crime statistics Uniform crime reports National Incident based reporting system Tracks reported crimes > 17k law enforcement agencies 94% coverage of US population Incident, victim, offender and monetary damage

Criminal law requires

Criminal intent: mens rea Willful behavior violating the law (actus reus)

criminal atavism

Criminals manifest physical anomalies that make them biologically and physiologically similar to our primitive ancestors (i.e., they are savage throwbacks to an earlier stage of human evolution) or Evolutionary throwbacks to a human type Stigmata he actually measured, how far criminal's ears were How long their fingers were, etc He would count up these stigmata and the more you got, the more you are a criminal physical stigmata

incident settings

Cues favorable to crime Absence of effective supervision Absence of norm enforcement Suitable victims and or targets

Offender convergence settings

Cues favorable to prelude Allow informal unstructured activity Allow information sharing of information Insulate from interference in activities nearby , ripe crime opportunities Security and privacy important entry/exit regulated Can see out/ but others can't see in

Racism and Eugenics

Dangers of searching for simple markers When you go and look at prison populations, they find that many of the men in prison come from broken homes Do we have the right to intervene in the lives of others "man in the high castle" (show) Where do we draw the line for moral interventions

Aspatial data

Data not tied or only incidentally tied to a location You get beat up in Cabo but you're being interviewed about something that occurred in the place that you live, so this is not representative

Legal issues of defining a victim

Depends on demonstrable link to offender behavior Severity of harm related to external standard Conduct of harmed party Stage of criminal justice process Some laws define a felony/assault as someone who is a criminal but you may not be considered a victim A simple assault may not make you eligible

Psychological assumptions of development

Developmental and socialization processes Mental → Normal Moral Stages Social → abnormal Sexual Depending on what happens in each of these stages, you either end up with normal or abnormal outcomes

Hirschi's Social Control Theory

Dominant version of control theory. Hirschi links the onset of criminality to weakening of the ties that bind people to society. He assumes that all individuals are potential law violators, but most are kept under control because they fear that illegal behavior will damage their relationsips with friends, family, neighbors, teachers, and employers. Without these social bonds, or ties, a person is free to commit criminal acts. -Argues that the social bond a person maintains with society is divided into four main elements: attachment, commitment, involvement and belief. -People are not socialized to crime People are under socialized to conform Crime is not learned Controls are learned Everyone wants to naturally do crime but we learn to control those natural fundamental impulses

Mala prohibita crimes

Drinking alcohol Premarital sex Women voting Women driving Internet hunting Chewing gum Shooting turtles

LA by the numbers

Essentially, the amount of people and amount of crime with the amount of cops we have is so disproportionate that the chances of getting a cat accident is much higher than catching a car thief -4 million people -10k officers -20k car thefts -prob catching a car thief in the act is very very unlikely -The chance of dying in a car accident is much higher

Life course risk factors

Events in context Poverty Poor child rearing Parent who is never present or punish harshly Criminal parents Criminal peers Active in different degrees at different ages

EVIL DONE

Exposed Vital Iconic Legitimate Damageable Overabundant Near Easy

Beccaria's beliefs about individuals

Free will Hedonistic: people value pleasure over pain Rational: maximize pleasure and minimize pain

One to many crime

Get money → gta → Burglary → robbery Many crimes related to one prelude (getting money)

evidence for Merton's strain

Gini coeficient goes up → more crime (higher inequality) New york is a good example of this Arkansas, less inequality, less crime There is something going on. depends. cannot be validated

the role that a cue plays

Graffiti, trash, nobody there → cue to steal from the mail box The cues you experienced on your way, are less important than when the crime is going to happen

By what means are most homicides committed?

Gun violence, 72% of homicides were committed by guns (10,982)

What do guns do in terms of body size and violence

Guns equalize

Another reason for underreporting

Having your own criminal activity monitored

Aftermath → prelude → incident example

I need my fix → stealing stereo from car → transfer → get my money → get my fix

The medical model

Identification of the problem in individuals Prevent crime via intervention Treat individuals who have committed crime Something is present or absent Biological models of crime: there is something broken Some people agree to chemical castration

attachment (social control theory)

If my mom found out i did this she would be so upset, the reason for your control if you have no social bonds whatsoever then attachment does not matter to you, so you go ahead and commit the crime

The verification problem

If you believe that strain is what enables people to commit crime, you are wrong, it is not causal because a lot of people go through stress and do not commit crime

Celerity

If you commit the crime, the time period between is relatively short, low celerity between cigarettes and cancer (most important)

The Innocence of Youth Fallacy

Most people who commit crimes are youth

markers of low-self control

Impulsivity Adventure seeking Self centeredness Easily frustrated Lack of diligence Physical → prefer immediate gratification

event centric

Incident Start of crime to end of crime fraction of an instant Crime sequence Incident (seconds) ---> Aftermath: evade, hookup, get high, party, crash (mins, hours)

Prelude --> _____ --> can become a _____

Incident --> aftermath, can become a cycle

Individual and the law

Individual: Free will, Hedonistic and rational Certainty celerity and severity Law: Utilitarian, social contract and Harm prevention

What does it take to be skilled?

Is this a bait car? One offender teaching another how to be a car thief You can learn through youtube You can practice at a junkyard Face to face communication

Settings and effective supervision

Isolated → abandoned house Venice beach → lost in the crowd, pickpocketing is easy, too many people, so packed Starbucks → bad for crime

The american dream is dead Who is defining the goals today?

It is heterogenous The goals of society are being changes

Norms, motives and relativism

It may be entirely normative behavior within a group It is not something people feel guilty about What you learn earlier is more rooted in your system Things that are learned earlier have more of an impact

The not from here fallacy

Judgement of criminality increases if the individual group does not... -Come from here therefore -Look like me, sound like me, dress like me, act like me

How does lady justice look at crime?

Lady justice does not look at the circumstances of individuals because she is blindfolded, justice should not be blind

Social origins of the law

Law reflects social consensus about morality -enforcing laws serves collective interests Laws reflect power of special interest groups -laws enforced against groups that threaten values and social economic positions of special interests therefore it is not a social consensus and only helps specific people

Parenting peers and social capital

Life course events later on in life can have an impact

Behavioral settings

Locations used recurrently for particular sets of behaviors Lecture hall, frat house, living room, bruin walk: these areas have specific behaviots that are supposed to occur The setting itself is structured for certain behaviors

Property criminals

Long, thin fingers & lipless look

Many to one settings

Lots of different settings for one particular type of behavior

Ingenuity Fallacy

Media images suggest that to commit crime (and to solve it) you need to be daring and clever, but it is actually quite simple

The agenda fallacy

Most proposed solutions to crime are part of a larger agenda -Political agenda (e.g., hobble the welfare state, make the rich pay) -moral agenda s (e.g., follow a certain moral creed) -religious agendas (e.g., get faith) -social agendas (e.g., [anti]immigration) -accept the broader agenda à crime reduced The ______fallacy refers to the fact that many people have an agenda and hope you will assist them. They want you to take advice, vote a certain way, or join their religious group. They may be totally sincere, but still they have plans for you. Their promise, usually bogus, is that their agenda will greatly reduce crime in society

Mala in se crimes

Murder Rape Robbery Assault Arson Burglary -Is situational

Normal behavior/abnormal conditions

Naturally goal seeking Goals established and framed by society Goals are unattainable by legitimate means

Deterrence theory challenges

Not all costs are pure costs: Jail ink, doing time gives a certain reputation (can be a benefit) Ticketing a porsche driver for speeding does not do shit

How do we know the statistics about lack of reporting?

Outside official channels! Victimization surveys National crime Victimization surveys Crime self-report Haphazard surveys (random) Juvenile focus

Policy Implications

Parenting really matters Supervise Recognize Punish

UCR part II offenses

Part I crimes concentrated in poorer areas Property crime: 16 bill heavily criminalized, heavily persecuted White collar crime: 300-600 bill not heavily persecuted.. things like: simple assault -curfew violation and loitering -embezzlement, forgery and counterfeiting -disorderly conduct -DUI -drug offenses -fraud -gambling liquor offenses -domestic abuse -prostitution -public drunkenness -runaways and vagrancy -sex offenses -stolen property -vandalism -weapons offenses

control theory assumptions

People are naturally amoral Unconcerned with rightness or wrongness ^People don't think about whether it is right or wrong Desire to commit crime is natural Crime =exercising rational self interest Self interest arises from hedonism People value pleasure over pain Value money over less money Capable of following rules But only when rules serve self interest

The Ingenuity Fallacy

Perfect execution Planning Most crimes require little skill

indirect social control

Performed indirectly through socialization/ Intervention by the agents of society to control the behavior of individuals and groups internal monologue

General Strain Theory

according to Agnew, the view that multiple sources of strain interact with an individual's emotional traits and responses to produce criminality Strain arises in practical (micro settings) Actual or anticipated failure in valued goal Removal of a valued position or status Imposition of negative value outcome or noxious stimulus No legitimate opportunities to resolve

Public convergence settings

Places where you won't get caught when doing crime, public places such as the edges of a park

Beware of your agendas

Prop 8: ban gay marriage Sexual orientation is not a choice, it is grounded in biology This discrimination policy playing out, the point of view from the courts What is going on here is in biology, so it is not fair to ban it When we ask questions like this,

Example of irrational law leading to more crime

Punishment in china, punishment more severe when victim lives than when killed in a car accident

Social harm prevention

Purpose of law and punishments is to prevent harm to society.

Counting official crimes

Raw crime counts LA homicides: 256 in 2018 New orleans 146 in 2018 Crime rates per 100k people LA 6.3/100k New orleans 35/100k Reported at City, county, state and national levels

Subjective issues of defining a victim

Recognition that a crime has occurred Severity of harm relative to subjective standard social/cultural pressures (e.g., privacy)

Policy Implications

Replace cues favorable to crime remove /regulate convergence and crime settings Age of majority laws Skate boarding on railings

Who came up with traditional strain theory?

Robert Merton and Emile Durkheim

strain theory

Robert Merton's theory that deviance occurs when a society does not give all of its members equal ability to achieve socially acceptable goals or Crime is normal behavior deployed in response to abnormal conditions Crime comes from without the offender, comes from the environment

courts and corrections do not

Sanctions Rehabilitation

Learning Norms

Selection bias or Enhancement certain cultural rules and cultural norms Self selection into the group, people who feel comfortable with calculus feel comfy in majoring in engineering A group of anthropologists don't do calculus, that is the norm.

one to many settings

Setting is conducive to a set range of behaviors. It would be difficult to set up a seminar in a lecture hall

specific cue

Setting → behavior 1 Here's a setting, here is a cue, here is a specific type of crime that can be done here

why are part 1 crimes tracked

Severity Frequency Visibility

Psychoanalytic approach

Sigmund freud Id: is about raw emotion, animal desire Ego: conscious, negotiator Superego: social subconscious

The role of body size in violence

Smaller women are attacked by bigger women and bigger men smaller men are attacked by bigger men

Learned content

Social norms Practical knowledge

traditional strain theory

Society defines a bunch of goals that people "should" strive for and it provides the resources to reach those goals If there is a mismatch between the goals and the means of achieving these goals then that can lead to crime

Crime sequence and time

Some crimes take years to investigate but minutes or seconds to execute while others do not involve courts, but other types of aftermath.

Belief (Social Control Theory)

Some people just have some strong moral/belief that commiting crime is bad, some people just have a moral core. It is the right thing to do!

Aftermath and outcome leakage

Sometimes an assault can turn into a homicide, sometimes petty theft can turn into grand theft -You steal a watch thinking it's 1k when it is actually 100k -You hit someone in the head and a few hours later they die

Public incidence settings

Street corners and community edges Crime clusters between the boundaries in two neighborhoods

But does crime pay?

Street drug dealers learn less than minimum wage, boom and bust. Lots of money then days without nothing. A low level of monetary support White collar crime, Bernie Madoff stole at least 65 billion in a ponzi scheme People who steal small amounts of money often get caught Crime does not really pay, does not appear to pay all that well

Policy implications for Merton's strain theory

Temper people aspirations Provide access to legitimate opportunities let's create jobs!

Hormones and chemicals

Testosterone Aggression Serotonin The "brakes" dopamine The "fuel" Risk taking behavior

Glux and William sheldon about Body form and temperament explaining temperament

The endomorphs: roundness and soft, sociable and tolerant The ectomorph: wide shoulder, narrow hips, heavy boned, introverted and inhibited The Mesomorphs: Buff and tall, expressive domineering, prisons are dominated by guys that look like this

Id dominant

The idea that the id is dominant: weighs down on the individual. Drive for self preservation overrides any concern for others in society, it is all about take take take. Individuals who can care less about anyone else

What is the NGRI plea? Is it often successful

The insanity defense NGRI plea: 0.58% Successful: 0.26% Non criminal homicides: 2%

Income and victimization

The lower your income, the more likely you are to be a victim of property crime. People at higher income levels experience much less crime overall

Gender differences in crime

There are clear sex differences in the types of crimes committed by gender There are really long term stable differences between men and women between 1980 , 2007 and 2008

Self-Control Theory

The theory of delinquency that holds that antisocial behavior is caused by a lack of self-control stemming from an impulsive personality.

life course theory

Theory that focuses on changes in criminality over the life course brought about by shifts in experience and life events Outside influences on behavior Events +/- bonds w society Influence varies at different life history stages Cumulative impact Kids are growing up, then an event happens to them, it can be a positive or negative event that can impact them in different ways The event may bring you closer or farther from social norms The degree of bonding with society Different life events at different points in time, matter more or less

What is the second most common way homicides are committed?

Through poisoning 0.09%, the rest are through other means

Why non-random

Underreporting bias? Amongst certain groups Dependent on the offender's target characteristics: only women Maybe women engage in one kind of behavior that makes them fall prey to this offender

Assault

Unlawful attempt, coupled with a present ability, to commit a violent injury on the person of another -crimes may be intentional, or -unintentional but negligent: throwing a rock over a freeway and killing someone -Absent justifications such as self defense or incapacity: insanity defense

are victims random?

Victim characteristics The victims are not random Oh, I am a victim of a random crime? We perceive that we are random but we are non-random . In order for it to be random, there has to be a perfect mixture of people walking down that part of campus The characteristics of the victims themselves impacting their victimization Offender looks at victim and says this person is a viable target Sometimes it has to do with just the violator themselves

UCR part 1 offenses

Violent: murder, rape, robbery, aggravated assault, Property: burglary, larceny, motor vehicle theft, arson

Gorring

Went to prisons and the countryside There are no big differences between criminals and non criminals, not surprising from our point of view Not actually different from the population at large Threw out the vast majority of the stigmata He did not completely do away with the biological explanation There are some differences, the english differences were typically smaller and had lower intelligence, more willful antisocial proclivities, more accepting of violating the law, rather than 100% being contributed to biology, maybe it is 60% He challenged some of Lambroso's hypothesis Criminals are normal but extreme, they are not so rare to be abnormal, out there on the tail relative to average

Victimization by race

crime among american indians factors radically higher than anybody else

Blood sanctions

death for major offenses mutilation for minor

Ferri and Garofalo beliefs

Whereas Lambroso was stuck on these physical stigmata Criminaloids Garafalo talks about Insane criminals in terms of their biology, their brains don't work properly. Criminals who are criminals by passion or by occassion Ferri and Lambroso strongly believed in the biology They thought that there should be a panel of scientific experts If someone has these stigmata, you cannot fix them, there is no rehabilitation you can come up with for people who are burdened with these characteristics Lambroso: born criminaloids Insane criminals Opportunity or passion

Like victimizes like

White victimize white more often than white victimizing black and the other way around, this has to do with proximity as well

sex differences in offending

Women avg. rate 1.9 homicides 30% of all petty theft 43% of all fraud 65% of all prostitution Men avg. rate 15.4 homicides 89% of all homicide 87% of all assaults 93% of all weapons viol.

Why do people stop offending after 25

desistence.

Innovation (Strain Theory)

deviant person accepts goal but uses illegal means to achieve it

How is Antisocial personality disorder

diagnosed from observable behavior

Legal definition and proximity

You may be a victim of a crime but that victimization may not extend to people around you If you were robbed, your parents cannot claim the victimization The only exception to this, the spouse or parents can claim victimization for homicide, this is a very special circumstance, other than this, your victimization does not extend to anybody else.

Commitment (Social control Theory)

You want to go to law school, you want that promotion, attachment is not too important to you, this commitment will enforce control so you do not jeopardize your future goals Commitment and attachment work together, a professor reprimanding you and being disappointed, they do not necessarily need to work together though

age-crime curve

a curve showing that crime rates increase during preadolescence, peak in late adolescence, and steadily decline thereafter Early onset offending begins at 10-14 The peak begins at about 19-20 years of age 15-25 peak offending population Decline begins after 25

antisocial personality disorder

a personality disorder in which a person exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members; may be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist Intelligent Self-centered shameless/guiltless Impulsive No life plan Intolerant Relation s with others Superficial Impersonal Disconnected Deceptive Lack of empathy Unresponsive to relationships Relations to society Disregard for norms, rules and obligations

social control theory

a theory of delinquency that links deviance with the absence of bonds to society's main institutions

Private incidence settings

abandoned buildings Blocks with abandoned buildings vs control 2.1x drug crimes 1.9x property crimes 1.3c violent crimes 1.8 cromes total

Ritualism (strain theory)

abandons society's goals but continues to conform to approved means

conformity (strain theory)

accepts culturally approved goals; pursues them through culturally approved means

Direct social control

direct intervention by the agents of society to control the behavior of individuals and groups some ppl are watching you, so they can go tell your mom/professor

people with mental health issues

are often the victims of crime

Violations of moral codes

behavior that transgresses a moral prescription and leaves the offender liable to public condemnation, punishment and or ostracism -Is a transgression=crime?

Cesare Beccaria

believed that punishment should fit the crime, in speedy and public trials, and that capital On Crimes and Punishment Targets of judicial reform -unwritten laws -secret trials -trial by torture -gruesome punishments

Problems with Unwritten laws

can be applied arbitrarily, it is not written down it is up to your whim to apply to what you see fit.

Problems with Trial by torture

can get any evidence you want through torture

The mother of all targets is ____

cash

rebellion (strain theory)

challenges both the approved goals and the approved means to achieve them

Trait-Based Personality Theories

combination of personality traits that lead to criminal behavior personality= the totality of behavioral and emotional traits Measurable or observable Largely innate Not deterministic, creates potential under right circumstances

General deterrence

consequences for those who did lower rates of the crime

Hierarchy Rule (UCR)

counts only the most serious offense in an inciden -Police pick the most severe crime committed in the moment. A very complex event distilled into one crime such as aggravated assault, simply from the counting crime point of view. Persecution would be different

Irrational and ineffective law leads to ____.

crime

Around age 30, ______ increases

fraud increases possibly due to accrual of debt and power.

Involvement (Social Control Theory)

going from one activity to another, always busy, so you do not even have time to commit a crime, you go to school, work, church, dinner, etc. This is strictly about time, Hirschi referred to it in terms of time

Underreporting of crime in the U.S.

has been a problem because members of racial and ethnic minority groups have not always trusted law enforcement agencies and have often refrained from contacting the police.

Environmental criminology

how criteria aids or deters criminal activity by target hardening Vacant lots correlated with higher crime Characteristics people learn from their environment

Severity

if you commit the crime and you're caught how severe is the punishment

Certainty

if you commit the crime there is certainty that you will be caught for it (most important)

Prelude --> _______ --->

incident --> aftermath

Equality → natural differences

is based on socioeconomic grounds and racial grounds, that is how it is structured, these forms of inequality, that is the natural world, that is the way it is

adolescent-limited offenders

kids who get into minor scrapes as youth but whose misbehavior ends when they enter adulthood ex throwing a rock through a window at 18, not going to do that down the line

Self control is _____

learned/acquired early in childhood Stable across time Stable differences between males and females Women commit crime at much lower rates than men fixed by age 8-10

expressive goals

less tangible benefits, such as collective awareness and cultural legitimacy

Problems with Secret trials

no need for evidence

Specific deterrence

not allow the crime to happen again, dui → take away license, lower reoffending (recidivism)

15-25 IS THE ______

peak offending population

criminal offending and honesty

people lie! unless you've built some long trustworthy relationship.

Life course theory belief

people start off as a blank slate and life course changes their outcomes

Lack of change

people who are victimized in a circumstance will go repeat the same behavior a week later despite being a victim before Most people don't go get house alarms People do not change their behavior in response to victimization: binge drinking next thursday after being sexually assaulted

Public and official crimes

police rarely present at the incident Police rely on public to report crime A lot of crime goes officially unrecognized

instrumental goals

practical aims you want to achieve or tasks you want to accomplish through a particular interpersonal encounter

age victim curve vs age crime curve

pretty much the same, being a victim peaks at 19-20 years of age and then plummets more likely to be victimized by someone your age

Classical Deterrence Theory

rational human beings won't commit crimes if they know that the pain of punishment outweighs the pleasure gained from committing crimes

Social Contract

relationships among free people regulated by laws, not by god (Church) or king.

Holland: laws on prostitution

selling sex is legal and regulated, brothels are legal

Australia: laws on prostitiution

selling sex is legal and unregulated, brothels are illegal

Canada: laws on prostitution

selling sex is legal, but solicitation is illegal

infanticide for girls

serious sex bias in infanticide, girls are killed more often than boys

Why did LAPD reclassify serious crimes to be minor

so they don't look bad "crime goes down"

control theory branches

social control and self control

control theory of deviance

social control depends on people's anticipating the consequences of their behavior

California: laws on prostitution

soliciting sex for money and selling sex are both illegal

strain vs. control theory

strain: gain > lose control: lose > gain

violent criminals

stubby fingers & fleshy lips

Strain + structure = ____

subcultures No legitimate means + abundant illegitimate means = criminal subculture No legitimate means+ no illegitimate means= violent subculture Retreatis

How is Psychopathy diagnosed

taking an assessment

The not me fallacy

the barista paradox... The false image of crime and criminals leads to something worse: a false image of oneself. We would like to think that we are just plain good. The _____fallacy is the illusion that we could never do a crime. It denies every illegal act we ever committed or contemplated. It also includes that special talent for breaking the law while declaring, as did Richard Nixon, "I am not a crook." One way to prove goodness is to cite all the crimes we have not committed. Why haven't I stolen anything lately? It must be because I am good. But perhaps nobody tempted me, or I was simply afraid to do it? These explanations take us down a peg. Ask yourself these questions: • Do you deny or minimize your bad deeds? • Do you find excuses? • Do you shift blame to others? • When you do the right thing, is it for the wrong reasons? • Do you always try to distance moral wrong from yourself? If you answered "Yes" to any or all of these questions, you are actually rather normal. You are trying to feel better, not analyze human temptations and controls.

Private incidence settings

the home Most common setting for homicide, sexual assault and assault 2005-2010 ~60% of violent victimizations in a home setting Deadliest rooms in order Bedroom → kitchen → living room Sources of conflict Intimacy → food and children's behavior → TV No effective supervision

MMPI

the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered its most appropriate use), this test is now used for many other screening purposes.

infanticide

the only difference in the age victim curve

defensible space

the principle that crime can be prevented or displaced by modifying the physical environment to reduce the opportunity that individuals have to commit crime -To see and be seen (surveillance) Willingness to intervene (territoriality)

differential association theory

theory that individuals learn deviance in proportion to number of deviant acts they are exposed to

Heritability

twin studies Monozygotic vs. Dizygotic MZ: 44-52% concordance n DZ: 21-22% concordance 2x concordance adoption studies outcome for child based on biological & adoptive parent criminality BIO CLEARLY PLAYS A HUGE ROLE X LINKED MOA ON A CHROMOSOME ALSO PLAYS A ROLE, so men are more likely to be criminals genetically

Proof systems

two eye witnesses, or one eye witness + confession, or confession + circumstantial evidence

Retreatism (strain theory)

ultimate goal of society and legitimate means to achieve goal are both rejected, have retreated or withdrawn from society

Principles of Beccaria's approach

utilitarian social contract social harm prevention

Pros and cons of outside official channels

victimization surveys -National Crime Victimization Survey cons -memory -refusal -misinterpretation -telescoping -please interviewer -aspatial

Consequences for victims

victims have role in defining themselves - e.g., domestic violence - what is 'out of line'? - private matter - fear of escalation - blame (female) victim

Problems with Gruesome punishments

wanted to turn these over because they "do nothing"

Gender and Victimization

women get killed in later ages while men it happens more often when they are younger, men are being killed at a much higher rate than women

Law: --> natural law

written by humans The greatest good for the greatest number of people: utilitarianism, satisfy the social contract, produce social harm reduction: these things don't matter, what is going on in the natural world, the natural law the crime and punishment

circular reasoning

→ Personality traits → commit crime → defective personality → We do not know if it is correlation or causation


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