anthropology test #4

The most prominent explanation that the Maya people had so much war.

-Escalating warfare between rulers of city-states.- -Out-of-control population growth leading to environmental degradation, erosion and soil depletion.- -Drought, resulting from the climatological change.- -Inability of rulers to adapt to changing economic conditions and social conflict

who are sociolinguistics

-they study how social context and cultural norms shape languages used in the community. -describe how language is used by people rather than prescribed two languages should be used. -focuses on signs, symbols, and metaphors

how did linguistics began?

18th century as philology

who found that color terms are the same across 100 languages?

Berlin and kay

a relatively large and permanent settlement usually with a population of at least several a thousand inhabitants.

City

societies in which socioeconomic differentiation, large populations, and centralized political control are pervasive and defining features

Complex Societies

identify the underlying rules of a language and determine when and how these rules should be applied.

Descriptive linguistics

the root cause of societalcollapse is environmental

Diamond's argument

focus on how people actually speak in normal conversations

Ethnography of speaking

What is the study of how people classify things in the world called?

Ethnoscience

Is it true that all countries find it relatively easy to decide what language its citizens will speak?

False

Is it true that because of widespread use of mass media today, sociolinguists have found increasing homogeneity in the use of language in the United States?

False

Is it true that women in arctic hunter-gatherer groups do not work as hard as men because there is no option to forget?

False, womens effort is greater than that of men.

Which of the following is NOT a feature of the generalized foraging model?

Five characteristics: Egalitarianism, low population density, lack of territory, a minimum of food storage, and flux in band composition

One of the ways that peoples of highland new guinea stored their crops was by:

Gardens- they grew staple foods (sweet potatoes)

When archaeologists study the use-wear of an artifact, what are they studying?

Horizontal stratigraphy

who believed that similarities between European languages were a result of shared ancestry?

Jakob Grimm

who created the idea that female speechpatterns were expected toexpress hesitation, repetition,and uncertainty more than malespeech

Lakoff

the beliefs people haveabout the superiority of one language/dialect

Language ideology

hypothetical common ancestral languages oftwo or more living languages

Languages evolved from proto-languages

pottery-making and stone tool manufacture,indicating a degree of occupational specialization

Manufacturing

Despite the evidence of escalating warfare, excessive population growth, drought and the failings of the ruling elite, the overwhelming evidence about the mayan empire suggests that ____.

Mayans were fully assimilated into the Spanish empire at the time of the conquest

Is it true that social complexity is always associated with social inequality and hierarchy?

No, social complexity is not always associated with social inequality and hierarchy.

Is it true that some languages are better than others?

No, there is no universally correct way to speak any language

What term refers to the structure of speech sounds?

Phonology

linguists divide language structure into what 3 categories?

Phonology morphology syntax

monuments, plazas, and ball courts, all under directcontrol of administrative and religious authorities

Public Zones

process in which the countryside wasconfigured as a contested no-man's land lyingbetween competing city-states

Ruralization

who believed that languages incline its speaker to think about the world in certain ways because of their specific grammatical categories?

Sapir

who organized the second-largest state in Mexico

The Tarascan

what is descriptive linguistics?

The systematic analysis of a language's sound system and grammar

On the island of Java in indonesia, nearly every sentence marks a person's ____ between speaker and listener.

Their relative social positions in society

One of the plausible reasons for the lack of surpluses in hunter-gatherer groups is that surpluses could deplete local resources.

This argument is called The optimal foraging strategy suggests people capture just enough calories from the environment as they need to survive (Bruce Winterhalder)

complex societies tend to form where there is interaction among groups of different ethnic backgrounds with access to different resources.

Trade Model of state formation

the process by which towns grew asresidential centers, as opposed to being tradingcenters

Urbanization

What is language death?

When a language no longer has any native speakers

who expanded on Sapir's work?

Wholf

what do historical linguists search for in cognate words?

Words in two languages show the Same systematic sound shifts as other words in the two languages.

Is it true that cultigens became an integral part of human life almost simultaneously in different parts of the world?

Yes, ancient societies developed independently in the middle east, china, india, mesoamerica and south america

Is it true that one of the surprising discoveries about hunter-gatherer lives was that they worked only a few hours a week?

Yes, they spent hours each day in leisure, socializing and sleeping. They neither needed nor desired material goods

linguistic relativity

_ is the idea that people speaking different languages perceive the world differently.

sociolinguistics

_ is the study of how sociocultural norms and contexts shape language use in society.

Domestication is the process of ___

adapting wild plants and animals for human use

For robert malthus, societies with small populations were limited by

agriculture/ food supply

A key requirement for the formation of a complex society is

an increased intensity of food production

Which of the following is NOT a reasonable account used to explain why humans started raising their own food by domesticating plants and animals? Independent emergence suggests driver was environmental, changes in cognitive ability

and people and the plants they cultivated began to coevolve, shaping each other

How do animal call systems differ from language

animal calls are set, instinctive responses to particular stimuli are based on only a few sounds

The practice of pastoralism involves

animal husbandry, breeding, caring, use of herd animals efficient in extracting energy

studies human beings through their languages

anthropological linguistics

The tending of the sage palm to increase the amount of starch in a tree is an example of

arboriculture

a group or collection of objects foundtogether at an excavation or site

assemblage

The set of sounds and movements that animals make to communicate is called a ____.

call system

An autonomous political entity that consisted of a city and its surrounding countryside. smaller cities that grow their complexity.

city-state

proper states, kingdoms and empires arose from....

city-states

patterned forms of communication that expresses meaning

classified as call systems

David rindos argues that the shift to agriculture happened because both humans and plants began to

coevolve

Words that came from the same ancestral language and originated from the same word are called ______

cognate words

the rapid loss of a social, political, and economicorder or complexity

collapse

An important distinction between hunter-gatherers today and those of the past is

contemporaries are linked to sedentary agriculture and industrial societies through trade and other social ties, which did not exist prior to the development of agriculture

A language of mixed origin that developed from a complex blending of two parent languages is called

creole

One of the many reasons suggested for the abandonment of the Mayan city of Copan one reason we can safely say was not apart of this process what _____

drought

How are complex societies characterized?

dynamics of wealth, power, coercion, and status

One consequence of sedentism is that populations tend to grow and people lose control over their lives as a consequence of

epidemic diseases

Is it true that the ancient Pueblo peoples disappeared due to environmental collapse.

false

Is it true that the shift to horticulture or simple farming typically increased the number of cultigens consumed by members of a community?

false

regional dialect and sound changes between generations are .....

greater than ever

empires built around thecontrol of water resources by despotic, or all-powerful, leaders

hydraulic despotism

The "trade model" of state formation holds the trade and exchange create _____ between neighboring societies.

interaction

One of the reasons that the understanding of many early city-states is challenging due to

lack of written records

a system of communication consisting of sounds, words, and grammar

language

whorf and Sapir realized translation altered the meaning which was...

linguistic determinism

Early anthropologists considered the environments of hunter-gatherer societies to be harsh, and their methods of subsistence and technology to be simple, crude, and primitive, reinforcing

long-held cultural stereotypes

what are an expression of people's social relationships and help shape relationships?

material objects

before 1970 linguists assumed that ______ would cause American English to become homogeneous

media

Words that differ by only one single sound contrast, like in the case of "ban", "man", and "pan" are called ______ pairs

minimal pairs

The application of pastoral practices leads to both an increase in population and

more complex patterns of social interaction

The "shift" in the primary mode of subsistence that resulted in agricultural production was called the

neolithic revolution

One of the side effects of increased food production is the generation of a surplus, something that helped give rise to ____

new social roles for food producers, typically specialist roles

what did the hopi language lack?

past, present, and future tense

The approach that compares ancient texts and documents to analyze long term linguistic change is called ______

philology

In analyzing the shift from hunter gatherer to agriculture society, esther boserup examined the relationship between

population growth and food production

The discovery that layers of sediment deposited in a lake were due to erosion from higher altitudes, indicated that archeologists

population growth led to severe degradation of the soil

driven by craft specialization, leading to new social roles

production model

The development of what might be called true agriculture- the use of fertilizers or elaborators of technology- was most likely due to

sedentism

A society having many different parts organized into a single system is said to have

social complexity

One of the ways archaeologists know there was social complexity in the tarascan empire is through ______.

spatial segregation of elite and commoner neighborhoods

societies with forms pf political and economic control over a particular territory and the inhabitants of that territory.

states

Much of our knowledge of the ancient Mayan empire comes from the careful study of ____.

stelae

what are pat and bat

stops which are part of phonology

language is...

systematic

Several hundred years after the Maya abandoned their ancient cities, Spanish observes a social hierarchy and inherited nobility that seemed related to what existed in the large, ancient, urban

the Maya simply transformed

Jared Diamond argues that cities and states don't last because ______

the fundamental cause of collapse is environment

Linguists refer to mixed languages with a simplified grammar that people rarely learn as a mother tongue as

the official language

One of the most popular theories about the relationship between early states and warfare was promoted by Robert Carneiro. Which of the following was part of his model to explain the rise of early states?

the shift in mortuary objects as a reflection of the consolidation of power

One theory about the relationship between global warming and the shift from foraging to food production holds that ____

the warning that took place after the last ice age made the environment more habitable

Anthropologist Sherry Ortner distinguished three kinds of culturally powerful symbols that include all of the following except

these include: summarizing symbol, elaborating symbol, key scenarios

Early europeans archaeologists were interested in studying the ancient societies in mesopotamia, egypt and the rest of the fertile crescent because

they saw European legal codes and philosophies as originating in these ancient Middle Eastern states

the ability of a social systemto absorb changes and still retain certain basic culturalprocesses and structures, albeit in altered form

transformation and resilience

The moving of animal herds to different places in accordance with seasonal changes is called

transhumance

Is it true that Americas' pattern of gender inequality is built into our linguistic practices?

true

Is it true that according to Edward Sapir, language is the symbolic guide to culture?

true

Is it true that although language is one of the most rule-bound aspects of human culture, it is also one of the least conscious?

true

Is it true that most people are unaware of the structure of a language until someone speaking it makes a mistake

true

Is it true that patrilocal bands are small groups where men control the hunting and territorial resources?

true

Archaeologists can evaluate the complexity of a system through the analysis of material things because the material goods are part of an _____.

urbanization

In evolutionary terms, humans are distinct from other primates with respect to their ability to use language because ____

we can speak using our larynx

Cahokia's vast complex of mounds and ceremonial sites initially suggested that it was the center of a vast empire. Is it true that what is surprising is that this socially complex state did not last very long before it was abandoned?

yes