Psych Exam 2

Meissner's corpuscles, Pacinian corpuscles, Merkel's disks, and Ruffini corpuscles are types of ______ receptors a. touch b. auditory c. smell d. taste

a. touch

In ________ reinforcement, an observer sees a model being rewarded for an action, which makes the observer more likely to imitate the model's behavior a. vicarious b. positive c. negative d. operant

a. vicarious

_______ is associated with operant conditioning and teaching animals specific behaviors using a conditioning chamber a. Watson b. Thorndike c. Skinner d. Pavlov

c. Skinner

What term describes the continuation of a visual sensation after removal of the stimulus? a. binocular disparity b. inattentional blindness c. afterimage d. blind spot

c. after image

Jenny has her psychology class before lunch, so she is always hungry in this class. Eventually, she starts to get hungry when she hears discussions of psychology topics because she has begun to associate psychology with feeling hungry. This is an example of _________ conditioning a. implicit b. observational c. classical d. operant

c. classical

Radical behaviorism believes that ______ does not matter a. learning b. reward c. cognition d. behavior

c. cognition

Petra walks into a brightly lit psychology lab to participate in a experiment involving the ability to perceive the colors of rainbow. Which photoreceptors will be most useful during the experiment? a. lens b. rods c. cones d. fovea

c. cones

Carmela believes her assistant, Todd, is incompetent. She notices only what Todd does wrong while ignoring the above average quality of most of his work. This exemplifies _________ bias. a. hindsight b. anchoring c. confirmative d. representative

c. confirmation

IQ stands for ___________ a. intelligence quantity b. intelligence quiz c. intelligence quotient d. intelligence quality

c. intelligence quotient

What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience? a. instincts b. reflexes c. learning d. extinction

c. learning

Toni is talking to her friend jessica about a fun fact she learned about memory. Toni tells her "I was just watching this cool new documentary about how some of our memories are false." Jessica responds in outrage saying, "You didn't watch a documentary about that, I watched it and told you about it!" This is an example of ____________. a. blocking b. transience c. misattribution d. forgetting

c. misattribution

Linear perspective is an example of a _____ cur a. binocular depth cue b. binocular height cue c. monocular depth cue d. monocular height cue

c. monocular depth cue

Ben is asked to memorie the words canine, feline, and avain. He remembers the words by associating them with their synonyms: dog, cat, and bird. This is an example of ___________ encoding a. acoustic b. sensory c. semantic d. visual

c. semantic

If a slamming door is a conditioned stimulus, then being able to distinguish between the sound of a slamming door and the sound of a heavy item being dropped would represent _______ a. unconditioned response b. stimulus generalization c. stimulus discrimination d. conditioned response

c. stimulus discrimination

Illnesses such as diabetes and stomach cancer kill more than twice the number of Americans than murder or car accidents. However, Zeke sees car accidents as more dangerous because he often hears about car accident fatalities on the nightly news, and he doesn't know anyone with diabetes or stomach cancer. Therefore, Zeke takes more precautious against car accidents. This exemplifies __________ a. trial and error b. hindsight bias c. the availability heuristic d. functional fixedness

c. the avaliability heuristic

_________ is both a phoneme and a morpheme. a. P b. CK c. SH d. I

d. I

Which of the following is an example of operant conditioning? a. a cat hears the can openers every time they are given food and starts salivating when they hear the can opener b. a dog watches a cat paw at their owner in order to get food and the dog starts pawing at their owner in order to get food c. a dog salivates whenever they are given food d. a dog is given a treat whenever they roll over and starts rolling over more

d. a dog is given a treat whenever they roll over and starts rolling over more

The _______ of a wave refers to its height (from the center to the top or bottom), and the ________ refers to its speed (the number of waves in a time period.) a. frequency; wavelength b. frequency; amplitude c. wavelength; amplitude d. amplitude; frequency

d. amplitude; frequency

We do not notice the _______ because it does not overlap with our other eye and it is filled in by our visual system. a. afterimage b. optic nerve c. optic chasm d. blind spot

d. blind spot

The hippocampus is associated with ________ memories, while the cerebellum is associated with _______ memories. a. implicit; explicit b. short-term; long-term c. long-term; short-term d. explicit; implicit

d. explicit; implicit

Which of the following is the decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with the conditioned stimulus? a. recovery b. acquisition c. reflex d. extinction

d. extinction

_______ refers to the failure to notice something that is completely visible due to a lack of attention a. just noticeable stimulus b. signal detection theory c. subliminal messaging d. in-attentional blindness

d. in-attentional blindness

__________ is a disorder which indicates a low IQ (i.e. a score of 70 or below on a standard IQ test) along with adaptive deficits. a. dyslexia b. learning disability c. austism spectrum disorder d. intellectual disability

d. intellectual disability

According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model, ________________ a. short term memory itself has different fonts b. it is easier to remember information that has personal relevance c. the capacity of short term memory is approximately 7 pieces of information d. memories are processed the same way that a computer processes information

d. memories are processed the same way a computer processes information

In classical conditioning, a(n) ____________ (such as the noise tone in Pavlov's experiment) becomes associated with a(n) _________ (such as the meat powder in Pavlov's experiment) such that it starts to elicit a conditioned response. a. neutral response; conditioned stimulus b. unconditioned response; unconditioned stimulus c. unconditioned stimulus; neutral response d. neutral stimulus; unconditioned stimulus

d. neutral stimulus; unconditioned stimulus

Tommy's mother wants to encourage him to do better at school. Every time he gets a good grade, she gives him $20. This is an example of _________ a. negative reinforcement b. positive punishment c. negative punishment d. positive reinforcement

d. positive reinforcement

Which of the following is true regarding color blindness? a. color blindness is caused by having too many cones and not enough rods b. most people with color blindness see in black and white c. most people with color blindness only have rods and no cones d. red-green color blindness is more common in males than females

d. red-green color blindness is more common in males than females

At the point of the optic chiasm, information from the ______ is sent to the left side of the brain, and information from the _____ is sent to the right side of the brain. a. right eye; left eye b. left eye; right eye c. left visual field; right visual field d. right visual field; left visual field

d. right visual field; left visual field

A sticker chart provides stickers every time a child does a desired behavior. Once they fill their sticker chart, they get a special snack. The stickers are ________ reinforcers. a. negative b. classicazl c. primary d. secondary

d. secondary

Which type of processing involves the interpretation of sensations and is influenced by available knowledge, experiences, and thoughts? a. subliminal b. transduction c. bottom-up d. top-down

d. top-down

Your ears receive sound waves and convert this energy into neural messages that travel to your brain and are processed as sounds. This is an example of ______________. a. top-down processing b. subliminal messaging c. sensory adaption d. transduction

d. transduction

In classical conditioning, the ________ is an unlearned reaction to a given stimulus. For example, if you have an allergy to pollen and sneeze, sneezing is an unlearned reaction to the pollen (i.e., the stimulus) a. conditioned stimulus b. unconditioned stimulus c. conditioned response d. unconditioned response

d. unconditioned response

Anna wants to make sure her dog is being good and not chewing on the carpet. She decides she will periodically check on him and give him a treat every time he's not chewing on the carpet. First, she waits 10 minutes, checks on him, and gives him a treat. Then she waits 20 minutes, checks on him, and gives him a treat. Then she waits 7 minutes, checks on him, and gives him a treat. This is an example of a ________ reinforcement schedule. a. fixed interval b. variable ratip c. fixed ratio d. variable interval

d. variable interval

Gambling is an example of a ______ reinforcement schedule because you dont know how many times you will need to play in order to win a. fixed interval b. fixed ratio c. variable interval d. variable ratio

d. variable ratio

Which of the following is true regarding how we perceive the pitch of sounds? a. both temporal and place cues contribute to our perception of pitch b. the speed of action potentials of a sensory neuron determines pitch perception c. different portions of the basilar membrane respond to different frequencies d. the strength of action potentials of a sensory neuron determines pitch perception

a. both temporal and place cues contribute to our perception of pitch

What type of memories do we consciously try to remember and recall? a. explicit memories b. short-term memories c. sensory memories d. implicit memories

a. explicit memories

________ reinforcement is the easiest to extinguish, because individuals will quickly learn when no more reinforcement is coming a. fixed interval b. fixed ratio c. variable ratio d. variable interval

a. fixed interval

John is camping and forgot his pillow. He fails to realize that he could fold up one of his extra shirts to use as a pillow. This is an example of __________ a. functional fixedness b. anchoring bias c. representative bias d. hindsight bias

a. functional fixedness

Which term describes a communication system that uses systematic rules to organize words to transmit information from one individual to another? a. language b. prototype c. schemata d. concept

a. language

Your ability to remember how to ride a bike is an example of _________ memory. a. procedural b. explicit c. episodic d. semantic

a. procedural

the three colors which can be combined to produce all colors in the spectrum of light according to the trichromatic theory of color vision are ________ a. red, green, and blue b. blue, red, and black c. green, blue, and white d. red, blue, and yellow

a. red, green, and blue

What are the two components of explicit memory? a. semantic and episodic b. procedural and implicit c. short-term and long-term d. implicit and declarative

a. semantic and episodic

Which term refers to the process by which we derive meaning from morphemes and words? a. semantics b. grammar c. syntax d. language

a. semantics

Joseph always wants to sleep in his parents bed, and they want him to learn to sleep in his own bed. First, they reward him (with his favorite snack) when he agrees to take a nap during the day in his own bed. Then, they only reward him when he starts the night in his own bed. Finally, they only reward him if he sleeps the whole night in his own bed. This is an example of __________ a. shaping b. positive punishment c. classical conditioning d. negative reinforcement

a. shaping

The analytical intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence is demonstrated by the ability to ____________ a. find solutions to problems based on experience b. analyze, evaluate, judge, compare, and contrast c. produce new products of ideas and invent novel solutions to a problem d. retrieve acquired knowledge

b. analyze, evalute, judge, compare, and contrast

What kind processing exemplified by the following scenario? Esther's mother offers her a new dish she's been working on- a raisin-jalapeno quiche. Esther's body responds first: Esther eyes the content of the skillet, and smells the mix of raisins, jalapenos, and eggs. Her stomach churns and she looks away. Feeling disgust and disappointment, she says "I'm not hungry." a. sensory adaption b. bottom-up c. top-down d. sensation

b. bottom-up

Kathy is a 2nd grade teacher and praises her students every time they raise their hand. This is an example of _______ reinforcement a. partial b. continuous c. ratio d. interval

b. continuous

The Muller-Lyer illusion is an example of how ______ influences visual processing. a. age b. culture c. personality d. attention

b. culture

Which of the following is not a gestalt principle of perception? a. similarity b. distance c. figure-ground

b. distance

Navigating your way home through an unfamiliar route due to road construction would draw upon your ___________ intelligence a. crystallized b. fluid c. emotional d. analytic

b. fluid

Which of the following is not one of Howard Gardner's multiple intelligences? a. intrapersonal b. fluid c. musial d. logical-mathematical

b. fluid

Learning that occurs but is not observable until there is a reason to demonstrate it is called ______ learning a. explicit b. latent c. operant d. observational

b. latent

Olfactory information travels from the olfactory bulb to the ______ and the primary olfactory cortex a. hypothalamus b. limbic system c. basilar membrane d. thalamus

b. limbic system

David's boss told him that he doesnt have to attend the company picnic (which everybody dislikes) if Dave meets his sale quota this month. Dave's boss is using___________ a. positive reinforcement b. negative reinforcement c. negative punishment d. positive punishment

b. negative reinforcement

Learning that occurs while watching others and then imitating, or modeling, what they do or say is called ________ learning a. classical b. observational c. operant d. latent

b. observational

A (an) ____________ is the best example, or representation, of a concept. a. amalgamation b. prototype c. archetype d.schema

b. prototype

Sariah enters a room with several chirping crickets in it. Upon first entering the room, Sariah can hear the chirping; however as she begins to talk to her friends, she is no longer aware of the chirping even though it is still there. The fact that Sariah no longer perceives the chirping sound demonstrates ____________ a. absolute threshold b. sensory adaption c. subliminal messaging d. just noticeable difference

b. sensory adaption

Which of the following exemplifies olfaction? a. tasting white chocolate fudge b. smelling cookies in the oven c. feeling the warmth of the sun d. hearing an airplane fly overhead

b. smelling cookies in the oven

Which of the following is not a memory-enhancing device? a. mnemonics b. suggestibility c. chunking d. elaborative rehearsal

b. suggestibility

The ________ system relates to balance and its organs are located in the _______ a. thermoception; skin b. vestibular; ear c. olfactory; nose d. umami; tongue

b. vestibular; ear