Anthropology test 1

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An ethical approach to anthropological research would emphasize

-it denies the influence of factors like physical environment and biology on humans-it can justify atrocities-it explains all human action as the product of culture alone

When did anthropology emerge as an academic discipline?

1800s

Genetic drift

A change in genetic variation across generations due to random factors

Population

A cluster of individuals of the same species who share a common geographical area and find their mates more often in their own cluster than in others

Founder effect

A form of genetic drift that is the result of a dramatic reduction in population numbers so that descendent populations are descended from a small number of "founders

Phylogeny

A graphic representation that traces the evolutionary relationships and identifies points when an evolutionary event or change occurred, such as the creation of a new species

Quantitative method

A methodology that classifies features of a phenomenon, counting or measuring them and constructing mathematical and statistical models to explain what is observed

Plasticity

A particular form of developmental bias in which an organism responds to its environment by changing during its lifetime

Holistic perspective

A perspective that aims to identify and understand the whole—that is, the systematic connections between individual cultural beliefs and practices—rather than the individual parts

Functionalism

A perspective that assumes that cultural practices and beliefs serve social purposes in any society

Ethnographic method

A prolonged and intensive observation of and participation in the life of a community

Social sanction

A reaction or measure intended to enforce norms and punish their violation

Comparative method

A research method that derives insights from careful comparisons of aspects of two or more cultures or societies

Qualitative method

A research strategy producing an in-depth and detailed description of social activities and beliefs

" Gene

A segment of DNA that contains the code for a protein

Taxonomy

A system of naming and classifying organisms

Binomial nomenclature

A taxonomic system that assigns two names to organisms

Theory

A tested and repeatedly supported hypothesis

Interpretive theory of culture

A theory that culture is embodied and transmitted through symbols

Developmental systems theory

An approach that combines multiple dimensions and interactants toward understanding the development of organisms and systems and their evolutionary impact

Genotype

An organism's genetic component

Cross-cultural perspective

Analyzing a human social phenomenon by comparing that phenomenon in different cultures

Practicing anthropology

Anthropological work involving research as well as involvement in the design, implementation, and management of some organization, process, or product

Which of the following is the most significant aspect of the salvage paradigm

Anthropologists need to collect information from societies before they die out

Anthropologists overcome ethnocentrism by

Anthropologists overcome ethnocentrism by

The subfield of anthropology that studies the material remains of past cultures

Archaeology

The subfield of anthropology that studies human evolution, including human genetics and human nutrition

Biological Anthropology

A quantitative approach to studying the archaeological past would be most interested in

Building and testing hypotheses

Mutation

Change at the level of the DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

The thinker who developed evolutionary theory in the nineteenth century was

Charles Darwin

The historical practice of more powerful countries claiming possession of less powerful ones is called __________ and was a driving force in anthropology.

Colonialism

Collective definitions of proper and improper behavior that "build" meanings through common experiences and negotiations are cultural __________.

Constructs

The subfield of anthropology that studies human diversity, beliefs, and practices

Cultural Anthropology

The unilateral decision of one social group to take control of the symbols, objects, and practices of others is called .

Cultural appropriation

The moral and intellectual principle that one should withhold judgment about seemingly strange or exotic beliefs and practices is called?

Cultural relativism

Othering

Defining colonized peoples as different from, and subordinate to, Europeans in terms of their social, moral, and physical norms

The nineteenth-century British anthropologist credited with the development of the concept of culture through an evolutionary perspective was

E.B.taylor

Holism

Efforts to synthesize distinct approaches and findings into a single comprehensive interpretation

Constructivist approach

Emphasizes that a core dynamic of human biology and culture is processes of construction: the construction of meanings, social relationships, ecological niches, and developing bodies

Assuming your culture's way of doing things is the best is called

Ethnocentrism

The experience of feeling that the way your culture does things is the right way and any different way of doing things is wrong is called .

Ethnocentrism

The method of data collection that involves prolonged and intensive observation of everyday life and is a hallmark of cultural anthropology is the ____________.

Ethnographic Method

The theory of culture that proposes that cultural practices, beliefs, and institutions fulfill the psychological and physical needs of society is called

Functionalism

Who was responsible for the theory of functionalism?

Hilary Putnam

The perspective that aims to identify and understand cultures in the entirety is called

Holistic Perspective

Protein synthesis

How DNA assists in the creation of the molecules that make up organisms (proteins)

Reproductive success

How many surviving offspring an organism has

Linguistic anthropologists traditionally study

How our language evolved, how our mouths form words, and how indigenous people classify their social worlds

A key element of the scientific method, which both explains things and guides research, is

Hypotheses

Why is AIDS having a more dramatic effect on populations in sub-Saharan African than in North America and Europe?

In sub-Saharan Africa, people have limited access to medicine that makes AIDS a manageable condition

The defining feature of historical particularism is

Individual societies develop particular cultural traits and undergo a unique process of change

What process involves shifting from an agricultural economy to a factory-based one

Industrialization

Who was responsible for the theory of social evolution?

Lewis Henry Morgan

The subfield of anthropology that studies language use

Linguistic anthropology

Customs

Long-established norms that have a codified and lawlike aspect

A biological anthropologist interested in health and illness would study

Medical anthropology

Ethics

Moral questions about right and wrong and standards of appropriate behavior

Social institutions

Organized sets of social relationships that link individuals to each other in a structured way in a particular society

Tradition

Practices and customs that have become most ritualized and enduring

Western colonial powers understood the different customs and cultures of the people they colonized as

Proof of their primitive nature

Research that involves interviews, observations, images, objects, and words is a __________ study.

Qualitative research

Anthropocene

Refers to the geological epoch defined by substantial human influence over ecosystems

Symbol

Something—an object, idea, image, figure, or character—that represents something else

14 Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Spiral-shaped molecule strands that contains the biological information for the cell

Values

Symbolic expressions of intrinsically desirable principles or qualities

Evolution

The adaptive changes in populations of organisms across generations

Ethnocentrism

The assumption that one's own way of doing things is correct, while dismissing other people's practices or views as wrong or ignorant

Epigenetic system of inheritance

The biological aspects of bodies that work in combination with the genes and their protein products, such as the machinery of the cells, the chemical interactions between cells, and reactions between types of tissue and organs in the body

Biocultural

The complex intersections of biological, psychological, and cultural processes

Even though anthropologists use parts of the scientific method, some don't see what they do as science because.

The complexity of social behavior

Adaptation

The development of a trait that plays a functional role in the ability of a life form to survive and reproduce

Industrialization

The economic process of shifting from an agricultural economy to a factory-based one

Colonialism

The historical practice of more powerful countries claiming possession of less powerful ones

Cultural determinism

The idea that all human actions are the product of culture, which denies the influence of other factors, such as physical environment and human biology, on human behavior

Developmental bias

The idea that not all variations are random, but a function of the developmental processes organisms undergo during their lives that tend to generate certain forms more readily than others

Developmental bias

The idea that not all variations are random, but are a function of the developmental processes organisms undergo during their lives that tend to generate certain forms more readily than others

Cultural construction

The meanings, concepts, and practices that people build out of their shared and collective experiences

Cultural relativism

The moral and intellectual principle that one should withhold judgment about seemingly strange or exotic beliefs and practices

Gene flow

The movement of genetic material within and between populations

Phenotype

The observable and measurable traits of an organism

Salvage paradigm

The paradigm which held that it was important to observe indigenous ways of life, interview elders, and assemble collections of objects made and used by indigenous peoples

The primary ethical responsibility of anthropologists is to (who):

The people or species they study

Essentialism

The philosophical position that dictates that each organism has a true, ideal form and that all living representatives of that organism are slight deviations from the ideal type

Replication

The process by which DNA makes copies of itself

Mitosis

The process of cell division and replication

Meiosis

The process of gamete production

Enculturation

The process of learning the social rules and cultural logic of a society

16 Natural selection

The process through which certain heritable traits become more or less common in a population related to the reproductive success of organisms interacting with their environments

Diversity

The sheer variety of ways of being human around the world

The term diversity, when defined anthropologically, means?

The sheer variety of ways of being human around the world.

Extra-genetic inheritance

The socially transmitted and epigenetic factors that can aid in the adaptive success of organisms

Scientific method

The standard methodology of science that begins from observable facts, generates hypotheses from these facts, and then tests these hypotheses

Linguistic anthropology

The study of how people communicate with one other another through language and how language use shapes group membership and identity

Anthropology

The study of human beings, their biology, their pre-prehistory and histories, and their changing languages, cultures, and social institutions Applied anthropology: Anthropological research commissioned to serve an organization's needs

Archaeology

The study of past cultures, by excavating sites where people lived, worked, farmed, or conducted some other activity

Biological anthropology

The study of the biological aspects of the human species, past and present, along with those of our closest relatives, the nonhuman primates

Cultural anthropology

The study of the social lives of living communities

Culture

The taken-for-granted notions, rules, moralities, and behaviors within a social group

Behavioral system of inheritance

The types of patterned behaviors that parents and adults pass on to young members of their group by way of learning and imitation

Cultural appropriation

The unilateral decision of one social group to take control over the symbols, practices, or objects of another

Geneticization

The use of genetics to explain health and social problems rather than other possible causes

Alleles

The variants in the DNA sequences for a given gene

Modern Synthesis

The view of evolution that accepts the existence of four genetically based processes of evolution: mutation, natural selection, gene flow, and genetic drift

15 Extended Evolutionary Synthesis

The view of evolution that accepts the existence of not just genetically based, but also non-genetically based, processes of evolution: developmental bias, plasticity, niche construction, and extra-genetic inheritance

Shared characteristics

Traits of structures shared by all or most species in a group because they are inherited from a common ancestral species

Shared derived characteristics

Traits that evolved after all the species being compared shared a common ancestor, but prior to some more recent speciation events

Derived characteristics

Traits unique to a species that evolved after two or more species who have shared a common ancestor diverged

Norms

Typical patterns of actual behavior as well as the rules about how things should be done

Research institutes and universities where research is conducted are required by law to have __________, which monitor all human subjects-based research

U.S. Federal Policy for the Protection of Human Subjects

Empirical

Verifiable through observation rather than through logic or theory

Niche construction

When organisms play an active role in their evolution by reshaping the environment to suit their own needs

The Greek philosopher Aristotle proposed that all life was arranged in

a great chain of being

Biocultural evolutionary theory has led to questions about the merits of reductionist thinking, and how it tends to oversimplify. One of the more productive results of this critique has been the application in anthropology of

a holistic approach to evolution

The idea that Ongee ancestors make tidal waves and earthquakes would be understood by an interpretive anthropologist as

a way of explaining how the world works

Which of the following is an example of cultural appropriation?

adoption of the iconography

Comparing DNA sequences allows us to understand whether organisms are connected through common_______

ancestors

The peppered moth is a classic example of how environmental factors

can have a affect on species

When Kay Warren presented her anthropological research, a group of Maya intellectuals, activists, and political leaders

challenged her right to study the Maya culture as a foreign anthropologist

The construction of meaning, social relationships, and niches are all part of a larger theoretical framework that anthropologists refer to as the

constructivist approach

Anthropologists who study human biocultural evolution believe that evolution

continues in all organisms until they are extinct

Anthropologists believe that analyzing human cultural phenomena by comparing those phenomena across different societies, called the approach, is necessary to appreciate how "artificial" our beliefs and actions are

cross-cultural perspective

A key feature of the __________ concept is that it refers to the taken-for-granted notions, rules, moralities, and behaviors within a social group that feel natural.

culture

The symbolic system of inheritance works through the establishment of

culture and language

The ability of African cichlids, a popular pet fish, to develop highly similar body shapes despite coming from two different and geographically distant environments is an example of

developmental bias

_____________emerges when genetic variation within a group grows so large that its members begin exhibiting important genetic and physical differences.

domestication

The process of learning culture from a very young age is called

enculturation

If you wanted to understand the norms of a society, you would most likely focus on

everyday interactions

__________ refers to the adaptive changes that organisms make across generations.

evolution

The refinement of Darwin's theory has shown that

evolution can only be measured or seen across generations within a population.

Activities that are biologically based, such as eating and sleeping, are universally the same for all humans

false

All humans are born with some culture

false

Anthropologists have always approached a problem by specializing in one of the four subfields

false

Contemporary cultural anthropologists often rank societies along an evolutionary scale from"primitive" to "advanced.

false

Cultural relativism is important because it helps anthropologists understand and defend all the things that people in other cultures do

false

Gene flow can occur because of intentional changes in immigration policies in a particular country.

false

Gene flow is the movement of genetic material across different ecosystems.

false

Historical archaeologists excavate sites where there are no written or oral histories

false

Most anthropologists believe in a single unified theory of culture.

false

Non-random mating among the Hutterite sect in Canada is a good example of how genetic drift works.

false

People rarely hold conflicting values.

false

Qualitative methods often use the researchers themselves as the research instrument.

false

The scientific method is a research method in pursuit of the ultimate truths

false

Variation in genes acts as the sole source for biological change of traits in an organism

false

anthropologists never disguise their informants' identities in order to preserve the transparency of their research process.

false

When cultural anthropologists live in societies for one or more years observing social life, they are doing __________.

fieldwork

The American anthropologist responsible for the concept of historical particularism was named

franz boas

The theory that posits that cultural practices and beliefs serve purposes for society is called .

functionalism

The recent upsurge in migration due to refugees seeking safety from war zones provides biological anthropologists an easy opportunity to observe and document

gene flow

Individuals migrating from one country to another can fundamentally alter genetic variation in all members of both populations because of________________

genetic drift

According to the extended evolutionary synthesis, parents who teach their young a particular behavior that aids in their evolutionary success are practicing_________.

genetic flow

The controversy between Native Americans National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) schools using mascots illustrates

how powerful such traditions can be

One of the key popular misunderstandings about the causes of obesity is

humans have a normal diet

The practice of anthropologists explaining their research to participants and being clear about the risks involved is called __________.

informed consent

Because our values and beliefs include many elements of life such as clothes, food, and language means that culture is

integrated

An __________ approach to culture, such as that promoted by Clifford Geertz, Victor Turner, and Mary Douglas, emphasizes that culture is a shared system of meanings

interpretive

Michael Ames developed exhibits with native Canadian communities at the Museum of Anthropology at the University of British Columbia because he believed in __________

interpretive theory

The application of the comparative method in his research in Papua New Guinea led coauthor Robert Welsch to focus on

interviews of village elders in different villages, published and unpublished accounts of mask collectors who visited different villages, and museum

Cultural determinism is unproductive for cultural analysis because

it denies the influence of other factors like physical environment and human biology on behavior.

How would a critical relativist explain Native American criticisms of cultural appropriation?

it is important to understand Native American claims from their point of view though it doesn't necessarily mean we should accept them as the only way to view the issue

The reason biocultural anthropology rejects the genetic system of inheritance as the only means of understanding human evolution is that

it is too narrow to appreciate the complexity of human inheritance

Loss of genetic variation occurring when a small population creates a new, usually isolated, community is known as the __________

macroevolution

Plasticity can be understood as not being Lamarckian because

modification happens before genetic changes appear that keep the change in place across generations

If you observed gradual changes in environmental temperature and, at the same time, observed that there were changes in the phenotype of a butterfly species over fifteen generations, which theory might best help explain what is going on?

natural selection

One of the central ideas of Darwin's theory of evolution was the idea that

natural selection

The process by which inheritable traits are passed along to offspring because they are better suited to the environment is

natural selection

In terms of the extended evolutionary synthesis, large-scale agriculture, which produces massive amounts of both food and pollution, can be understood as a form of

niche construction

Termites in the wild construct huge "mounds" as a habitat. From the perspective of biocultural evolutionary concepts, termites and their engineering feats are involved in a type of

niche construction

One of the key aspects of biocultural evolution is that there is

no specific direction or goal as an outcome

Norms are stable because

people learn them from an early age and b/c of the social pressure to conform

The structuralist approach to culture theorizes what?

people make sense of the world through binary oppositions

A ____________ chart the evolutionary history of a particular taxonomic branch and yields information about its ancestry.

phylogenetic tree

If you wanted to study genetic drift in Hutterite colonies such as those in which Michael Park studied gene flow, you would be interested in

population records that suggest a dramatic reduction in population

The idea that embraces dynamic cultural processes and the idea that the observer of cultural processes can never see culture completely objectively represent

post- structuralism

The broadest category of anthropological work is known as __________ in which the anthropologist not only performs research but is involved in the design, implementation, and management of the some organization, process, or product

practicing anthropology

Techniques that classify features of a phenomenon and count, measure, and construct statistical models are collecting and analyzing

quantitative data

The theorist most connected with post-structuralism is

renato rosaldo

"Survival of the fittest" is taken to mean competition for __________.

reproduction

The idea that cultures pass through stages from primitive to complex is known as .

social evolution

A key principle of the holistic perspective developed by Franz Boas is

synthesizing the entire context of human experience

A cross-cultural perspective on eating insect larvae would reveal

the artificiality of taste the cultural constructions insects as food that eating insects can be adaptive

A qualitative approach to studying social life in your university would emphasize all of the following except

the construction of statistical models to explain activities in the community

What prompted intellectuals to start systematically explaining the differences among people?

the industrial revolution

The application of a holistic perspective to understand changes in everyday practices, such as eating breakfast cereals, reveals.

the interconnections between different domains of a society

If a functionalist were to explain why the teacher lectures from the front of the classroom to students organized in neatly arranged chairs, she or he would emphasize that

this way of teaching organizes people to promote shared cultural goals

The main idea behind the holistic perspective is to study culture

through systematic connections of different parts

One of the more important ways that anthropology contributes to the development of evolutionary theory is that

through the choice of a sexual partner

The most enduring and ritualized aspects of culture are referred to as

tradition

) Clyde Kluckhohn argued that both biological and cultural aspects of humanity must be seen as a continuum of small changes.

true

) The rise in obesity can only be explained by "thrifty genes" and genetic predispositions

true

A change in DNA sequence leading to variation is known as mutation

true

A key concern in the 1850s that shaped the discipline of anthropology was the emergence of a new scientific theory called "evolution."

true

Cultural appropriation involves relationships of power.

true

Culture can be transmitted virtually through the Internet in addition to face-to-face interaction

true

Culture is uniquely human

true

Diversity, defined anthropologically, refers to both multiplicity and variety, which is not thesame thing as "difference

true

Many evolutionary processes interact to affect the organism

true

The physical characteristics of any organism that can be seen are known as the phenotype.

true

There is rarely any guessing involved in the development of theories because they are tested repeatedly.

true

A focus on __________ helps anthropologists understand intrinsically desirable principles held by a group of people.

values

The core idea of Darwin's and Wallace's ideas—descent with modifications via natural selection—is intimately tied to what larger force?

variation


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