Anthropology final

Y-chromosome studies show that the deepest level of evolution occurred in ___________.

Africa

Which of the following is true of skulls found in the Upper Cave at Zhoukoudian?

The skulls are most similar to early modern humans from the European sites of Mladeč and Předmostí.

As for many other species, ____________ was critical to the origins of the hominin lineage.

climate

Dated to 1.8 million years ago, ____________ fossils in southeast Asia suggest that the migrations out of Africa were successful.

homo erectus

H. erectus remains are found in Southeast Asia, particularly the island of ________, beginning around 1.6 to 1.8 million years ago.

java

Which of the following are early human remains found in the United States?

kennewick man

Regarding Neandertal behavior, there is the least evidence for __________.

language

Homo antecessor is described by various researchers as all of the following except __________.

part of the homo erectus species

During what period do we begin to see fossils with more "advanced" features that resemble those of modern humans?

pleistocene

Using dentition, scientists can tell that Homo erectus developed __________ Australopithecus.

slower than

The answer to the question, "Where did modern humans come from?" __________.

will constantly change as new fossils are found and new dating techniques are developed

Which of the following are most likely found at archaic Homo sites?

ash and charred bones

Artifact __________________ is the most important concept an archaeologist uses when examining tools recovered from sites that are older than 2.5 million years.

association

The early Pliocene, which is the era of greatest hominin diversification, is marked by major ______________.

climatic fluctuations

The oldest culture recognized in American archaeology is the ________ that dates to c. 13,000 years ago.

clovis

The larger size of Neandertal crania compared to those of modern humans has primarily to do with __________.

cold adaptations

The fossils of Flores __________.

consist of different elements that resemble different species

Many scholars believe that there was too much variability in Homo erectus' __________ to be one species.

cranial capacity

Archaeologists looking at early tools have been able to characterize three main sites based on tool use: butchering sites, a home base and ___________ sites.

quarrying

The change in the general physique of hominins approximately 1.8 million years ago was due to _____________.

an increase in meat consumption

Most differences between archaic Homo and modern humans are __________ rather than physical.

behavioral

Where would you find the mastoid process?

behind the ear lobe

A primary use for some Oldowan hammer stones was to __________________.

crack open bones for the marrow

__________ features best indicate the physical differences between archaic Homo sapiens and Neandertals.

cranial

Neandertals had a dental developmental rate most similar to __________.

modern H. sapiens

About 1.8 million years ago, hominins underwent a major adaptive shift reflected in a diet that was similar to that of ______________.

modern humans

Homo erectus has been found in all of the following locations except __________.

north America

_______________ has not offered any evidence of early Homo sites.

north America

The deepest node on a hominin phylogenetic tree __________.

represents the most recent common ancestor of humans

Early hominins lost their ___________, which resulted in a more rounded braincase.

sagittal and compound temporonuchal cranial crests

Many archaeologists believe that early hominins were getting their meat from ______________.

scavenging

One possible explanation for the anatomical differences observed in early Homo is _________________________________.

shift to a more animal-based diet

Compared to early Homo, all of the following morphological features are smaller in Homo sapiens except for the __________________.

skull

The Dmanisi hominin fossils are interesting because they show which of the following?

that Homo erectus migrated out of Africa at nearly the same time as it appeared in Africa

A valid criticism of the radiator theory for bipedalism is __________.

that heat dissipation may have just been a byproduct that hominins benefited from once bipedalism arose

Which of the following is true regarding Neandertal sites?

the largest number is found in Europe

The LH4 mandible from Laetoli, Tanzania, is a type specimen for Australopithecus afarensis. What does the term type specimen refer to?

the original anatomical reference specimen for the species

The hand anatomy of robust Australopithecines indicates what about their behavior?

they were capable of making and using stone tools

Some scientists support splitting Homo erectus into two species because the proposed H. ergaster has __________.

thinner cranial bones

Using archaeological evidence alone to determine members of the genus Homo is difficult because _______________.

tool traditions share many similarities

Middle Stone Age tool industries differed from earlier stone tool technology in that hominins __________.

used prepared cores

Evidence in the form of _____________ shows that Australopithecus robustus used but did not make tools.

wear on the ends of bones

Neandertals __________.

were mobile, going to the Middle East during glacial periods and north during interglacial periods

At the Mousterian cave site of Moula-Guercy in France, evidence that some Neandertal cannibalism occurred is suggested by which of the following?

animal remains at the site being treated the same as the hominin remains

The evidence for big game hunting among Archaic Homo sapiens at the Boxgrove site in England includes all of the following except __________.

cooked meat at campsites

Understanding the MRCA requires __________ and ___________ data to establish a point of origin

molecular physical

Compared to early fossil hominins, the fossil record for later Homo species is ___________________.

more complete

The large anterior teeth of apes and early hominins make their faces ____________ compared to those of modern humans.

more prognathic

Based on an analysis of dentition, Homo erectus appears to have matured __________.

more rapidly than modern humans

Which of the following would you expect in Upper Paleolithic burial sites?

multiple carefully arranged bodies

If modern human remains are found in both Africa and Europe, one might subscribe to the ___________ model, which states that modern humans originated in several locales.

multiregional

Although found mostly in Europe, microlith technology can also be found in Africa at ___________.

mumba

It was not until Homo _____________________ that hominins were found outside of Africa in northern climates.

neanderthalensis

What defines Australopithecus afarensis as a hominin rather than an ape?

post cranial features indicating bipedalism

Most scientists associate tool use, ____________, and transmission over generations as indicators of sophisticated cognitive abilities.

production

To find the oldest example of modern humans in Europe, one must go to ___________

romania

If one compares the fossils of a late Australopithecine and an early Homo, anatomical differences would be ____________.

slight and hard to notice

Which of the following is a characteristic of hominin teeth?

small canines

Using analyses of nuclear gene alleles, which of the following supports the conclusions of mtDNA and Y-chromosome studies concerning the origins of early modern humans?

the age of the MRCA (most recent common ancestor)

Bipedalism in hominins is efficient because __________.

the body's center of gravity is directly over the legs, reducing the energy needed to balance

The wooden spears found in Schoeningen, Germany, were found in association with animal remains. What do these artifacts tell researchers about Homo sapiens at that time?

this population often used biodegradable materials that would not preserve well in the fossil record

Which of the following sequences in human evolution is most likely, after comparing humans to apes and taking into account the fossil evidence?

tool-making, upright posture, enlarged brain

How is a stone blade identified?

twice as long as it is wide

Homo erectus appeared in Africa around 1.8-1.9 million years ago and dispersed around ________ million years ago.

1.7 to 1.8 MYA

Compared to archaic Homo, modern Homo sapiens' brain size can be as large as ______________ cubic centimeters.

1400

Although some forms of australopithecines could have been capable of tool use, definitive evidence of tool use does not appear in the fossil record until ______ million years ago.

2.5

The first appearance of the genus Homo around ______ million years ago coincided with large-scale climatic alterations.

2.9

The modern human characteristics observed in remains from Africa occur as early as __________ years ago.

200,000

Brain size for early Homo ranges between ______ and ______ cubic centimeters.

500 and 800

In Africa, archaic Homo sapiens are known to date from around __________.

600,000 years ago

What environmental condition made the Afar region so conducive to fossilization?

A river used to flow there, which resulted in layers of sedimentation covering skeletons.

Hominins, such as Homo, that adapted to new climates may have been able to take advantage of lower sea levels, which exposed land bridges to migrate out of ___________.

Africa

What event was occurring while Neandertals were living in Europe and western Asia?

Anatomically modern Homo sapiens were evolving contemporaneously.

Which group of hominins used the Levallois technique?

Archaic Homo sapiens

Which is true of archaic Homo sapiens?

Archaic Homo sapiens consistently differ from Homo erectus by having taller, less angular, and more parallel cranial vaults.

How do "lumpers" view the hominin lineage?

Archaic Homo sapiens, Neandertals, and anatomically modern humans were one interbreeding species.

Which of the following scenarios for the evolution of bipedalism is the most likely?

Bipedalism arose in a variety of forms and functions, some of which may have died out while others succeeded.

In which direction does body weight transfer in a standing biped?

Body weight is transferred down the spine to the sacrum, where it transfers to the hips and onto the legs

What does the turnover-pulse hypothesis state?

Cyclic changes in climate resulted in extinctions and changes in species variability and abundance.

Which of the following is true regarding the different anatomical fossil hominins of the Near East?

Early Homo sapiens lived there during warm (interglacial) periods.

Archaic Homo sapiens are intermediate between __________.

Homo erectus and H. sapiens

With respect to Homo erectus brain size, all of the following are true except __________.

Homo erectus skulls are initially smaller than Homo habilis before expanding considerably

Taxonomists debate whether Homo erectus is actually two different species based on cranial anatomy and the location of the remains. What is the name of the other species and where are the remains located?

Homo ergaster Africa

Which species do some "splitters" consider to be the stem species for Neandertals and anatomically modern humans?

Homo heidelbergensis

The Mauer jaw was first discovered in Germany in 1907. The mandible was robust and lacked a chin. Based on these characteristics, which of the following species does the mandible definitely not belong to?

Homo sapiens

On what hominin species would you expect to find an occipital bun?

Homo sapiens neanderthalensis

When comparing the skulls of Homo neanderthalensis and H. erectus, which of the following is true?

In Neandertals, maximum cranial breadth is in the middle of the cranium, giving it an oval appearance.

Which of the following is true regarding the recovery of Neandertal DNA?

Neandertal DNA samples cover much of their geographic and temporal range.

If Neandertals are considered a separate species from Homo sapiens, which of the following assumptions must be made?

Neandertals and Homo sapiens could not interbreed.

How do "splitters" view the hominin lineage?

Neandertals are a separate species from anatomically modern humans and Homo heidelbergensis is a separate species from Homo erectus.

Which of the following is true of tools and tool use?

Oldowan-type tools were used by both Homo habilis and H. erectus.

The period of greatest diversification for hominins was the ________________.

Pliocene

Which of the following is a possible candidate for the earliest hominin?

Sahelanthropus tchadensis

In general, how did most Neandertals deal with their dead?

The burials were probably deliberate, but it is not entirely clear from the variety of remains between sites.

What is a major challenge in using fossils to identify early hominins?

The fossil record is fairly fragmented.

If a fossil is said to have midfacial prognathism, what does this mean?

The middle facial region, including the nose, projects forward.

Homo erectus has been found in all of the following locations except __________.

The oldest fossil evidence for H. erectus has been found in Africa.

Which of the following do multiregional model proponents claim?

There is an occasional occipital bun on modern human crania.

Why do researchers opt to use informal labels when discussing hominins?

There is no consensus on what the formal labels should be.

Which of the following is true of the skeletons of the Lake Mungo site in Australia?

They are the earliest known examples of such mortuary practices as cremation and covering the body with red ochre before burial.

How did the climate fluctuations of the Pleistocene influence Neandertal movements?

They migrated seasonally, and their range would have extended further south during long-lasting glacial events.

Regarding Neandertal tool use, which of the following is true?

They used the biface of the Acheulean industry.

Which of the following is NOT an expectation when two or more species with similar diets and behaviors cohabitate?

They will cohabitate successfully and cooperatively.

How did the fluctuating Plio-Pleistocene climate influence geographic barriers?

Water was locked in glaciers, which lowered sea levels and opened up land bridges between continents and outlying islands.

Based on the number of sites found and the length of time inhabited by Neandertals, the core of their range was __________.

Western Europe

Which type of data supports the replacement model for modern human origins?

Y chromosome

Based on the molecular evidence, which model of human origins is generally considered the most accurate?

a combination of multiregional gene flow and some replacement

Compared to a quadruped's foot, a biped's foot has all of the following except __________.

a fusion between the first and second metatarsal

Homo fossils differ from those of Australopithecines by having _______________.

a larger brain case

The presence of a long pubic ramus in Neandertals and in several early humans suggests a genetic contribution by Neandertals to modern humans if __________.

a long pubic ramus is not present in their common ancestor

H. erectus fossils are often found in association with tools of the __________ tradition.

acheulean

Foraging for food has been proposed as a strong incentive for the development of bipedalism, which would have allowed hominins to __________.

acquire fruit as well as cross open spaces

Fossils show that physical changes occurred in Homo erectus, and their tools reflect changes in their _____________ and ___________.

activities mind

What is a canine fossa?

an indentation on the maxilla above the canine root

Which two locations provide the best evidence for the multiregional theory of modern human origin?

australia and china

A bipedal species must overcome many challenges, including _____________.

balancing on two limbs

Why is the settlement of the Pacific Islands believed to demonstrate advancement in the behavior of modern humans?

because settlement of these islands could only have occurred using watercraft

How does the sectorial premolar complex, or CP3, change in hominin evolution

canine size decreases, thus reducing the blade on the P3

Which of the following would provide evidence supporting the multiregional model?

early modern humans in a particular region sharing a suite of anatomical features

Most of the fossil evidence for early hominins derives from __________.

east africa

One might expect to find Homo habilis fossils in _____________

east africa

When an early human found food in a complex environment, such as a tropical forest, they were said to be _______________ intelligent.

ecologically

When comparing the tooth enamel of an ape and hominin, it is true that __________.

enamel thickness alone, whether thin or thick, is not a good indication that one is looking at either a fossil hominin or ape

Both models of modern human origins agree that the dispersal of modern humans occurred after the dispersal of Homo ____________.

erectus

Most scientists agree that there was an initial dispersal of Homo ________ out of Africa.

erectus

Some scientists split Homo erectus into two species: Homo erectus and Homo ___________.

ergaster

Neandertals and their ancestors were the first permanent settlers in ____________.

europe

What is taurodontism?

expanded pulp cavities and fused roots in the molar teeth

Early Homo remains do not display much __________.

facial prognathism

Robust early hominins are considered robust based on their _________.

features related to chewing

Which two selective pressures contributed to the insular dwarfism observed on the island of Flores?

fewer resources and fewer predators

What types of tools are typically found at Clovis sites in the New World?

fluted projectile points

Which of the following has resulted from DNA analyses attempting to identify the most recent common ancestor of contemporary humans?

genetic data places modern human origins in Africa

The fossil Nariokotome boy indicates that all of the following were true about Homo erectus (H. ergaster) except __________.

he had thick arm and leg bones

Outside of Africa, __________ is the only area containing remains of modern humans that are more than 60,000 years old.

he near east

The radiator hypothesis suggests that bipedalism could have developed in order to __________.

help dissipate heat from the brain

Apes and humans are similar in that they are both _____________, with different teeth for different functions.

heterodonts

You have found a hominin fossil in Southeast Asia that dates to 1.8 million years ago. What hominin species do the remains likely belong to?

homo erectus

In the 1960s, Louis and Mary Leakey found a new hominin fossil with a larger brain case than Australopithecus. They named the find __________, the "handyman."

homo habilis

KNM-ER-1470 was discovered by Richard Leakey and dates to 2.1 million years ago. The fossil was initially considered __________, but its large cranial capacity of 775 cc caused researchers to reclassify it as ___________.

homo habilis homo rudolfensis

With respect to the center of gravity, it is true that __________.

in humans, it is often over one limb while walking

Isotope studies of Australopithecus robustus' dentition are consistent with a grassland inhabitant that eats tough foods and __________.

insects

Compared with Australopithecus afarensis, Australopithecus africanus has __________.

larger brain size

Although a distinct species, the early remains of the genus Homo are similar to _____________________.

late australopithicines

Which of the following lines of evidence could be used to support the replacement model?

little genetic overlap between the observed hominin linages

The main reason behind Homo erectus leaving Africa was most likely __________.

major climate changes

Comparisons of tooth wear in Neandertals and early modern humans suggest that Neandertals ate more __________.

meat

A tool that is associated with modern humans during the Upper Paleolithic is the ____________.

microlith

Rick Potts and Pat Shipman found that they could test the image of "Man the Hunter" by looking for evidence of __________.

microscopically distinctive features on bone caused by stone tools, carnivore chewing, etc.

The "swept back" appearance of Neandertal cheeks is due to __________.

midfacial prognathism

Which of the following characteristics is a good indicator that the remains being examined are modern and not archaic Homo sapiens?

obvious chin

The supraorbital ridges and _______________ on the skull of Homo sapiens are less robust compared to early Homo species.

occipital bun

Based on phylogenetic evidence, which of the following fits the scenario for our most recent common ancestor (MRCA)?

our MCRA lived in africa

Modern human dentition differs from a modern ape's in that humans have a distinctive __________.

parabolic dental arcade

Homo erectus and modern humans have very similar _________

post cranial features

Which word best describes Neandertals' appearance?

robust

Scientists theorize that an increase in brain size allows one to be smart and aware within one's group, which is also referred to as ______________ intelligence.

social

___________, also called Machiavellian intelligence, is a scenario that argues that primate brain size increased because it conferred a reproductive advantage to socially clever individuals.

social

The blade tools of the Châtelperronian have been found with __________.

some later Neandertals and anatomically modern humans

The idea that Neandertals buried their dead is best supported by the fact that __________.

some of their skeletons are found to be complete, intact, and in groups

The ______________ tool industry is an example of refinements made by modern humans.

soultrean

The Oldowan tool industry consisted of all of the following except __________.

spear points

Which of the following techniques has been used to determine the archaic Homo sapiens' diet?

stable isotopic studies

Upper Paleolithic tool kits relied on ___________, a difference from tools seen at Middle Stone Age sites

standardized blade production

Fossils recovered in Australia show more transitional physical characteristics such as a sagittal keel, occipital torus, and _____________.

supraorbital tori

Stone tool assemblages from early African sites, such as Mumba, Tanzania, and Howieson's Poort, South Africa, suggest that __________.

technologies evolved over a longer period of time than originally thought

Similar to the remains of other hominin fossils, many Homo fossil remains are __________.

teeth

It is least likely that ____________ spurred the evolution of bipedalism

the ability to see over tall grass

Which of the following describes technical intelligence?

the ability to use tools to extract food from the natural environment

Which of the following skeletal markers is an indication of bipedalism?

the foramen magnum is centered under the skull

The one idea that almost all scientists agree on is ___________

the robust forms were too specialized to give rise to the genus Homo

Colonization of the Americas by modern humans was facilitated by _____________.

the sudden appearance of dry land

Middle Pleistocene tool technology involved which of the following?

the use of soft hammers such as bone and antler

What part of Australopithecus robustus indicates that they may have been capable of making tools?

their hands

The replacement model of modern human origins holds that __________.

there were two hominin dispersals out of africa

All of the following are true of early hominins and their Oldowan tools except __________.

they used tools to kill each other

The ______________ opened during ice ages and connected the Old and New World.

bering land bridge

According to the replacement model, the oldest remains of modern humans should be found only in __________.

africa

The early sites of Aduma and the Klaises River Mouth provide evidence for __________.

an African origin of modern humans

Which of the following is true when comparing a habitual biped with a quadruped?

As you move down the spine, the biped's vertebrae become bigger.

Based on current evidence regarding hominins and tool-making, which of the following is true?

At some sites in East and South Africa, stone tools are found in the same beds and even in the same localities as robust australopithecines, with no other hominin genera known from these particular contexts.