Anthropology test 1
An ethical approach to anthropological research would emphasize
-it denies the influence of factors like physical environment and biology on humans-it can justify atrocities-it explains all human action as the product of culture alone
When did anthropology emerge as an academic discipline?
1800s
Genetic drift
A change in genetic variation across generations due to random factors
Population
A cluster of individuals of the same species who share a common geographical area and find their mates more often in their own cluster than in others
Founder effect
A form of genetic drift that is the result of a dramatic reduction in population numbers so that descendent populations are descended from a small number of "founders
Phylogeny
A graphic representation that traces the evolutionary relationships and identifies points when an evolutionary event or change occurred, such as the creation of a new species
Quantitative method
A methodology that classifies features of a phenomenon, counting or measuring them and constructing mathematical and statistical models to explain what is observed
Plasticity
A particular form of developmental bias in which an organism responds to its environment by changing during its lifetime
Holistic perspective
A perspective that aims to identify and understand the whole—that is, the systematic connections between individual cultural beliefs and practices—rather than the individual parts
Functionalism
A perspective that assumes that cultural practices and beliefs serve social purposes in any society
Ethnographic method
A prolonged and intensive observation of and participation in the life of a community
Social sanction
A reaction or measure intended to enforce norms and punish their violation
Comparative method
A research method that derives insights from careful comparisons of aspects of two or more cultures or societies
Qualitative method
A research strategy producing an in-depth and detailed description of social activities and beliefs
" Gene
A segment of DNA that contains the code for a protein
Taxonomy
A system of naming and classifying organisms
Binomial nomenclature
A taxonomic system that assigns two names to organisms
Theory
A tested and repeatedly supported hypothesis
Interpretive theory of culture
A theory that culture is embodied and transmitted through symbols
Developmental systems theory
An approach that combines multiple dimensions and interactants toward understanding the development of organisms and systems and their evolutionary impact
Genotype
An organism's genetic component
Cross-cultural perspective
Analyzing a human social phenomenon by comparing that phenomenon in different cultures
Practicing anthropology
Anthropological work involving research as well as involvement in the design, implementation, and management of some organization, process, or product
Which of the following is the most significant aspect of the salvage paradigm
Anthropologists need to collect information from societies before they die out
Anthropologists overcome ethnocentrism by
Anthropologists overcome ethnocentrism by
The subfield of anthropology that studies the material remains of past cultures
Archaeology
The subfield of anthropology that studies human evolution, including human genetics and human nutrition
Biological Anthropology
A quantitative approach to studying the archaeological past would be most interested in
Building and testing hypotheses
Mutation
Change at the level of the DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
The thinker who developed evolutionary theory in the nineteenth century was
Charles Darwin
The historical practice of more powerful countries claiming possession of less powerful ones is called __________ and was a driving force in anthropology.
Colonialism
Collective definitions of proper and improper behavior that "build" meanings through common experiences and negotiations are cultural __________.
Constructs
The subfield of anthropology that studies human diversity, beliefs, and practices
Cultural Anthropology
The unilateral decision of one social group to take control of the symbols, objects, and practices of others is called .
Cultural appropriation
The moral and intellectual principle that one should withhold judgment about seemingly strange or exotic beliefs and practices is called?
Cultural relativism
Othering
Defining colonized peoples as different from, and subordinate to, Europeans in terms of their social, moral, and physical norms
The nineteenth-century British anthropologist credited with the development of the concept of culture through an evolutionary perspective was
E.B.taylor
Holism
Efforts to synthesize distinct approaches and findings into a single comprehensive interpretation
Constructivist approach
Emphasizes that a core dynamic of human biology and culture is processes of construction: the construction of meanings, social relationships, ecological niches, and developing bodies
Assuming your culture's way of doing things is the best is called
Ethnocentrism
The experience of feeling that the way your culture does things is the right way and any different way of doing things is wrong is called .
Ethnocentrism
The method of data collection that involves prolonged and intensive observation of everyday life and is a hallmark of cultural anthropology is the ____________.
Ethnographic Method
The theory of culture that proposes that cultural practices, beliefs, and institutions fulfill the psychological and physical needs of society is called
Functionalism
Who was responsible for the theory of functionalism?
Hilary Putnam
The perspective that aims to identify and understand cultures in the entirety is called
Holistic Perspective
Protein synthesis
How DNA assists in the creation of the molecules that make up organisms (proteins)
Reproductive success
How many surviving offspring an organism has
Linguistic anthropologists traditionally study
How our language evolved, how our mouths form words, and how indigenous people classify their social worlds
A key element of the scientific method, which both explains things and guides research, is
Hypotheses
Why is AIDS having a more dramatic effect on populations in sub-Saharan African than in North America and Europe?
In sub-Saharan Africa, people have limited access to medicine that makes AIDS a manageable condition
The defining feature of historical particularism is
Individual societies develop particular cultural traits and undergo a unique process of change
What process involves shifting from an agricultural economy to a factory-based one
Industrialization
Who was responsible for the theory of social evolution?
Lewis Henry Morgan
The subfield of anthropology that studies language use
Linguistic anthropology
Customs
Long-established norms that have a codified and lawlike aspect
A biological anthropologist interested in health and illness would study
Medical anthropology
Ethics
Moral questions about right and wrong and standards of appropriate behavior
Social institutions
Organized sets of social relationships that link individuals to each other in a structured way in a particular society
Tradition
Practices and customs that have become most ritualized and enduring
Western colonial powers understood the different customs and cultures of the people they colonized as
Proof of their primitive nature
Research that involves interviews, observations, images, objects, and words is a __________ study.
Qualitative research
Anthropocene
Refers to the geological epoch defined by substantial human influence over ecosystems
Symbol
Something—an object, idea, image, figure, or character—that represents something else
14 Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Spiral-shaped molecule strands that contains the biological information for the cell
Values
Symbolic expressions of intrinsically desirable principles or qualities
Evolution
The adaptive changes in populations of organisms across generations
Ethnocentrism
The assumption that one's own way of doing things is correct, while dismissing other people's practices or views as wrong or ignorant
Epigenetic system of inheritance
The biological aspects of bodies that work in combination with the genes and their protein products, such as the machinery of the cells, the chemical interactions between cells, and reactions between types of tissue and organs in the body
Biocultural
The complex intersections of biological, psychological, and cultural processes
Even though anthropologists use parts of the scientific method, some don't see what they do as science because.
The complexity of social behavior
Adaptation
The development of a trait that plays a functional role in the ability of a life form to survive and reproduce
Industrialization
The economic process of shifting from an agricultural economy to a factory-based one
Colonialism
The historical practice of more powerful countries claiming possession of less powerful ones
Cultural determinism
The idea that all human actions are the product of culture, which denies the influence of other factors, such as physical environment and human biology, on human behavior
Developmental bias
The idea that not all variations are random, but a function of the developmental processes organisms undergo during their lives that tend to generate certain forms more readily than others
Developmental bias
The idea that not all variations are random, but are a function of the developmental processes organisms undergo during their lives that tend to generate certain forms more readily than others
Cultural construction
The meanings, concepts, and practices that people build out of their shared and collective experiences
Cultural relativism
The moral and intellectual principle that one should withhold judgment about seemingly strange or exotic beliefs and practices
Gene flow
The movement of genetic material within and between populations
Phenotype
The observable and measurable traits of an organism
Salvage paradigm
The paradigm which held that it was important to observe indigenous ways of life, interview elders, and assemble collections of objects made and used by indigenous peoples
The primary ethical responsibility of anthropologists is to (who):
The people or species they study
Essentialism
The philosophical position that dictates that each organism has a true, ideal form and that all living representatives of that organism are slight deviations from the ideal type
Replication
The process by which DNA makes copies of itself
Mitosis
The process of cell division and replication
Meiosis
The process of gamete production
Enculturation
The process of learning the social rules and cultural logic of a society
16 Natural selection
The process through which certain heritable traits become more or less common in a population related to the reproductive success of organisms interacting with their environments
Diversity
The sheer variety of ways of being human around the world
The term diversity, when defined anthropologically, means?
The sheer variety of ways of being human around the world.
Extra-genetic inheritance
The socially transmitted and epigenetic factors that can aid in the adaptive success of organisms
Scientific method
The standard methodology of science that begins from observable facts, generates hypotheses from these facts, and then tests these hypotheses
Linguistic anthropology
The study of how people communicate with one other another through language and how language use shapes group membership and identity
Anthropology
The study of human beings, their biology, their pre-prehistory and histories, and their changing languages, cultures, and social institutions Applied anthropology: Anthropological research commissioned to serve an organization's needs
Archaeology
The study of past cultures, by excavating sites where people lived, worked, farmed, or conducted some other activity
Biological anthropology
The study of the biological aspects of the human species, past and present, along with those of our closest relatives, the nonhuman primates
Cultural anthropology
The study of the social lives of living communities
Culture
The taken-for-granted notions, rules, moralities, and behaviors within a social group
Behavioral system of inheritance
The types of patterned behaviors that parents and adults pass on to young members of their group by way of learning and imitation
Cultural appropriation
The unilateral decision of one social group to take control over the symbols, practices, or objects of another
Geneticization
The use of genetics to explain health and social problems rather than other possible causes
Alleles
The variants in the DNA sequences for a given gene
Modern Synthesis
The view of evolution that accepts the existence of four genetically based processes of evolution: mutation, natural selection, gene flow, and genetic drift
15 Extended Evolutionary Synthesis
The view of evolution that accepts the existence of not just genetically based, but also non-genetically based, processes of evolution: developmental bias, plasticity, niche construction, and extra-genetic inheritance
Shared characteristics
Traits of structures shared by all or most species in a group because they are inherited from a common ancestral species
Shared derived characteristics
Traits that evolved after all the species being compared shared a common ancestor, but prior to some more recent speciation events
Derived characteristics
Traits unique to a species that evolved after two or more species who have shared a common ancestor diverged
Norms
Typical patterns of actual behavior as well as the rules about how things should be done
Research institutes and universities where research is conducted are required by law to have __________, which monitor all human subjects-based research
U.S. Federal Policy for the Protection of Human Subjects
Empirical
Verifiable through observation rather than through logic or theory
Niche construction
When organisms play an active role in their evolution by reshaping the environment to suit their own needs
The Greek philosopher Aristotle proposed that all life was arranged in
a great chain of being
Biocultural evolutionary theory has led to questions about the merits of reductionist thinking, and how it tends to oversimplify. One of the more productive results of this critique has been the application in anthropology of
a holistic approach to evolution
The idea that Ongee ancestors make tidal waves and earthquakes would be understood by an interpretive anthropologist as
a way of explaining how the world works
Which of the following is an example of cultural appropriation?
adoption of the iconography
Comparing DNA sequences allows us to understand whether organisms are connected through common_______
ancestors
The peppered moth is a classic example of how environmental factors
can have a affect on species
When Kay Warren presented her anthropological research, a group of Maya intellectuals, activists, and political leaders
challenged her right to study the Maya culture as a foreign anthropologist
The construction of meaning, social relationships, and niches are all part of a larger theoretical framework that anthropologists refer to as the
constructivist approach
Anthropologists who study human biocultural evolution believe that evolution
continues in all organisms until they are extinct
Anthropologists believe that analyzing human cultural phenomena by comparing those phenomena across different societies, called the approach, is necessary to appreciate how "artificial" our beliefs and actions are
cross-cultural perspective
A key feature of the __________ concept is that it refers to the taken-for-granted notions, rules, moralities, and behaviors within a social group that feel natural.
culture
The symbolic system of inheritance works through the establishment of
culture and language
The ability of African cichlids, a popular pet fish, to develop highly similar body shapes despite coming from two different and geographically distant environments is an example of
developmental bias
_____________emerges when genetic variation within a group grows so large that its members begin exhibiting important genetic and physical differences.
domestication
The process of learning culture from a very young age is called
enculturation
If you wanted to understand the norms of a society, you would most likely focus on
everyday interactions
__________ refers to the adaptive changes that organisms make across generations.
evolution
The refinement of Darwin's theory has shown that
evolution can only be measured or seen across generations within a population.
Activities that are biologically based, such as eating and sleeping, are universally the same for all humans
false
All humans are born with some culture
false
Anthropologists have always approached a problem by specializing in one of the four subfields
false
Contemporary cultural anthropologists often rank societies along an evolutionary scale from"primitive" to "advanced.
false
Cultural relativism is important because it helps anthropologists understand and defend all the things that people in other cultures do
false
Gene flow can occur because of intentional changes in immigration policies in a particular country.
false
Gene flow is the movement of genetic material across different ecosystems.
false
Historical archaeologists excavate sites where there are no written or oral histories
false
Most anthropologists believe in a single unified theory of culture.
false
Non-random mating among the Hutterite sect in Canada is a good example of how genetic drift works.
false
People rarely hold conflicting values.
false
Qualitative methods often use the researchers themselves as the research instrument.
false
The scientific method is a research method in pursuit of the ultimate truths
false
Variation in genes acts as the sole source for biological change of traits in an organism
false
anthropologists never disguise their informants' identities in order to preserve the transparency of their research process.
false
When cultural anthropologists live in societies for one or more years observing social life, they are doing __________.
fieldwork
The American anthropologist responsible for the concept of historical particularism was named
franz boas
The theory that posits that cultural practices and beliefs serve purposes for society is called .
functionalism
The recent upsurge in migration due to refugees seeking safety from war zones provides biological anthropologists an easy opportunity to observe and document
gene flow
Individuals migrating from one country to another can fundamentally alter genetic variation in all members of both populations because of________________
genetic drift
According to the extended evolutionary synthesis, parents who teach their young a particular behavior that aids in their evolutionary success are practicing_________.
genetic flow
The controversy between Native Americans National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) schools using mascots illustrates
how powerful such traditions can be
One of the key popular misunderstandings about the causes of obesity is
humans have a normal diet
The practice of anthropologists explaining their research to participants and being clear about the risks involved is called __________.
informed consent
Because our values and beliefs include many elements of life such as clothes, food, and language means that culture is
integrated
An __________ approach to culture, such as that promoted by Clifford Geertz, Victor Turner, and Mary Douglas, emphasizes that culture is a shared system of meanings
interpretive
Michael Ames developed exhibits with native Canadian communities at the Museum of Anthropology at the University of British Columbia because he believed in __________
interpretive theory
The application of the comparative method in his research in Papua New Guinea led coauthor Robert Welsch to focus on
interviews of village elders in different villages, published and unpublished accounts of mask collectors who visited different villages, and museum
Cultural determinism is unproductive for cultural analysis because
it denies the influence of other factors like physical environment and human biology on behavior.
How would a critical relativist explain Native American criticisms of cultural appropriation?
it is important to understand Native American claims from their point of view though it doesn't necessarily mean we should accept them as the only way to view the issue
The reason biocultural anthropology rejects the genetic system of inheritance as the only means of understanding human evolution is that
it is too narrow to appreciate the complexity of human inheritance
Loss of genetic variation occurring when a small population creates a new, usually isolated, community is known as the __________
macroevolution
Plasticity can be understood as not being Lamarckian because
modification happens before genetic changes appear that keep the change in place across generations
If you observed gradual changes in environmental temperature and, at the same time, observed that there were changes in the phenotype of a butterfly species over fifteen generations, which theory might best help explain what is going on?
natural selection
One of the central ideas of Darwin's theory of evolution was the idea that
natural selection
The process by which inheritable traits are passed along to offspring because they are better suited to the environment is
natural selection
In terms of the extended evolutionary synthesis, large-scale agriculture, which produces massive amounts of both food and pollution, can be understood as a form of
niche construction
Termites in the wild construct huge "mounds" as a habitat. From the perspective of biocultural evolutionary concepts, termites and their engineering feats are involved in a type of
niche construction
One of the key aspects of biocultural evolution is that there is
no specific direction or goal as an outcome
Norms are stable because
people learn them from an early age and b/c of the social pressure to conform
The structuralist approach to culture theorizes what?
people make sense of the world through binary oppositions
A ____________ chart the evolutionary history of a particular taxonomic branch and yields information about its ancestry.
phylogenetic tree
If you wanted to study genetic drift in Hutterite colonies such as those in which Michael Park studied gene flow, you would be interested in
population records that suggest a dramatic reduction in population
The idea that embraces dynamic cultural processes and the idea that the observer of cultural processes can never see culture completely objectively represent
post- structuralism
The broadest category of anthropological work is known as __________ in which the anthropologist not only performs research but is involved in the design, implementation, and management of the some organization, process, or product
practicing anthropology
Techniques that classify features of a phenomenon and count, measure, and construct statistical models are collecting and analyzing
quantitative data
The theorist most connected with post-structuralism is
renato rosaldo
"Survival of the fittest" is taken to mean competition for __________.
reproduction
The idea that cultures pass through stages from primitive to complex is known as .
social evolution
A key principle of the holistic perspective developed by Franz Boas is
synthesizing the entire context of human experience
A cross-cultural perspective on eating insect larvae would reveal
the artificiality of taste the cultural constructions insects as food that eating insects can be adaptive
A qualitative approach to studying social life in your university would emphasize all of the following except
the construction of statistical models to explain activities in the community
What prompted intellectuals to start systematically explaining the differences among people?
the industrial revolution
The application of a holistic perspective to understand changes in everyday practices, such as eating breakfast cereals, reveals.
the interconnections between different domains of a society
If a functionalist were to explain why the teacher lectures from the front of the classroom to students organized in neatly arranged chairs, she or he would emphasize that
this way of teaching organizes people to promote shared cultural goals
The main idea behind the holistic perspective is to study culture
through systematic connections of different parts
One of the more important ways that anthropology contributes to the development of evolutionary theory is that
through the choice of a sexual partner
The most enduring and ritualized aspects of culture are referred to as
tradition
) Clyde Kluckhohn argued that both biological and cultural aspects of humanity must be seen as a continuum of small changes.
true
) The rise in obesity can only be explained by "thrifty genes" and genetic predispositions
true
A change in DNA sequence leading to variation is known as mutation
true
A key concern in the 1850s that shaped the discipline of anthropology was the emergence of a new scientific theory called "evolution."
true
Cultural appropriation involves relationships of power.
true
Culture can be transmitted virtually through the Internet in addition to face-to-face interaction
true
Culture is uniquely human
true
Diversity, defined anthropologically, refers to both multiplicity and variety, which is not thesame thing as "difference
true
Many evolutionary processes interact to affect the organism
true
The physical characteristics of any organism that can be seen are known as the phenotype.
true
There is rarely any guessing involved in the development of theories because they are tested repeatedly.
true
A focus on __________ helps anthropologists understand intrinsically desirable principles held by a group of people.
values
The core idea of Darwin's and Wallace's ideas—descent with modifications via natural selection—is intimately tied to what larger force?
variation
