Anthro Chapter 12

the relative allocation of sex-specific hormones, such as testosterone and estrogen, that influence whether a person is male or female

A biocultural perspective on gender variance would emphasize all of the following except

women challenge men's domination over them by arguing and issuing ultimatums

A key finding of anthropologist Matthew Gutmann's fieldwork on masculinity in Mexico is that

-Sex-specific hormones cause particular behaviors -They are important only for sexual functioning -Certain hormones are linked solely to a specific sex

A misconception about hormones in society is that

created; born

A number of societies have the notion that men are __________ and women are _________.

-Assumes the fight for gender equality was a global priority -Ignores differences among women in different cultural groups -Is ethnocentric

According to some, a critical limitation of "second-wave" feminism is that it

colors

All societies differentiate between male and female, but one way Americans are unique in how we do it is that we link gender to

obstacles in access to birth control

An anthropologist who studies how societies control sexuality would likely be most interested in the following situations

- not fluent in Portuguese -European -a gay man

Anthropologist Don Kulick did ethnographic research among the travestis and believes he was accepted into their group because he was

gender/sex systems

Anthropologists commonly refer to the ideas and social patterns a society uses to organize males, females, and those who do not fit either category as

-Sexuality is variable throughout a lifetime -Of the research of Dr. Alfred Kinsey -Of cross-cultural research on sexual practices

Anthropologists reject the idea that same-sex sexuality is a fixed and exclusive condition because

both men and women

Anthropologists understand that in order to understand gender/sex inequalities one must study

the fact that gender identities are rooted in local concepts and practices

Cross-dressing rebel soldiers in Liberia is an excellent illustration of what?

throughout history women have been treated as inferior

French existentialist philosopher Simone de Beauvoir argued in her book The Second Sex that

a reflection of a gender/sex system that sees meaning in combining male and female

Hijras interest anthropologists mainly because they are

-how people make meaning of these identities and differentiate them -Any ethical quandaries that emerge in the course of your research -How social differences intersect with these identities

If you wanted to study ethnographically how LGBTQ identities are being normalized on your campus, you would likely be sensitive to

sexuality exists on a continuum

Indiana University biologist Dr. Alfred Kinsey conducted a series of sexuality studies during the 1940s and found that

intersexed

Individuals who diverge from the male-female norm and exhibit sexual organs and functions somewhere between, including both male and female, are called

what some people think is gay sex is not considered to be the case by others

One of the reasons it is important to develop culturally sensitive campaigns to address a health crisis like HIV/AIDS is that

social performances

People everywhere establish their gender/sex identities, including normative categories like "man" or "woman," through

shows that "sex" is constructed upon cultural assumptions

Sex-assignment surgery is important because it

-how men and women have a different sexual forms -The differences of hormones in men's and women's bodies -The difference in chromosomal structures for men and women

Sexual dimorphism refers to

nature and culture

Sherry Ortner, a feminist anthropologist, observed that the roots of female subordination lay in the distinction all societies make between

Margaret Mead

The early anthropologist who wrote the book Sex and Temperament in Three Primitive Societies and was the first to distinguish between biological sex and gender roles was

-The availability of weapons -The role of the state in promoting conflicts -Cultural attitudes toward violence

To understand aggression in society, we have to understand which of the following factor(s)?

developing rapport sometimes relies on sharing a lot in common with your subjects

What is the main implication of Don Kulick's story about "coming out in the field" for other anthropologists who do not necessarily study in a gay community?

-The expectations of men in their workplaces -The relationships between working mothers and their families -The relationships between men and their children

Which issue(s) would you focus on if you wanted to understand changing ideas about masculinity in the United States?

how one's research or advocacy can reinforce social inequalities and suffering

Which of the following is a dilemma facing an ethnographer of transgender people in the United States?

Western models of male-female relations cannot be universalized

Which of the following observations would be least likely to come from an anthropologist who shares Simone de Beauvoir's notion of "second sex"?

gender variance

Which term refers to expressions of sex and gender that diverge from the male and female norms which dominate in most societies?

it distinguished them from the government's soldiers

Why did Liberian rebel soldiers cross-dress during the civil war in the 1990s?