Anthropology test 2

When anthropologists study the way people use language in real settings rather than as a set of grammatical rules, they are focusing on:

langue

A believer in cultural imperialism would explain that people who watch American television in remote places like a Walpiri camp in the Australian outback are

learning importance about life in america

The recent rise of autonomy movements among Hawaiian separatists and Zapatistas in Mexico are examples of

localization

If you studied speech patterns such as those analyzed in Robin Lakoff's study of gendered speech, you might find that "talking like a lady"

marginalizes women's voices in work contexts

Rapid increases in the scale and amount of communication

mean that people in remote places can be in contact with people all over the world

People who leave their homes to work for a time in other regions or countries are called

migrants

Words that differ by only one single sound contrast, like in the case of "ban," "man," and "pan," are called _______ pairs.

minimal pairs

How words fit together to make meaningful units is called

morphology

The study of grammatical categories, such as tense and word order, is called

morphology

Anthropologists use _______________ to juxtapose phenomena that were once thought worlds apart

multisited

Anthropologist Sherry Ortner distinguished three kinds of culturally powerful symbols:

narrative symbols

4. If you wanted to understand very early, nonliving human beings, you would likely engage in

paleoanthropology

When language speakers use slang or metaphor, they are engaging in which concept suggested by French linguist Ferdinand de Saussure?

parole

Animal call systems are

patterned sounds or utterances that express meaning

As a method, the ethnography of speaking draws on the technique of

people actually speak from the ideal ways that people in any culture are supposed to speak.

The approach that compares ancient texts and documents to analyze long-term linguistic change is called ____________.

philology is

_____________ refers to the structure of speech sounds

phonology

If you were conducting a symbolic analysis of TV programs and wanted to identify a key scenario such as the Horatio Alger myth, which of the following would you focus on?

plots that are repeated in many of the programs that American viewers interpret as commonplace social experiences

Cultural anthropologists face an ethical responsibility in their work and so must disclose to informants

reason for doing the research

If you were a linguistic anthropologist interested in language change in smaller American cities, building on William Labov's studies from the 1980s, what method would you use?

record how younger people, middle age people, and senior citizens pronounce ordinary American words.

Brent Berlin and Paul Kay found that if a language had only three color terms, they would always be black (dark), white (light), and ______.

red

One of the methods that archaeologists can use to determine potentially useful areas to excavate involves the use of

regional survey, GIS systems, surface surveys, aerial

. Among cultural anthropologists, fieldwork involves

relatively isolated cultures and they could study everything about such culture.

Remote sensing techniques are

reveal the original arrangement and structure of a ste

The ability to document changes in pottery styles in non-living societies happens through

seriation

A stoplight is a visual example of which of the following?

sign

On the island of Java in Indonesia, nearly every sentence marks a person's ____________ between speaker and listener.

social position

________ is the study of how sociocultural norms and contexts shape language use in society.

sociolinguistics

Environmental changes make it essential that an archaeologist understand the proximal relationship of ___________ and habitation sites.

stratigraphy

If you wanted to have consistent responses, what kind of interview would you use?

survey interview

The Canadian government helps preserve the use of French by requiring all official documents to be written in both English and French. The provincial government of the Canadian province of Quebec has implemented further regulations that require that signs have French letters larger than English letters. Why is the size of letters important?

symbolically, the size of the letters suggests the importance of the language

_______ are words or objects that stand for something else.

symbols

A synonym for hybridization is:

syncretism friction creolization

In order to be certain that a particular area holds promise for paleoanthropological research, what is first used to evaluate the site?

test pits

If you studied the deeply buried remains of a 15,000-year-old funerary site in the Gobi Desert you would be least likely to analyze

the age of any artifacts

If Benjamin Whorf were trying to find further proof that grammar shapes the way people perceive the world, which of the following would not be a focus of his research?

the density of the population in the several communities

A key difference between anthropologists of development and development anthropologists is

the first are analysts of development; the second seek ways to influence it from within

A key feature of financial globalization is

the reduction or elimination of tariffs to promote trade

In a study on the Olympics a hybridization theorist would likely focus on

the unexpected social patterns that emerge from intermingling between athletes, fans , and officials from different countries

A central feature of cultural convergence theories is that

they explain that apparent decline of cultural diversity

James Ferguson, who is an anthropologist of development, argues that development exists

to expand state power

The ability to discover ancient remains and draw inferences about our earliest human ancestors is sometimes helped by

trace fossils

Often, anthropologists use the term ___________ rather than "globalization" to refer to the "global" circulation of goods and people.

transitional

A critical reason for taking field notes is that there may be a long lag time between fieldwork and writing and publishing about it. T/F

true

Although language is one of the most rule-bound aspects of human culture, it is also one of the least conscious. T/F

true

Anthropologists believe that the "native point of view" is better than their own. T/F

true

Localization is the flip side of globalization. T/F

true

The processes of capital accumulation and the expansion of European colonialism disrupted many societies. T/F

true

Using life history interviews, researchers are able to.

understand how a person's age affects his or her role in the community.

In evolutionary terms humans are distinct from other primates with respect to their ability to use language because

we can speak using our larynx

Promoters of globalization highlight which of the following?

winners, the more open the economy the better the country will be

Which locations would you likely find an anthropologist doing fieldwork?

All the above

Koko and Washo were two primates who had learned

American Sign Language

When archaeologists recover and analyze ancient non-fossilized remains, such as the teeth found in Hoyo Negro, they are most likely to use

DNA Analysis

Because of the widespread use of mass media today, sociolinguists have found increasing homogeneity in the use of language in the United States. T/F

False

Countries find it relatively easy to decide what language its citizens will speak. T/F

False

Cultural anthropologists use just three methods—interviews, field notes, and participant observation T/F

False

Cultural anthropology is one of the most quantitative of the social sciences T/F

False

Globalization is exciting to anthropologists right now because they have never studied interconnectivity before T/F

False

Languages change very slowly, taking generations or even centuries T/F

False

Most mammals use some form of call system to communicate with others of their species. Dogs and chimpanzees share an additional linguistic characteristic because they can communicate simple combinations of ideas about things they are not currently seeing. T/F

False

T/F In order to study culture one must travel to distant, far-off places

False

The authors think that cultural diversity persists in the world because cultures have been isolated from each other for so long but that diversity is bound to disappear as cultures intermingle more. T/F

False

Which of the following are areas of social activity that globalization affects?

Finances, communication and migration

Eric Wolf encouraged anthropologists to consider what in their field studies?

History

Ferdinand de Saussure made a distinction between the formal rules of language ______ and the ways people speak it _______

Langue and parole

________ is the idea that people speaking different languages perceive the world differently.

Linguistic relativity

The use of mock Spanish reinforces a common impression that Hispanic people are socially inferior. This is an example of the power of which of the following?

Morphology

______ questions encourage informants to talk about what they find particularly meaningful.

Open-ended

If a development anthropologist were to get involved in a project in your city that is revitalizing a poor neighborhood, they would probably emphasize

Overarching importance of listening to the priorities of the neighbors

The study of ancient plants as a means of reconstructing prehistoric environments is known as ________________

Paleoethnobotany

_______ is a key element of anthropological fieldwork because it is a systematic research strategy of "just hanging out."

Participant

Which type of interaction may include playing basketball, cooking, dining, or having coffee with informants?

Participant Observation

A commodity chain analysis applied to motorcars would be interested in all of the following except

The layout of the factory in which they are built

A key marker of development anthropology's success is when local perspectives and voices are paid attention to in development projects.

True

According to Edward Sapir, language is the symbolic guide to culture T/F

True

America's pattern of gender inequality is built into our linguistic practices T/F

True

Elaborating symbols and summarizing symbols work in opposite ways. T/F

True

Globalization and localization are complementary dynamics. T/F

True

If the exact location of a fossil or archaeological artifact is not known it is usually impossible to determine an accurate date for it. T/F

True

Most people are unaware of the structure of a language until someone speaking it makes a mistake. T/F

True

Studying pottery is an important part of understanding ancient cultures because potsherds break but never completely decompose under normal environmental conditions T/F

True

T/F Archaeologists are making a mistake when they clean samples of potsherds for analysis/

True

A word that best describes participant observation is

Unstructured

A language of mixed origin that developed from a complex blending of two parent languages is called:

a creole

The use of MtDNA sequencing and the establishment of haplogroups allowed researchers working on the Hoyo Negro project to establish

a high degree of overlap with current indigenous peoples

World systems theory would be most suited to which of the following research projects?

a historical study of indigenous resistance to colonialism

Talking about sports as a battlefield is an example of

a metaphor

Chronometric dating techniques used by archaeologists help establish

a more specific age for a fossil or something organic

Linguists refer to mixed languages with a simplified grammar that people rarely learn as a mother tongue as

a pidgin language

Which project would likely require the assistance of a geomorphologist?

a study of landscape change

An anthropologist who practices participatory-action research would most likely use this method in

a study of low income neighborhoods where a toxic waste dump

According to anthropologist Sherry Ortner's analysis, the American flag is an example of:

a summarizing symbol

The most important goal of the Congolese sapeur is to

accumulate prestige

Research committed to making social change and improving the lives of marginalized people is called

action anthropology

Development anthropologists often think of themselves as

advocates of poor and marginalized people

Edward Sapir, who had been a student of Franz Boas's, saw himself as both a cultural anthropologist and a professionally trained linguist. He urged cultural anthropologists to pay close attention to language during field research because

all of the above

When anthropologists go into the field

all of the above

A multi-sited ethnographer studying Mexican migrants in the United States would be most likely to conduct fieldwork (where):

all the above

People participate in globalization by

all the above

What kind of data do anthropologists gather from doing interviews?

all the above

World systems theory helped anthropologists

better explain the historical emergence of development patterns throughout the world

Cultural anthropologists do research by

building trusting relationships with people over a long period of time

The set of sounds and movements that animals make to communicate is called a ________.

call system

Although all primates use some form of call system, some, such as ______ and _____, are known to be capable of more complex communication than a simple call system.

chimps and gorilla's

The theory that explains why cultural differences have not disappeared because cultural consciousness is increasingly bringing people together around cultural similarities is

clash of civilizations

Words that came from the same ancestral language and originated from the same word are called;

cognate words

Which of the following is a contributing factor to the development of creoles, pidgins, and other hybrid forms of language?

colonialism, globalization and migration

The linked elements that contribute to the manufacture of an object like a T-shirt is called a _________.

commodity chain

Early anthropologists used the _______________ method to establish models of social evolution

comparative

Which of the following best describes the methodology of multi-sited ethnography?

comparative

The comparative method

comparing things

Which of the following features are characteristic of language?

conventionally, productively and displacement

Financial globalization has allowed for

corporations to move factories from one country to another

Cultural _____________ occurs when influential nations of the West impose their products and beliefs on less powerful nations.

cultural imperialism

People around the world often think of development as undermining self-determination but will often accept it when it is _________________

development

Franz Boas and his students were __________, emphasizing that cultural characteristics result from a spread of cultural attributes from one society to another.

diffusionists

Cultural ________________ often exist not in spite of but because of global interconnections

diversity

For pastoral groups such as the Dinka and the Nuer, the cow acts as which kind of symbol?

elaborating symbol

Bronislaw Malinowski developed the ______________ method, which requires the researcher to live with people for years in order to develop the "native's point of view."

ethnographic

The method linguistic anthropologists use for recording oral poetry, stories, and ritual language is _______________.

ethnopoetics

The study of how people classify things in the world is called:

ethnoscience

________ are people who are expelled by the authorities of their home countries.

exiles

Anthropologists are generally ignored by "development" experts at institutions like the World Bank. T/F

false

People in the periphery responded passively to capitalist expansion T/F

false

The only useful way that we can understand non-living human ancestors comes from the study of fossils. T/F

false

When people consume the same clothes, food, and goods they eventually think and behave the same. T/F

false

Which of the following is the defining methodology for the discipline of anthropology

fieldwork

__________ happens under special environmental conditions and can turn hard tissues into stone

fossilization

If you wanted to study patterns of kin relations in a community, which method would you use?

genealogical method

Which method would be best when doing a study on the genetic propensity for cancer in a given population?

genealogical method

One of the main reasons localization interests anthropologists is that

global integration creates opportunity for local cultures to express themselves

According to anthropologists, ___________ is the contemporary widening of scale of crosscultural interactions owing to the rapid movement of money, people, goods, images, and ideas

globalization

Many arguments over global integration are about _____________, but anthropologists are just as interested in cultural nuances such as inequality, confrontation, domination, and resistance.ust as interested in cultural nuances such as inequality, confrontation, domination, and resistance.

globalization

______ are important for an anthropologist to write down because they reflect his or her private observations, which can also be useful data

headnotes

If Jakob Grimm, who developed what has come to be known as Grimm's law, were analyzing the historical relationships among the so-called dialects of Chinese (such as Cantonese and Mandarin), what data would he be looking for in his linguistic fieldwork?

how the speakers of each dialect pronounce

The key scenario differs from other kinds of symbols because it

implies how people should act

The major goal of "development" is

improving health, expanding capitalist markets and alleviating power

Anthropologists often disguise the identity of their ______________.

informants

Which term refers to the knowledge about other people that emerges from relationships?

intersubjective

Which of the following is a feature of language?

is arbitrary, productive, creative, systematic, vocalic, social, non-instinctive and conventional

Cultural differences are often caused by

isolation of communities

Which of the following is not true about hybridization theories?

it explains why conflict is growing in the world

The research that anthropologist Karen Tranberg Hansen has done on secondhand clothing in Zambia is interesting because

it highlights how people impose local meanings on objects

A world systems theory is important for all of the following reasons except

it lends itself readily to ethnographic methodology

In attempting to understand the way that ancient humans actually lived, paleoanthropologists Richard Leakey and writer Roger Lewin described the difficulty involved as being like a

jigsaw puzzle with most pieces missing

The U.S. government's prohibition of Native American children speaking their indigenous languages in Indian schools has contributed most profoundly to

language death