A+P 1 Chp 14, 15, 16 HW
The age-associated changes that result in loss of accommodation of the eyes is called _______. -myopia -hyperopia -presbyopia -retinopia -astigmatism
-presbyopia
Which of the following lists the correct sequence of structures a signal passes when traveling through the autonomic nervous system? 1) autonomic ganglion 2) effector cells 3) preganglionic neuron 4) postganglionic neuron -2, 3, 4, 1 -1, 3, 2, 4 -3, 1, 4, 2 -4, 1, 3, 2 -4, 3, 1, 2
-3, 1, 4, 2
Arrange the following in correct sequence: 1) Taste cell depolarizes 2) Action potential stimulated in sensory neuron 3) Food substance dissolves in salvia 4) Neurotransmitter released by taste cell 5) Food substance enters taste pore and attaches to receptor on taste hair -3, 5, 1, 4, 2 -3, 2, 1, 5, 4 -5, 3, 1, 4, 2 -3, 1, 4, 5, 2 -5, 4, 1, 2, 3
-3, 5, 1, 4, 2
Various areas of the cortex form functional pathways to conduct action potentials necessary to perform specific functions. Arrange the areas below in proper sequence to accomplish reading a poem aloud 1) visual association area 2) premotor area 3) Broca area 4) primary motor area 5) Wernicke area 6) visual cortex -1,6,5,3,4,2 -6,1,3,5,4,2 -1,2,4,5,6,3 -5,4,3,6,1,2 -6,1,5,3,2,4
-6,1,5,3,2,4
The brainstem -includes nuclei of cranial nerves II-XII -contains centers for several vital reflexes like heart rate and blood pressure -contains the reticular formation -contains nuclei for vomiting and sneezing reflexes -All of these choices are correct
-All of these choices are correct
Nonfluent aphasia, due to a lesion in the _______, results in slow speech, difficulty in choosing words, or use of words that only approximate the correct word. -primary motor area -cerebral lateralization -Broca area -Wernicke area -primary auditory area
-Broca area
You taste a sauce with the "tip of your tongue". These taste sensations would be carried via the _____ cranial nerve. -CN IX glossopharyngeal -CN X vagus -CN VII facial -CN V trigeminal
-CN VII facial
The round window -reflects sound waves -vibrates the basilar membrane -allows for compression of the organ of Corti -acts as a mechanical release for waves within the cochlea -increases the pressure of the perilymph
-acts as a mechanical release for waves within the cochlea
The semicircular canals -are parallel to each other -can detect movement in only one direction -have a base called a papilla -contain cupulae that respond to gravity -allow a person to detect movement in all directions
-allow a person to detect movement in all directions
The two classes of adrenergic receptors are_____ -alpha and beta -splanchnic and terminal -muscarinic and nicotinic -nicotinic and cholinergic -muscarinic and terminal
-alpha and beta
Somatic -always utilizes acetylcholine as the neurotransmitter -utilizes acetylcholine or norepinephrine as neurotransmitters -contains ganglia -motor neurons always myelinated -contains one neuron from the CNS to the effector organ -has a neuron cell body located in the lateral horn of the spinal cord -has a neuron cell body located in the ventral (anterior) horn of the spinal cord
-always utilizes acetylcholine as the neurotransmitter -motor neurons always myelinated -contains one neuron from the CNS to the effector organ -has a neuron cell body located in the ventral (anterior) horn of the spinal cord
The _______ function(s) to assist with planning, organizing, and coordinating motor movements and posture -limbic system -basal nuclei -temporal lobe -reticular activating system
-basal nuclei
In order for a molecule to be detected by the olfactory neurons, it must -be present in high concentrations -be one of the seven primary classes of odors -be dissolved in fluid covering the olfactory epithelium -interact with the mechanoreceptors of the olfactory hair membrane -enter the nose slowly
-be dissolved in fluid covering the olfactory epithelium
Cochlear neurons are stimulated by -vibrating the oval window -vibrations of the tectorial membrane -bending microvilli or stereocilia on the hair cells -movement of the otoliths in the endolymph -turning the spiral organ
-bending microvilli or stereocilia on the hair cells
The cell bodies of parasympathetic preganglionic neurons are located either within the ________ or the _________ -brainstem; lateral horns of the thoracic spinal cord -lateral horns of the cervical spinal cord; cranial nerves -brainstem; lateral horns of the sacral spinal cord -lateral horns of the lumbar spinal cord; anterior horns of the cervical spinal cord
-brainstem; lateral horns of the sacral spinal cord
Changes in the blood concentration of glucose, oxygen, and hydrogen are detected by ____________ -proprioceptors -chemoreceptors -thermoreceptors -nociceptors -baroreceptors
-chemoreceptors
Parasympathetic terminal ganglia lie ______ to their effector organ -pelvic splanchnic nerves -cranial nerves -gray matter -close to -craniosacral
-close to
This tone keeps the vessels in a state of partial _____ called vasomotor tone -opposite -dilates -increase -constriction -sympathetic
-constriction
The optic disc..... -is on the anterior surface of the eye -is located in the vascular tunic -is also called the macula lutea -contains no photoreceptor cells
-contains no photoreceptor cells
The optic disc -is located in the vascular tunic -is the site of greatest visual acuity -is also called the macula lutea -is on the anterior surface of the eye -contains no photoreceptors cells
-contains no photoreceptors cells
The transparent anterior portion of the fibrous tunic is the _____. -iris -retina -cornea -choroid -pupil
-cornea
Parasympathetic preganglionic axons from the cranial nerve nuclei in the brainstem are in _______ -pelvic splanchnic nerves -cranial nerves -gray matter -close to -craniosacral
-cranial nerves
Due to the locations of the preganglionic cell bodies, the parasympathetic division is sometimes referred to as the ____________ division. -pelvic splanchnic nerves -cranial nerves -gray matter -close to -craniosacral
-craniosacral
In bright sunlight, the diameter of the pupil __________ due to contraction of the _______. -decreases, ciliary muscles -increases, dilator pupillae -decreases, sphincter pupillae -decreases, suspensory ligaments -increases, ciliary ring
-decreases, sphincter pupillae
The direction from which a sound is coming can be determined by the -volume of the sound -frequency of sound waves -amplitude of the sound waves -differences in the time that sound waves take to reach each ear -timbre of sounds
-differences in the time that sound waves take to reach each ear
Humans are able to distinguish several million shades of color because.... -different proportions of cone cells respond to each wavelength of light -humans have more cones than rods -they have dozens of different types of cone cells -humans have binocular vision
-different proportions of cone cells respond to each wavelength of light
Sympathetic nerve fibers are not associated with situations involving ______ -anger -digestion -exercise -stress -arousal
-digestion
Parasympathetic -digestive organ vasodilation -increased heart rate -liver glycogen synthesis -airway constriction -bladder wall contraction -reduced urinary output -skeletal muscle vasodilation -gastrointestinal motility -increased sweat gland activity -decreased digestive activity
-digestive organ vasodilation -liver glycogen synthesis -airway constriction -bladder wall contraction -gastrointestinal motility
A drop in firing _____ a vessel by allowing the muscle to relax -opposite -dilates -increase -constriction -sympathetic
-dilates
The auditory tube -amplifies sound waves -helps maintain balance -carries sound to the eardrum -carries sound to the inner ear -equalizes air pressure between the middle ear and outside air
-equalizes air pressure between the middle ear and outside air
Following a stroke, Harriet has impaired sense of taste on one side of the tip of her tongue, indicating the part of her brain that was affected must communicate with the _____ nerve. -facial -abducens -trigeminal -glossopharyngeal -vagus
-facial
During brain surgery, the superior portion of the primary somatosensory cortex of a patient is stimulated. The patient is most likely to -feel something touching his back -hear the surgeon ask for a tool -stick out his tongue -talk to the surgeon -see the operating lights
-feel something touching his back
The most sensitive taste buds are found in _________ papillae. -formate -filiform -fungiform -vallate -foliate
-foliate
The area of greatest visual acuity is the __________. -lens -fovea centralis -optic disc -posterior chamber -blind spot
-fovea centralis
The cell bodies of the parasympathetic preganglionic neurons sometimes lie within the lateral horns of the ______ of the sacral spinal cord -pelvic splanchnic nerves -cranial nerves -gray matter -close to -craniosacral
-gray matter
Damage to the vestibulocochlear nerve would result in some loss of ______. -hearing and balance -hearing and taste -smell -taste -hearing and sight
-hearing and balance
An _______ in firing rate constricts a vessel by increasing smooth muscle contraction. -opposite -dilates -increase -constriction -sympathetic
-increase
Sympathetic -digestive organ vasodilation -increased heart rate -liver glycogen synthesis -airway constriction -bladder wall contraction -reduced urinary output -skeletal muscle vasodilation -gastrointestinal motility -increased sweat gland activity -decreased digestive activity
-increased heart rate -reduced urinary output -skeletal muscle vasodilation -increased sweat gland activity -decreased digestive activity
Glaucoma can result from -inhibition of the circulation of aqueous humor -damage to the suspensory ligament -a decrease in the number of cones -opacity of the lens -increased amounts of vitreous humor
-inhibition of the circulation of aqueous humor
Which portion of the ear contains the sensory receptors for hearing and balance? -external ear -middle ear -inner ear -auditory tube -tympanic membrane
-inner ear
The anterior and posterior chambers of the eye are separated by the _______. -lens -retina -cornea -iris -optic disc
-iris
Which of the following structures is part of the vascular tunic? -iris -retina -optic disc -fovea centralis -cornea
-iris
The _____ separates the posterior chamber from the vitreous chamber. -iris -choroid -lens -sclera
-lens
Light refracts as it passes through the -vitreous humor, sclera, and iris -lens, aqueous humor, and sclera -cornea, retina, and vitreous humor -lens, cornea, and humors of the eye -sclera, iris, and retina
-lens, cornea, and humors of the eye
Which auditory ossicle is attached to the tympanic membrane? -labyrinth -incus -malleus -stapes -oval window
-malleus
Thus the sympathetic division alone exerts ______ effects on the vessel -opposite -dilates -increase -constriction -sympathetic
-opposite
Which of the following cranial nerves does NOT innervate extrinsic eye muscles? -oculomotor -abducens -trochlear -optic
-optic
Visual input is sent to the brainstem via the _____ nerve, whereas the ______ nerve sends facial sensation to the brainstem -facial, trochlear -optic; trigeminal -optic; facial -trigeminal; accessory
-optic; trigeminal
Parasympathetic preganglionic axons from the spinal cord are in _________ -pelvic splanchnic nerves -cranial nerves -gray matter -close to -craniosacral
-pelvic splanchnic nerves
The correct pathway for impulses leaving the retina is -photoreceptors, ganglion cells, bipolar cells, and optic nerve -photoreceptors, bipolar cells, ganglion cells, and optic nerve -photoreceptors, bipolar cells, optic nerve, and ganglion cells -photoreceptors, ganglion cells, optic nerve, and bipolar cells -ganglion cells, bipolar cells, photoreceptors, and optic nerve
-photoreceptors, bipolar cells, ganglion cells, and optic nerve
The primary somatosensory area is located in __________- -postcentral gyrus -prefrontal gyrus -the superior temporal gyrus -the central sulcus
-postcentral gyrus
If a person decided to jump over a chair, the ______ area would organize the motor functions needed to carry out this action -premotor area -prefrontal area -Broca area -limbic system -primary somatosensory area
-premotor area
Dual innervation means that an individual effector -may be excited or inhibited by a single division of the autonomic nervous system -receives input from both the somatic and autonomic nervous systems -receives input from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems -receives two autonomic axons on each smooth muscle cell
-receives input from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems
To which colors are the three different kinds of cones sensitive? -blue, red, and yellow -red, blue, and green -red, violet, and yellow -violet, green, and blue -orange, indigo, and violet
-red, blue, and green
One of the actions associated with the fight-or-flight reaction is ______ -pupillary constriction -glycogen synthesis -increased gastric motility -reduced urinary output -reduced heart rate
-reduced urinary output
As the nervous system ages -cutaneous sensation is enhanced -there is an increased sense of two-point discrimination -reflexes become slower -size and weight of the brain increases
-reflexes become slower
Thermoreceptors -respond to compression, bending, or stretching of cells -respond to chemicals -respond to changes in temperature -respond to light -respond to painful stimuli
-respond to changes in temperature
Chemoreceptors -respond to compression, bending, or stretching of cells -respond to chemicals -respond to changes in temperature -respond to light -respond to painful stimuli
-respond to chemicals
Mechanoreceptors -respond to compression, bending, or stretching of cells -respond to chemicals -respond to changes in temperature -respond to light -respond to painful stimuli
-respond to compression, bending, or stretching of cells
Photoreceptors -respond to compression, bending, or stretching of cells -respond to chemicals -respond to changes in temperature -respond to light -respond to painful stimuli
-respond to light
Nociceptors -respond to compression, bending, or stretching of cells -respond to chemicals -respond to changes in temperature -respond to light -respond to painful stimuli
-respond to painful stimuli
Which of the following are associated with the retina? -lens and cones -ciliary muscles and iris -pupil and cornea -suspensory ligaments -rods and cones
-rods and cones
The outermost tunic of the eyeball is the ______ -macula -choroid -sclera -retina
-sclera
Which of the following is not an effector controlled by the autonomic nervous system? -cardiac muscle -glands -skeletal muscle -smooth muscle in blood vessels -smooth muscle in the digestive system
-skeletal muscle
Which of the following is false regarding the enteric nervous system? -neurons are embedded in the wall of the digestive tract -it innervates smooth muscle and glands -some of the fibers arise in the brainstem -it regulates motility of the esophagus, stomach, and intestines -it has its own reflex arcs
-some of the fibers arise in the brainstem
The sensory cells for hearing are located in the ____ -spinal organ (organ of Corti) -oval window -middle ear -vestibule -semicircular canals
-spinal organ (organ of Corti)
The utricle and saccule are involved in -static balance -kinetic balance -hearing low intensity sounds -hearing high intensity sounds -evaluating movements of the head
-static balance
____ fibers transmit a constant frequency of action potentials to blood vessels -opposite -dilates -increase -constriction -sympathetic
-sympathetic
Why does a person's nose run when he cries? -tears drain into the nasal cavity via the nasolacrimal duct -parasympathetic nerve stimulation causes the nose to secrete mucus -intense stimulation of the facial nerve as a result of crying increases nasal secretions -the lacrimal glands secrete tears directly into the nose -this stimulates fluid production in the nose
-tears drain into the nasal cavity via the nasolacrimal duct
As an object moves closer to the eye -the lens flattens -the eyes rotate medially -the ciliary muscles relax -the diameter of the pupil increases -the eye blinks
-the eyes rotate medially
When you try to focus on the tip of your nose -the pupils dilate -the ciliary muscles relax -the lens becomes more spherical -the tension on the suspensory ligament increases -the lens becomes flatter
-the lens becomes more spherical
A cerebral hemorrhage has damaged the primary motor area of a patient's right cerebral cortex. What is the most likely result? -the patient cannot voluntarily move his left arm or leg -the patient's heart stops beating -the patient feels no sensations on the left side of his body -the patient cannot voluntarily move his left eye -the patient cannot voluntarily move his right arm or leg
-the patient cannot voluntarily move his left arm or leg
Select all that apply. Which of the following events occur when a muscle is voluntarily stimulated to contract? -the signal is initiated in the brainstem -the signal is initiated in the precentral gyrus -lower motor neurons are excited by upper motor neurons -upper motor neurons are excited by lower motor neurons -the axons of upper motor neurons excite the skeletal muscle cells
-the signal is initiated in the precentral gyrus -lower motor neurons are excited by upper motor neurons -the cerebellum and basal nuclei coordinate the information for these movements
Slowly adapting proprioceptors that would let you know the position of your thumb without looking at it are known as ____ -secondary receptors -tonic receptors -primary receptors -phasic receptors
-tonic receptors
The cell bodies of ______ are located in the cerebral cortex, and the cell bodies of _____ are located in the anterior horns of the spinal cord gray matter and in the cranial nerve nuclei of the brainstem. -primary motor neurons; upper motor neurons -lower motor neurons; primary motor neurons -upper motor neurons; lower motor neurons -lower motor neurons; upper motor neurons
-upper motor neurons; lower motor neurons
Autonomic -always utilizes acetylcholine as the neurotransmitter -utilizes acetylcholine or norepinephrine as neurotransmitters -contains ganglia -motor neurons always myelinated -contains one neuron from the CNS to the effector organ -has a neuron cell body located in the lateral horn of the spinal cord -has a neuron cell body located in the ventral (anterior) horn of the spinal cord
-utilizes acetylcholine or norepinephrine as neurotransmitters -contains ganglia -has a neuron cell body located in the lateral horn of the spinal cord
