Anthropology test 2
When anthropologists study the way people use language in real settings rather than as a set of grammatical rules, they are focusing on:
langue
A believer in cultural imperialism would explain that people who watch American television in remote places like a Walpiri camp in the Australian outback are
learning importance about life in america
The recent rise of autonomy movements among Hawaiian separatists and Zapatistas in Mexico are examples of
localization
If you studied speech patterns such as those analyzed in Robin Lakoff's study of gendered speech, you might find that "talking like a lady"
marginalizes women's voices in work contexts
Rapid increases in the scale and amount of communication
mean that people in remote places can be in contact with people all over the world
People who leave their homes to work for a time in other regions or countries are called
migrants
Words that differ by only one single sound contrast, like in the case of "ban," "man," and "pan," are called _______ pairs.
minimal pairs
How words fit together to make meaningful units is called
morphology
The study of grammatical categories, such as tense and word order, is called
morphology
Anthropologists use _______________ to juxtapose phenomena that were once thought worlds apart
multisited
Anthropologist Sherry Ortner distinguished three kinds of culturally powerful symbols:
narrative symbols
4. If you wanted to understand very early, nonliving human beings, you would likely engage in
paleoanthropology
When language speakers use slang or metaphor, they are engaging in which concept suggested by French linguist Ferdinand de Saussure?
parole
Animal call systems are
patterned sounds or utterances that express meaning
As a method, the ethnography of speaking draws on the technique of
people actually speak from the ideal ways that people in any culture are supposed to speak.
The approach that compares ancient texts and documents to analyze long-term linguistic change is called ____________.
philology is
_____________ refers to the structure of speech sounds
phonology
If you were conducting a symbolic analysis of TV programs and wanted to identify a key scenario such as the Horatio Alger myth, which of the following would you focus on?
plots that are repeated in many of the programs that American viewers interpret as commonplace social experiences
Cultural anthropologists face an ethical responsibility in their work and so must disclose to informants
reason for doing the research
If you were a linguistic anthropologist interested in language change in smaller American cities, building on William Labov's studies from the 1980s, what method would you use?
record how younger people, middle age people, and senior citizens pronounce ordinary American words.
Brent Berlin and Paul Kay found that if a language had only three color terms, they would always be black (dark), white (light), and ______.
red
One of the methods that archaeologists can use to determine potentially useful areas to excavate involves the use of
regional survey, GIS systems, surface surveys, aerial
. Among cultural anthropologists, fieldwork involves
relatively isolated cultures and they could study everything about such culture.
Remote sensing techniques are
reveal the original arrangement and structure of a ste
The ability to document changes in pottery styles in non-living societies happens through
seriation
A stoplight is a visual example of which of the following?
sign
On the island of Java in Indonesia, nearly every sentence marks a person's ____________ between speaker and listener.
social position
________ is the study of how sociocultural norms and contexts shape language use in society.
sociolinguistics
Environmental changes make it essential that an archaeologist understand the proximal relationship of ___________ and habitation sites.
stratigraphy
If you wanted to have consistent responses, what kind of interview would you use?
survey interview
The Canadian government helps preserve the use of French by requiring all official documents to be written in both English and French. The provincial government of the Canadian province of Quebec has implemented further regulations that require that signs have French letters larger than English letters. Why is the size of letters important?
symbolically, the size of the letters suggests the importance of the language
_______ are words or objects that stand for something else.
symbols
A synonym for hybridization is:
syncretism friction creolization
In order to be certain that a particular area holds promise for paleoanthropological research, what is first used to evaluate the site?
test pits
If you studied the deeply buried remains of a 15,000-year-old funerary site in the Gobi Desert you would be least likely to analyze
the age of any artifacts
If Benjamin Whorf were trying to find further proof that grammar shapes the way people perceive the world, which of the following would not be a focus of his research?
the density of the population in the several communities
A key difference between anthropologists of development and development anthropologists is
the first are analysts of development; the second seek ways to influence it from within
A key feature of financial globalization is
the reduction or elimination of tariffs to promote trade
In a study on the Olympics a hybridization theorist would likely focus on
the unexpected social patterns that emerge from intermingling between athletes, fans , and officials from different countries
A central feature of cultural convergence theories is that
they explain that apparent decline of cultural diversity
James Ferguson, who is an anthropologist of development, argues that development exists
to expand state power
The ability to discover ancient remains and draw inferences about our earliest human ancestors is sometimes helped by
trace fossils
Often, anthropologists use the term ___________ rather than "globalization" to refer to the "global" circulation of goods and people.
transitional
A critical reason for taking field notes is that there may be a long lag time between fieldwork and writing and publishing about it. T/F
true
Although language is one of the most rule-bound aspects of human culture, it is also one of the least conscious. T/F
true
Anthropologists believe that the "native point of view" is better than their own. T/F
true
Localization is the flip side of globalization. T/F
true
The processes of capital accumulation and the expansion of European colonialism disrupted many societies. T/F
true
Using life history interviews, researchers are able to.
understand how a person's age affects his or her role in the community.
In evolutionary terms humans are distinct from other primates with respect to their ability to use language because
we can speak using our larynx
Promoters of globalization highlight which of the following?
winners, the more open the economy the better the country will be
Which locations would you likely find an anthropologist doing fieldwork?
All the above
Koko and Washo were two primates who had learned
American Sign Language
When archaeologists recover and analyze ancient non-fossilized remains, such as the teeth found in Hoyo Negro, they are most likely to use
DNA Analysis
Because of the widespread use of mass media today, sociolinguists have found increasing homogeneity in the use of language in the United States. T/F
False
Countries find it relatively easy to decide what language its citizens will speak. T/F
False
Cultural anthropologists use just three methods—interviews, field notes, and participant observation T/F
False
Cultural anthropology is one of the most quantitative of the social sciences T/F
False
Globalization is exciting to anthropologists right now because they have never studied interconnectivity before T/F
False
Languages change very slowly, taking generations or even centuries T/F
False
Most mammals use some form of call system to communicate with others of their species. Dogs and chimpanzees share an additional linguistic characteristic because they can communicate simple combinations of ideas about things they are not currently seeing. T/F
False
T/F In order to study culture one must travel to distant, far-off places
False
The authors think that cultural diversity persists in the world because cultures have been isolated from each other for so long but that diversity is bound to disappear as cultures intermingle more. T/F
False
Which of the following are areas of social activity that globalization affects?
Finances, communication and migration
Eric Wolf encouraged anthropologists to consider what in their field studies?
History
Ferdinand de Saussure made a distinction between the formal rules of language ______ and the ways people speak it _______
Langue and parole
________ is the idea that people speaking different languages perceive the world differently.
Linguistic relativity
The use of mock Spanish reinforces a common impression that Hispanic people are socially inferior. This is an example of the power of which of the following?
Morphology
______ questions encourage informants to talk about what they find particularly meaningful.
Open-ended
If a development anthropologist were to get involved in a project in your city that is revitalizing a poor neighborhood, they would probably emphasize
Overarching importance of listening to the priorities of the neighbors
The study of ancient plants as a means of reconstructing prehistoric environments is known as ________________
Paleoethnobotany
_______ is a key element of anthropological fieldwork because it is a systematic research strategy of "just hanging out."
Participant
Which type of interaction may include playing basketball, cooking, dining, or having coffee with informants?
Participant Observation
A commodity chain analysis applied to motorcars would be interested in all of the following except
The layout of the factory in which they are built
A key marker of development anthropology's success is when local perspectives and voices are paid attention to in development projects.
True
According to Edward Sapir, language is the symbolic guide to culture T/F
True
America's pattern of gender inequality is built into our linguistic practices T/F
True
Elaborating symbols and summarizing symbols work in opposite ways. T/F
True
Globalization and localization are complementary dynamics. T/F
True
If the exact location of a fossil or archaeological artifact is not known it is usually impossible to determine an accurate date for it. T/F
True
Most people are unaware of the structure of a language until someone speaking it makes a mistake. T/F
True
Studying pottery is an important part of understanding ancient cultures because potsherds break but never completely decompose under normal environmental conditions T/F
True
T/F Archaeologists are making a mistake when they clean samples of potsherds for analysis/
True
A word that best describes participant observation is
Unstructured
A language of mixed origin that developed from a complex blending of two parent languages is called:
a creole
The use of MtDNA sequencing and the establishment of haplogroups allowed researchers working on the Hoyo Negro project to establish
a high degree of overlap with current indigenous peoples
World systems theory would be most suited to which of the following research projects?
a historical study of indigenous resistance to colonialism
Talking about sports as a battlefield is an example of
a metaphor
Chronometric dating techniques used by archaeologists help establish
a more specific age for a fossil or something organic
Linguists refer to mixed languages with a simplified grammar that people rarely learn as a mother tongue as
a pidgin language
Which project would likely require the assistance of a geomorphologist?
a study of landscape change
An anthropologist who practices participatory-action research would most likely use this method in
a study of low income neighborhoods where a toxic waste dump
According to anthropologist Sherry Ortner's analysis, the American flag is an example of:
a summarizing symbol
The most important goal of the Congolese sapeur is to
accumulate prestige
Research committed to making social change and improving the lives of marginalized people is called
action anthropology
Development anthropologists often think of themselves as
advocates of poor and marginalized people
Edward Sapir, who had been a student of Franz Boas's, saw himself as both a cultural anthropologist and a professionally trained linguist. He urged cultural anthropologists to pay close attention to language during field research because
all of the above
When anthropologists go into the field
all of the above
A multi-sited ethnographer studying Mexican migrants in the United States would be most likely to conduct fieldwork (where):
all the above
People participate in globalization by
all the above
What kind of data do anthropologists gather from doing interviews?
all the above
World systems theory helped anthropologists
better explain the historical emergence of development patterns throughout the world
Cultural anthropologists do research by
building trusting relationships with people over a long period of time
The set of sounds and movements that animals make to communicate is called a ________.
call system
Although all primates use some form of call system, some, such as ______ and _____, are known to be capable of more complex communication than a simple call system.
chimps and gorilla's
The theory that explains why cultural differences have not disappeared because cultural consciousness is increasingly bringing people together around cultural similarities is
clash of civilizations
Words that came from the same ancestral language and originated from the same word are called;
cognate words
Which of the following is a contributing factor to the development of creoles, pidgins, and other hybrid forms of language?
colonialism, globalization and migration
The linked elements that contribute to the manufacture of an object like a T-shirt is called a _________.
commodity chain
Early anthropologists used the _______________ method to establish models of social evolution
comparative
Which of the following best describes the methodology of multi-sited ethnography?
comparative
The comparative method
comparing things
Which of the following features are characteristic of language?
conventionally, productively and displacement
Financial globalization has allowed for
corporations to move factories from one country to another
Cultural _____________ occurs when influential nations of the West impose their products and beliefs on less powerful nations.
cultural imperialism
People around the world often think of development as undermining self-determination but will often accept it when it is _________________
development
Franz Boas and his students were __________, emphasizing that cultural characteristics result from a spread of cultural attributes from one society to another.
diffusionists
Cultural ________________ often exist not in spite of but because of global interconnections
diversity
For pastoral groups such as the Dinka and the Nuer, the cow acts as which kind of symbol?
elaborating symbol
Bronislaw Malinowski developed the ______________ method, which requires the researcher to live with people for years in order to develop the "native's point of view."
ethnographic
The method linguistic anthropologists use for recording oral poetry, stories, and ritual language is _______________.
ethnopoetics
The study of how people classify things in the world is called:
ethnoscience
________ are people who are expelled by the authorities of their home countries.
exiles
Anthropologists are generally ignored by "development" experts at institutions like the World Bank. T/F
false
People in the periphery responded passively to capitalist expansion T/F
false
The only useful way that we can understand non-living human ancestors comes from the study of fossils. T/F
false
When people consume the same clothes, food, and goods they eventually think and behave the same. T/F
false
Which of the following is the defining methodology for the discipline of anthropology
fieldwork
__________ happens under special environmental conditions and can turn hard tissues into stone
fossilization
If you wanted to study patterns of kin relations in a community, which method would you use?
genealogical method
Which method would be best when doing a study on the genetic propensity for cancer in a given population?
genealogical method
One of the main reasons localization interests anthropologists is that
global integration creates opportunity for local cultures to express themselves
According to anthropologists, ___________ is the contemporary widening of scale of crosscultural interactions owing to the rapid movement of money, people, goods, images, and ideas
globalization
Many arguments over global integration are about _____________, but anthropologists are just as interested in cultural nuances such as inequality, confrontation, domination, and resistance.ust as interested in cultural nuances such as inequality, confrontation, domination, and resistance.
globalization
______ are important for an anthropologist to write down because they reflect his or her private observations, which can also be useful data
headnotes
If Jakob Grimm, who developed what has come to be known as Grimm's law, were analyzing the historical relationships among the so-called dialects of Chinese (such as Cantonese and Mandarin), what data would he be looking for in his linguistic fieldwork?
how the speakers of each dialect pronounce
The key scenario differs from other kinds of symbols because it
implies how people should act
The major goal of "development" is
improving health, expanding capitalist markets and alleviating power
Anthropologists often disguise the identity of their ______________.
informants
Which term refers to the knowledge about other people that emerges from relationships?
intersubjective
Which of the following is a feature of language?
is arbitrary, productive, creative, systematic, vocalic, social, non-instinctive and conventional
Cultural differences are often caused by
isolation of communities
Which of the following is not true about hybridization theories?
it explains why conflict is growing in the world
The research that anthropologist Karen Tranberg Hansen has done on secondhand clothing in Zambia is interesting because
it highlights how people impose local meanings on objects
A world systems theory is important for all of the following reasons except
it lends itself readily to ethnographic methodology
In attempting to understand the way that ancient humans actually lived, paleoanthropologists Richard Leakey and writer Roger Lewin described the difficulty involved as being like a
jigsaw puzzle with most pieces missing
The U.S. government's prohibition of Native American children speaking their indigenous languages in Indian schools has contributed most profoundly to
language death