Anthropology final exam
pantribal sodality
a non-kin based group that is found in a tribe and spans several villages
patrilineal-patrilocal complex
ag states; arranged marriage; virilocality; patrilineality; agriculture; private property; no remarriage for women; virginity highly valued for women-control/seclusion; women valued primarily for reproduction-provide sons for husband's family to inherit wealth; women's work not valued and gendercide
bridewealth
Wealth given from husband's kin to the wife's family; some horticulturalists/pastoralists
displacement
a linguistic capacity that allows humans to talk about things and events that are not present
call systems
Systems of communication among nonhuman primates, composed of a limited number of sounds that vary in intensity and duration; Tied to environmental stimuli.
patrilineal
descent and inheritance through the father's line only
both
foragers only, agriculturalists only, both, or neither? they determine status through prestige
agriculturalists only
foragers only, agriculturalists only, both, or neither? they determine status through prestige, power, and authority
foragers only
foragers only, agriculturalists only, both, or neither? they exclusively hunt, gather, fish, and/or scavenge-no domestication
foragers only
foragers only, agriculturalists only, both, or neither? they exclusively practice generalized reciprocity
agriculturalists only
foragers only, agriculturalists only, both, or neither? they have a military
agriculturalists only
foragers only, agriculturalists only, both, or neither? they have both ascribed and achieved status
agriculturalists only
foragers only, agriculturalists only, both, or neither? they have economic stratification
agriculturalists only
foragers only, agriculturalists only, both, or neither? they have epidemics and pandemics
both
foragers only, agriculturalists only, both, or neither? they have fictive kinship
agriculturalists only
foragers only, agriculturalists only, both, or neither? they have formal leaders
foragers only
foragers only, agriculturalists only, both, or neither? they have no private property
foragers only
foragers only, agriculturalists only, both, or neither? they have no warfare
agriculturalists only
foragers only, agriculturalists only, both, or neither? they have soldiers
agriculturalists only
foragers only, agriculturalists only, both, or neither? they have taxation
neither
foragers only, agriculturalists only, both, or neither? they intercrop
foragers only
foragers only, agriculturalists only, both, or neither? they organized into bands
neither
foragers only, agriculturalists only, both, or neither? they practice slash and burn cultivation
neither
foragers only, agriculturalists only, both, or neither? they rely primarily on domesticated animals for subsistence
foragers only
foragers only, agriculturalists only, both, or neither? they represent the universal past human way of life from approximately 200,000 BP until the neolithic
balinese
native american, balinese, or maya? hinduism; believe that life and death are an allusion; believe that there are 3 worlds= upper world of gods, middle world of people, and lower world of demons that work together to make balance in their daily world; rituals or art and performance keep them connected to the 3 worlds; masks of gods/demons; time for them is a system of cycles--> when cycles coincide, FEAST OF 11 POWERS; religion and daily life are inseparable
protolanguage
language ancestral to several daughter languages
language subgroups
languages within a taxonomy of related languages that are most closely related
longitudinal research
long-term study of a community, society, culture, or other unit, usually based on repeated visits
love marriage
love or arranged marriage? involves individuals selecting their partners on the basis of feelings and preferences
arranged marriage
love or arranged marriage? is when marriage partners are selected by the social/kin groups to promote social alliances
contagious magic
magic based on the assumption that things once associated are able to affect one another when separated so that anything done to an object (as a garment or a hair) will affect its former owner.
primates
members of the taxonomic order which includes humans, apes, monkeys, and prosimians
hominids
members of the zoological family that includes human, chimps, and gorillas
enculturation
native american children are taught by their elders to care for nature out of respect for the Great Spirit
native american
native american, balinese, or maya? believe that everything is a part of everything else; use masks to drive away evil
maya
native american, balinese, or maya? spirit in all things; pray to the sun, moon, rain, wind, and st. peter; believe that their lives are a permanent struggle between the forces of good and evil; practice DIVINATION
people of the seal
netsilik means
ambiolocality
no clear rules on where the couples lives after they are married; couple lives with both or either of the spouses families
peasants
small-scale agriculturalists living in a state, with rent fund obligations
female infanticide
the killing of baby girls
diffusion
the latest style craze in the US is african tribal jewelry with millions of people purchasing and wearing items with designs from kenya and cameroon
magic
the manipulation of supernatural to achieve a goal; imitative and divination magic
true
true/false? Dr. warner's belief that disease is caused by pathogens while she was conducting fieldwork with the q'eqchi' peoples, is an example of an etic point of view
false
true/false? NAGPRA established the rights of immigrants to practice their religion and speak their languages in the united states
false
true/false? Tylor defined Anthropology as "that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, arts, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society"
false
true/false? a belief in linear time is a cultural universal
false
true/false? a generalized cultural trait is found in all cultures, whereas particular traits are unique to a single culture
false
true/false? acculturation involves acting in a way that causes deliberate harm against members of another social group
false
true/false? agricultural over-intensification at Calakmul resulted in permanent, irreversible ecocide
false
true/false? agriculturalists have much higher life expectancies than foragers
true
true/false? all anthropologists trained in the american tradition, study humans, share perspectives, have four-field training, and do fieldwork
true
true/false? all cultural anthropologists are both ethnographers and ethnologists
true
true/false? all cultures have prohibited marriage in the direct line of descent (parents, children, grandchildren)
false
true/false? all cultures recognize that first cousin marriage is incest
true
true/false? all humans, at most, are 50th cousins
false
true/false? all marriage exists to create a family
true
true/false? americans work an average more hours per year than japanese, french, and british workers
false
true/false? anthropologists collect life histories in order to make generalizations about a culture
false
true/false? anthropologists refer to the people they study as their subjects of scientific research
false
true/false? assimilation is the voluntary borrowing of cultural traits between cultures
false
true/false? assimilation refers to the processes by which organisms cope with environmental forces and stresses
false
true/false? capitalism is a form of balanced reciprocity
true
true/false? charitable giving is an example of generalized reciprocity
true
true/false? contract archaeology (CRM) is the application of archaeology to excavate and preserve sites threatened by development. within a framework of federal, state, and local laws, regulations, and guidelines
false
true/false? cultural anthropologists do both formal and informal to collect ethnographic data, but not surveying as that is a method used exclusively by sociologists
true
true/false? cultural anthropology is the largest subdiscipline in general anthropology
true
true/false? cultural anthropology is the study of human culture through fieldwork with living populations in order to describe, analyze, interpret, and explain cultural diversity
false
true/false? cultural resource management is an applied specialization in cultural anthropology
false
true/false? culture is universal to all primates
true
true/false? culture was first defined in anthropology by Edward B. Tylor
true
true/false? domestication is an example of independent invention
false
true/false? domestication was the universal adaptive strategy until the end of the last ice age
true
true/false? educational anthropology, business anthropology, and urban anthropology are all specializations in the subdiscipline of cultural anthropology
false
true/false? egalitarianism means that individuals own private property
true
true/false? ethnic cleansing can be accomplished through genocide, forced displacement, and ethnocide
true
true/false? ethnography is both the act of collecting cultural data through fieldwork and the written account of the fieldwork experience
true
true/false? ethnography is the first-hand, personal study of a cultural group through fieldwork
true
true/false? ethnology compares and contrasts ethnographies in order to identify and explain cultural differences and similarities and formulate and test hypotheses
true
true/false? exogamy refers to rules requiring marriage outside of a social group
true
true/false? feminism is the theory of the political, economic, and social equality of the sexes, and was selected as the word of the year for 2017 by merriam webster
false
true/false? fictive kin are those that are biologically related to one another
false
true/false? for the sake of scientific accuracy, ethnographers maintain impersonal relationships with their informants at all times
false
true/false? foragers are highly democratic and make all decisions through voting and majority rule
false
true/false? foragers no longer exist in our modern world
true
true/false? foragers such as the !Kung have a diet that is healthier than the average middle class american
false
true/false? forensic anthropology and contract archaeology are examples of applied biological anthropology
false
true/false? forensic anthropology has the main goal of reconstructing past human behavior through the material remains of a culture
false
true/false? gerontocracies are societies that are intermediate between tribes and states
false
true/false? historic archaeology is the study of cultures that existed before the advent of writing/state society
true
true/false? historical linguistics reconstructs ancient languages and studies how languages change over time
true
true/false? homo is the genus of humans, whereas sapiens is the species designation--Homo sapiens
true
true/false? humans are primates
false
true/false? humans did not develop art, music, language, and religion until the neolithic, approximately 10-12,000 BP
false
true/false? humans have been practicing domestication for over 100,000 years as an adaptation to the ice age climate
false
true/false? humans have engaged in warfare since we became a species approximately 200,000 BP, supporting the hypothesis that we have a violence gene
true
true/false? humans share more than 98% of their genes with chimpanzees
true
true/false? humans, like all other animals, have a biological means of adapting to their environment, but they are unique in that they also have a cultural means of adaptation
true
true/false? ideal culture refers to what people believe is the right thing to do, as opposed to what they actually do in their daily lives
true
true/false? ideal culture refers to what people believe is the right thing to do, as opposed to what they actually do their daily lives
true
true/false? if a subsistence system causes environmental degradation, it is not sustainable
false
true/false? if two farming families agree to exchange one cow for 30 chickens and they both agree that the cow has equal value to the chickens, then this is a clear example of generalized reciprocity
false
true/false? if you observe that people in england are different from people in the US because they drive on the left side of the street, you are clearly being ethnocentric in your views
true
true/false? in foraging cultures, no individual has power and authority over any other individual, and decision-making is through consensus
false
true/false? in state societies, the family has authority and power over the government, whereas in bands, the family has no power over the state because kinship is no longer the central organizing principle of society
true
true/false? in the US, all archaeologists are anthropologists
true
true/false? in the video, "in the white man's image," the boarding school system of the united states government had the explicit goal of committing ethnocide against native american peoples
false
true/false? indigenous is a term that refers to the most recent, or newest inhabitants of a region
false
true/false? it is illegal to marry first cousins throughout the US
true
true/false? key cultural consultants are also called informants
true
true/false? kinship is the primary means of organization in foraging societies
true
true/false? manifest destiny was a phrase which invoked the idea of divine sanction for the territorial expansion of the united states
false
true/false? manifest destiny was argued by christian advocacy groups to help native americans reclaim lands taken by the US government
true
true/false? marriage and family are cultural universals
false
true/false? most culture are entirely homogeneous
false
true/false? napoleon chagnon (how cultures are studied) maintained distanced relationships with all of his informants in order to avoid conflict
false
true/false? one social advantage of agriculture is that it greatly reduced malnutrition and poverty in comparison to other subsistence systems
false
true/false? paleoanthropology refers to places, objects, structures, buildings, and evidence of past material culture and life that are important to understanding, appreciating, or preserving the past
false
true/false? participant observation is a required method in ethnography, but rapport and life histories are optional
false
true/false? people in the US have much more leisure time than foragers and work much less than people do in other industrialized nations of the world today
true
true/false? poverty is only found in state societies with economic stratification and private property
false
true/false? primatology, CRM, and paleoanthropology are specializations in archaeological anthropology
false
true/false? rapport is an optional field method for cultural anthropologists when conducting fieldwork
true
true/false? sapien means wise, whereas Homo means human
true
true/false? sociolinguistics is the study of linguistic variation within a group of speakers
true
true/false? symbols represent a referent and the connection is unique to each culture
true
true/false? systems of redistribution, such as taxation, are universal to all state societies and necessary to the functioning of the state
true
true/false? the "scorched earth campaign" was an act of ethnic cleansing by the guatemalan government against indigenous peoples of northern guatemala
false
true/false? the US was one of the first nations in the world to have paid parental leave after the birth or adoption of a child
false
true/false? the corn replaces the nitrogen that the beans extract from the soil in maya horticultural intercropping
false
true/false? the development of rounder, heavier bodies as a result of natural selection in cold climates is an example of cultural adaptation
true
true/false? the diachronic perspective focuses on human diversity through time
false
true/false? the earliest neolithic period occurred in europe around 40,000 BP
true
true/false? the earliest neolithic period occurred in the middle east in what was once mesopotamia
false
true/false? the end of the last ice age meant more land and food were made available to humans because sea levels fell
true
true/false? the human species (Homo sapiens) first evolved around 200,000 BP
false
true/false? the indian removal act of 1830 called for genocide against all native americans west of the mississippi river
true
true/false? the native american graves protection and repatriation act of 1990 ensures rights of native american groups to human remains and cultural items taken from them without their consent
true
true/false? the netsilik are a culture within the inuit
false
true/false? the san are a distinct culture within the !Kung
false
true/false? the social disadvantages of foraging include poverty, less leisure time, malnutrition, more warfare, and inequality
false
true/false? the terms "informant" and "consultant" imply that the anthropologist is the person with all of the power and authority in the fieldwork encounter
false
true/false? the yanomamo practice cannibalism in order to meet nutritional needs because they do not have a reliable source of protein in their environment
true
true/false? theft is an example of negative reciprocity
false
true/false? today, less than 1/4 of the global population has an urban way of life
true
true/false?"kill the indian to save the man" is a clear statement of ethnocide
none
turkana only; pahari only; kung, pahari, turkana; kung only; both turkana and pahari; or none? agriculturalists
turkana only
turkana only; pahari only; kung, pahari, turkana; kung only; both turkana and pahari; or none? are patrilineal pastoralists
kung only
turkana only; pahari only; kung, pahari, turkana; kung only; both turkana and pahari; or none? are uxorilocal during brideservice
kung only
turkana only; pahari only; kung, pahari, turkana; kung only; both turkana and pahari; or none? band exogamy
turkana, kung, and pahari
turkana only; pahari only; kung, pahari, turkana; kung only; both turkana and pahari; or none? bilateral descent
none
turkana only; pahari only; kung, pahari, turkana; kung only; both turkana and pahari; or none? matrilineal
turkana only
turkana only; pahari only; kung, pahari, turkana; kung only; both turkana and pahari; or none? patrilineal
kung only
turkana only; pahari only; kung, pahari, turkana; kung only; both turkana and pahari; or none? practice brideservice
pahari only
turkana only; pahari only; kung, pahari, turkana; kung only; both turkana and pahari; or none? practice dowry
pahari only
turkana only; pahari only; kung, pahari, turkana; kung only; both turkana and pahari; or none? practice fraternal polyandry
turkana only
turkana only; pahari only; kung, pahari, turkana; kung only; both turkana and pahari; or none? unilineal descent
turkana only
turkana only; pahari only; kung, pahari, turkana; kung only; both turkana and pahari; or none? women do all subsistence work
turkana only
turkana only; pahari only; kung, pahari, turkana; kung only; both turkana and pahari; or none? practice bridewealth
gender stratification
unequal distribution of resources, power, prestige and authority between the genders reflecting different status positions in society
incest taboo
universal idea that there should be no sex in the family; all cultures have prohibited marriage in the direct line of descent= parents to children/grandparents to grandchildren
tribe
universal to all pastoralists; made up of 2 or more lineages; can be unilineal or bilateral; no private property=animals are lineage owned; land access is egalitarian; no formal leaders; kinship is the central organizing principle of society
family
universal; a group of people who are considered to be related in some way, including common ancestry, descent, biology, marriage, and ceremony
style shifts
variations in speech in different contexts
lexicon
vocabulary; a dictionary containing all the morphemes in a language and their meaning
gods, devils, santa, tooth fairy, and easter bunny
what are 5 examples of animism?
regulates sexual behavior, creates political and economic alliances, and establishes a social unit for enculturation
what are the 3 functions of marriage?
relieve anxiety over the uncontrollable, explains the unknowable, and provides morals and laws (social control)
what are the 3 functions of religion?
supernatural
what cannot be known through the senses
water buffalo
what did the warriors call sharks in the film "in the white man's image"?
intellectual property rights
what does IPR stand for?
bronislaw
what is malinowski's first name
maintain social identity, cohesion, and maintain wealth and power within a group
what is the function of endogamy? to..
economic and political alliances
what is the function of exogamy? it creates..
village head
what type of leadership position exists in yanomamo culture?
gendercide
when a culture deliberately kills members of a gender
polyandry
when a woman has more than one husband
polyandry
when a woman has two or more husbands at one time
alienation
when factory workers produce for their employer's profits and feel little pride or sense of identification with the products they create, often performing one step and not the entire production from beginning to end
gender complementarity
when men and women perform different, but equally valued productive roles resulting in relative equality in terms of access to power, prestige, wealth, and authority
dowry
when the wife's kin group provides substantial wealth to the husband's family; correlates with low status for women
slash and burn cultivation
which is another term for horticulture? -pastoralism -slash and burn cultivation -intensive cultivation -foraging -hunting and gathering -industrialization
assimilation
Australian aborigines are forced by colonial administrators to use steel axes even though they prefer to use their traditional stone axes
black english vernacular
BEV; a rule-governed dialect of american english (sometimes called ebonics) with roots in southern english; african american youth and many adults speak bev in their casual, intimate speech
daughter languages
Languages developing out of the same parent language; for example, French and Spanish are daughter languages of Latin.
reflexive ethnography
The ethnographer puts their personal feelings and reactions to fieldwork in their writing and publications
diglossia
The existence of "high" (formal) and "low" (familial) dialects of a single language, such as German.
descriptive linguistics
The scientific study of a spoken language, including its phonology, morphology, lexicon, and syntax.
patrilineality
Unilineal descent rule in which people join the father's group automatically at birth and stay members throughout life.
matrilineality
Unilineal descent rule in which people join the mother's group automatically at birth and stay members throughout life.
cultural transmission
a basic feature of language; transmission through learning
religion
a cultural universal; beliefs and practices associated with the supernatural; what cannot be known through the senses
tranhumance
a form of pastoralism in which part of the population moves seasonally with the herds while the other part remains in home villages
semantics
a language's meaning system
globalization
a set of processes, including diffusion, migration, and acculturation, that promote change in today's interlinked world
focal vocabulary
a set of words and distinctions that are particularly important to certain groups such as types of snow to eskimos or skiers
metrosexual
a straight, urban male who is keenly interested in fashion, home design, gourmet cooking, and personal care
science
a systematic field of study or body of knowledge that aims through experiment, observation, and deduction to produce reliable explanations of phenomena, with reference to the material and physical world
assimilation
a women from Romania is pressured to remove her headscarf if she wishes to keep her job
assimilation
all americans are required to celebrate St. Patrick's Day by wearing green in the US by an Act of Congress. Anyone not wearing green is arrested
assimilation
an american is told that they will be hired by a chinese company only if they convert to Taoism
cultural consultant
an expert on a particular aspect of local life who helps the ethnographer understand that aspect
animism
animism or animatism? a belief in supernatural beings; belief in souls or doubles
animatism
animism or animatism? a belief in supernatural forces ex) the force from star wars/ crystals that make you well or happy/power of pyramid/luck/barn covered with horseshoes
barack obama
ann dunham is a famous applied anthropologist who also is the mother or a person who is very much in the public eye. who is her world-recognized child?
syntax
arrangement and order of words in phrases and sentences
potlatch
competitive feasting among native americans on the north pacific coast of north america
overinnovation
characteristic of development projects that require major changes in people's daily lives, especially ones that interfere with customary subsistence pursuits
tylor
considered the "father of anthropology"
malinowski
considered the "father of ethnography"
parallel cousins
cousins that are children of two brothers or two sisters
band exogamy
creates regional identity across bands
international culture
cultural traditions that extend beyond national boundaries
marriage residence
cultural universal; where the marriage partners live after marriage
patrilocality/virilocality
customary residence with the husband's relatives after marriage, so that children grow up in their father's community
matrilocality/uxorilocality
customary residence with the wife's relatives after marriage, so that children grow up in their mother's community
agriculturalists only
foragers only, agriculturalists only, both, or neither? they cultivate plants
gender egalitarinism
equal access between the genders to resources, power, authority, freedom, decision-making, and prestige;equal access to the resources necessary for survival
endogamy
exogamy or endogamy? practice of seeking a spouse within one's own group in order to maintain social identity, cohesion, and maintain wealth and power within a group
exogamy
exogamy or endogamy? the practice of seeking a spouse outside one's own group; forces people to create and maintain a wide social network; creates economic and political alliances
agriculturalists only
foragers only, agriculturalists only, both, or neither? afghanistan, bali, and taiwan
foragers only
foragers only, agriculturalists only, both, or neither? kinship is the central organizing principle of society
neither
foragers only, agriculturalists only, both, or neither? status is determined exclusively through differences in wealth
foragers only
foragers only, agriculturalists only, both, or neither? the netsilik and the !kung
foragers only
foragers only, agriculturalists only, both, or neither? their subsistence system is sustainable
foragers only
foragers only, agriculturalists only, both, or neither? they are egalitarian
agriculturalists only
foragers only, agriculturalists only, both, or neither? they are neolithic cultures
foragers only
foragers only, agriculturalists only, both, or neither? they are nomadic
neither
foragers only, agriculturalists only, both, or neither? they are organized as tribes
agriculturalists only
foragers only, agriculturalists only, both, or neither? they are organized into state societies
agriculturalists only
foragers only, agriculturalists only, both, or neither? they are sedentary
fraternal polyandry
form of polyandry where women marry all the brothers at the same time
gender complementarity
gender complementarity, stratification, or egalitarianism? correlation= the more women are valued for productive roles, the more relative status they have
gender egalitarianism
gender complementarity, stratification, or egalitarianism? equal pay for equal work and equal access to political power and leadership; northern europe
gender stratification
gender complementarity, stratification, or egalitarianism? women produce and control wealth, but do not have rights of ownership
brideservice
groom must work for the bride's family; universal to foragers; signifies high value for women; seen as compensation for the loss of a woman's productive and reproductive roles
androgynous
having both male and female characteristics
polygyny
having more than one wife at a time; multiple wives often correlates with shortage of men due to warfare=men share wives
nonbinary
is a catch-all category for gender identities that are not exclusively masculine or feminine—identities which are outside the gender binary and cisnormativity.
high status
high or low status? in brideservice, where the groom must work for the bride's family, women have...
low status
high or low status? when discussing dowry, where the wife's kin group provides substantial wealth to the husband's family, women have relatively ...
agriculturalists only
horticulturalists only, agriculturalists only, both, or neither? afghanistan and bali
horticulturalists only
horticulturalists only, agriculturalists only, both, or neither? mayas and melanesians
agriculturalists only
horticulturalists only, agriculturalists only, both, or neither? their subsistence system is non-sustainable
neither
horticulturalists only, agriculturalists only, both, or neither? they are nomadic
horticulturalists only
horticulturalists only, agriculturalists only, both, or neither? they are the earliest form of cultivation
both
horticulturalists only, agriculturalists only, both, or neither? they cultivate plants
both
horticulturalists only, agriculturalists only, both, or neither? they have a neolithic subsistence system
horticulturalists only
horticulturalists only, agriculturalists only, both, or neither? they intercrop
agriculturalists only
horticulturalists only, agriculturalists only, both, or neither? they irrigate
horticulturalists only
horticulturalists only, agriculturalists only, both, or neither? they let their fields lie fallow and shift cultivation
neither
horticulturalists only, agriculturalists only, both, or neither? they practice a paleolithic adaptive strategy
both
horticulturalists only, agriculturalists only, both, or neither? they practice domestication
neither
horticulturalists only, agriculturalists only, both, or neither? they rely primarily on domesticated animals for subsistence
agriculturalists only
horticulturalists only, agriculturalists only, both, or neither? they use the plow
hegemony
if women living in a patriarchal culture where men hold all political power, comply with their rulers' values that male domination is natural and inevitable, this would be an example of:
imitative magic
imitative or divination magic? magic that produces a desired effect by imitating it ex) voodoo doll rain dance
divination magic
imitative or divination magic? manipulating a sacred (associated with the supernatural) object to get an answer to a question ex) magic 8 ball/Ouija boards/magic conch/flipping a coin/plucking petals off a daisy/reading tarot cards, crystal ball, tea leaves
"two spirits"
in native american culture, people with third or fourth genders are known to have "________ __________"
the linguistic anthropologist experienced circular time once she learned the alien language
in the film, the arrival, what was the surprise ending?
serial monogamy
individuals marry several people, but one at a time
family of orientation
nuclear family in which one is born and grows up
descent group
nuclear family or descent group? includes multiple generations; permanent
nuclear family
nuclear family or descent group? only parents and children; impermanent;
gender identity
one's sense of being male or female
vernacular
ordinary, casual speech
patriarchy
political system ruled by men in which women have inferior social and political status
plural marriage
polygamy is also known as _____________ ______________
neolocality
postmarital residence pattern in which a couple establishes a new place of residence rather than living with or near either set of parents
disease
scientifically identified health threat caused genetically or by a bacterium, virus, fungus, parasite, or other pathogen
sex
sex or gender? nature/biology; genetics, hormones, genitalia, primary and secondary sexual characteristics
gender
sex or gender? nurture/enculturation; behaviors, identities, and roles that are learned
phoneme
significant sound contrast in a language that serves to distinguish meaning, as in minimal pairs
sociolinguistics
study of relationships between social and linguistic variation; study of language in its social context
historical linguistics
subdivision of linguistics that studies languages over time
productivity
the ability to use the rules of one's language to create new expressions comprehensible to other speakers; a basic feature of language
ethnocide
the deliberate destruction of another culture
biological adaptation
the development of taller, thinner bodies as a result of natural selection in hpt climates is an example of...
participant observation
the ethnographic technique which involves taking part in the events one is observing, describing, and analyzing
cultural relativism
the position that the values and standards of cultures differ and deserve respect
emic
the research strategy that focuses on native explanations, the "natives" point of view
enculturation
the social process by which culture is learned and transmitted across the generations
intersex
the state of a person's sex chromosomes, genitalia, and/or secondary sex characteristics are determined to be neither exclusively male nor female
kinesics
the study of communication through body movements, stances, gestures, and facial expressions
morphology
the study of form
ethnomedicine
the study of how different cultures understand and treat disease--illness
phonemics
the study of significant sound contrasts (phonemes) of a particular language
phonology
the study of sounds used in speech
phonetics
the study of speech sounds in general; what people actually say in various languages
sapir-whorf hypothesis
theory that different languages produce different ways of thinking
transgender
to change or shift gender identity--to be above, outside, or beyond assigned gender
polygamy
to have more than one spouse; polyandry and polygyny
monogamy
to have one spouse
ethnocentrism
to negatively judge another culture relative to your own
diffusion
tomatoes are incorporated into italian cuisine because italians like the taste and they grow well in the Mediterranean environment
bilateral descent
trace ancestry through both mother and father's line
true
true/false? "anthro-" means human and "ethno-" means culture
false
true/false? Dr. warner conducted fieldwork with the yanomamo people of guatemala
they find spider webs that were spun in the unused areas of the library
which of the following are NOT artifacts? It is 2 million years from now and an alien team of archaeologists lands on earth at the site of what once was bloomsburg university, finding that no intelligent life whatsoever is left on the planet. They begin to excavate the library at the university to learn more about the life form that once inhabited earth. through the process of archaeological excavation, they discover the following materials: -they find leaves and seeds from the bushes and flowers planted around the library -they find books -they discover the foundation stones of a colonial farmhouse beneath the library -they discover coffee grounds from starbucks -they find spider webs that were spun in the unused areas of the library -they discover rocks that were cut to make the foundation of the building
forensic anthropology
which of the following is NOT a subdiscipline in general anthropology? -forensic anthropology -biological anthropology -archaeological anthropology -cultural anthropology -linguistic anthropology
a hispanic family enrolls their children in Irish step dance because they enjoy the music and costumes that are used
which of the following is NOT an example of assimilation? -an immigrant from Italy is denied access to the US college of their choice unless they change their name to more like an english name -a hispanic family enrolls their children in Irish step dance because they enjoy the music and costumes that are used -a government forces a native population to sign a pledge to abandon their religion in favor of the official governmental policy that all citizens must be atheists or face ethnic cleansing -refusing to allow an indian-american woman to compete in the "miss america" beauty pageant if she does a traditional dance from india as her talent -out of fear of violence against them, an iraqi-american family converts to Christianity and does not teach their children their native language -the US indian boarding schools
lemur
which of the following is a prosimian?
human populations developing greater lung capacity in high altitude environments is an example of cultural adaptation
which of the following is false? -the use of fossil fuels to generate heat in cold environments by humans is an example of cultural adaptation -the use of an oxygen mask at high altitudes is an example of human cultural adaptation -human populations developing greater lung capacity in high altitude environments is an example of cultural adaptation -the human use of fire for warmth and cooking is an example of cultural adaptation -natural selection is biological adaptation -the indigenous peoples of the andes mountains in south american and the peoples of the Himalayas in india develop the idea of knitting warm camps and mittens to adapt to the cold without ever having any contact between the cultures is an example of independent invention
biological anthropology is the study of the taxonomic order primates, focusing on biology, evolution, behavior, and social life
which of the following is false? -urban anthropology is the anthropological study of life in and around world cities -educational anthropology is the cross-cultural study of schools and the learning process, with an emphasis on policy and administration -medical anthropology is the specialization that unites biological and cultural anthropologists in the study of disease, illness, health problems, health care systems, and theories about illness in different cultures -biological anthropology is the study of the taxonomic order primates, focusing on biology, evolution, behavior, and social life -taxonomy is the scientific study of the classification of life
anthropromorphize
which of the following means to give human like qualities to things which are in fact, not human?
culture is genetic
which of the following statements is false? -culture is learned -culture is shared -culture is genetic -culture is material -cultures is symbolic -culture is dynamic
all of the above
which of the following techniques were used to assimilate Native american children in the boarding schools? -children were forced to change their indigenous dress for military dress -children were forced to change their names -children were forced to cut their hair -children were forced to practice christianity -all of the above -none of the above
judging people from other cultures who have more than one spouse, as primitive and immoral because it is illegal in the US
which of the following would be a clear example of ethnocentrism -noticing that people in england tend to cook their vegetables more than people do in the US -believing that the values one's own culture should not be used to evaluate the behavior of someone from another culture -observing that another religion has many gods -judging people from other cultures who have more than one spouse, as primitive and immoral because it is illegal in the US -an american observes that people drive on the other side of the road in england -comparing the different bilingual education programs in the US
malinowski
who is the "father of ethnography"?
einstein
who said, "The only reason for time is so that everything doesn't happen at once"?
morphemes
words and their meaningful parts
minimal pairs
words that resemble each other in all but one sound
