AP Bio Unit 2 Progress check

Figure 1. Testosterone movement across the cellular membrane Testosterone is a small steroid hormone that is important in cell signaling. Which of the following indicates where testosterone enters a cell and why it is able to cross at that point? A) 1, because testosterone is nonpolar and can diffuse through the membrane. B) 2, because testosterone covalently binds to a surface protein and transports into the cell. C) 3, because testosterone dissolves in water and flows through the channel. D) 4, because testosterone is filtered out of the extracellular fluid and taken into the cell by endocytosis.

1, because testosterone is nonpolar and can diffuse through the membrane.

Aldosterone (a steroid hormone) is a small, nonpolar, hydrophobic molecule that enters a target cell by moving across the plasma membrane, down a concentration gradient. Based on the information presented, how does aldosterone most likely enter target cells? A) By simple diffusion B) By facilitated diffusion C) By active transport D) By endocytosis

By simple diffusion

Lysosomes digest food particles brought into a cell by endocytosis. After a vesicle containing food particles fuses with a lysosome, H+ ions are transported into the lysosome from the cytosol. This significantly lowers the pH of the lysosome relative to the cytosol and activates the enzymes that digest the particles. Which of the following best predicts what will happen to the lysosomal enzymes if the proteins that transport H+ ions from the cytosol into the lysosome are damaged? A) The lysosomal enzymes will not become active, since there will be no active transport of H+H+ ions. B) The lysosomal enzymes will not become active, since H+H+ ions will diffuse out of the lysosome. C) The lysosomal enzymes will become active, since facilitated diffusion will move H+H+ ions into the lysosome. D) The lysosomal enzymes will become active, since passive diffusion will move H+H+ ions into the lysosome.

The lysosomal enzymes will not become active, since there will be no active transport of H+H+ ions.

Gaucher disease is an inherited disorder in which cells of the body are unable to break down a particular type of lipid, resulting in a buildup of the lipid in some tissues and organs. Based on the information provided, Gaucher disease results most directly from a defect in the function of which of the following organelles? A) The smooth endoplasmic reticulum B) The nucleus C) The lysosome D) The mitochondrion

The lysosome

A certain type of specialized cell contains an unusually large amount of rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Which of the following functions is this cell type most likely specialized to perform? A) The production and secretion of steroids B) The destruction of toxic materials produced in other cells of the organism C) The synthesis of polysaccharides for energy storage D) The production and secretion of proteins

The production and secretion of proteins

Which of the following transport mechanisms will be affected most directly by a temporary shortage of ATP molecules inside the cell? A) The movement of water molecules through aquaporins B) The diffusion of oxygen molecules across the plasma membrane C) The transport of glucose molecules against a concentration gradient D) The facilitated diffusion of Ca2+Ca2+ ions into the cell

The transport of glucose molecules against a concentration gradient

Researchers conducted an experiment to investigate the effects of a valinomycin treatment on skeletal muscle cells. Valinomycin is a naturally occurring substance that can be used as a drug. The results of the experiment are presented in the table. Relative Rates of ATP Production Untreated Cells - 5 minutes 1.0 Untreated Cells - 10 minutes 7.7 Valinomycin-Treated Cells - 5 minutes 0.3 Valinomycin-Treated Cells - 10 minutes 2.7 Which of the following claims about the effects of the valinomycin treatment is best supported by the data presented in the table? A) The valinomycin treatment caused an increase in the activity of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. B) The valinomycin treatment caused an increase in the activity of the Golgi complex. C) The valinomycin treatment caused a decrease in the activity of the lysosome. D) The valinomycin treatment caused a decrease in the activity of the mitochondria.

The valinomycin treatment caused a decrease in the activity of the mitochondria.

Researchers investigate the transport of a certain protein into cells by endocytosis. In an experiment, the researchers incubate the cells in the presence of the protein and measure the amount of the protein that is absorbed into the cells over a five-minute period. Based on their observations, what should the researchers do to further clarify how the availability of the protein outside the cells affects the rate of endocytosis of the protein? A) Incubate the cells in the absence of the protein. B) Incubate the cells in the presence of several different proteins. C) Incubate the cells in the presence of several different concentrations of the protein. D) Incubate the cells in the presence of the protein for several different lengths of time.

Incubate the cells in the presence of several different concentrations of the protein.

A study was conducted to understand the factors controlling the rate at which molecules or ions travel across cell membranes. An artificial membrane was created that was composed of a phospholipid bilayer only. The speed at which various substances crossed this membrane was measured. Some substances can pass through an actual cell membrane much faster than they passed through the artificial membrane in this study. Which of the following statements best explains this finding? A) Actual cell membranes have a much thicker phospholipid bilayer than the artificial membrane does. B) Actual cell membranes have a variety of proteins embedded in the membrane that are absent in the artificial membrane. C) Hydrophobic substances spend more time between the two layers of phospholipid in the artificial membrane than they do between the layers in an actual membrane. D) Hydrophilic substances spend more time attached to the polar region of the phospholipids in the artificial membrane than they do attached to the polar region of the phospholipids in an actual membrane.

Actual cell membranes have a variety of proteins embedded in the membrane that are absent in the artificial membrane.

A magnesium sulfate solution taken orally can cause a net movement of water into the large intestine, which results from water molecules diffusing through aquaporins embedded in the cells of the intestinal lining. By which of the following mechanisms do the water molecules most likely move into the large intestine? A) By passive transport from an area of low osmolarity to an area of high osmolarity B) By passive transport from an area of high osmolarity to an area of low osmolarity C) By active transport from an area of low osmolarity to an area of high osmolarity D) By active transport from an area of high osmolarity to an area of low osmolarity

By passive transport from an area of low osmolarity to an area of high osmolarity

The cell membrane is selectively permeable due to its structure. Thus, the internal environment of the cell is distinct from the external environment of the cell. One biologist hypothesizes that small nonpolar molecules readily pass through the membrane. Another biologist alternatively hypothesizes that these types of molecules require channel and transport proteins that are embedded in the membrane in order to move across the membrane. Which of the following data would best refute this alternative hypothesis? A) Ethanol is found in the cytosol of cells when they are briefly exposed to a ten percent ethanol solution. B) Cells become oxygen deficient when membrane protein activity is blocked. C) CO2CO2 and N2N2 movement in and out of cells is unaffected when membrane protein activity is blocked. D) Sodium ions cannot move across the cell membrane when membrane protein activity is blocked.

CO2CO2 and N2N2 movement in and out of cells is unaffected when membrane protein activity is blocked.

Some cells, such as intestinal cells, exchange a lot of material with their surroundings. The surface-to-volume ratio of these cells affects the efficiency of material exchange. The table provides measurements of four different eukaryotic cells. Cell 1 - Total surface area (μm2) 40: Total volume (μm3) 20 Cell 2 - Total surface area (μm2) 60: Total volume (μm3) 10 Cell 3 - Total surface area (μm2) 80: Total volume (μm3) 30 Cell 4 - Total surface area (μm2) 100: Total volume (μm3) 20 Based on the data, which cell is likely to be most effective in the exchange of materials?

Cell 2

Researchers have proposed a model of chloroplast evolution. According to the model, chloroplasts evolved from a small prokaryotic organism that was engulfed by an ancestral eukaryote. The engulfed prokaryote then formed an endosymbiotic relationship with the eukaryotic host. Which of the following observations best supports the model? A) Chloroplasts are separated from other subcellular compartments by semipermeable membranes. B) Prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms both acquire nutrients from the surrounding environment. C) Eukaryotes evolved after prokaryotes and have more complex structures. D) Chloroplasts and some prokaryotes share similar photosynthetic reactions.

Chloroplasts and some prokaryotes share similar photosynthetic reactions.

Some viral infections can lead to the rupture of the lysosome membrane. Which prediction of the effect of this disruption of cellular compartmentalization is most likely correct? A) Enzymes will be released that will specifically target the virus. B) Cellular osmotic concentrations will change, preventing viral entry into the cell. C) Hydrolytic enzymes will be released, which will cause cell death. D) Intracellular digestion of organic materials will increase, which will increase the energy available to the cell for fighting the virus.

Hydrolytic enzymes will be released, which will cause cell death.

In an experiment, researchers compared the growth of two different plants, plant X and plant Y. The researchers maintained the plants under nearly identical conditions and observed that plant X grew faster than plant Y. The researchers also observed that the inner mitochondrial membranes of plant X had more folds than did those of plant Y. Which of the following conclusions about increasing the number of folds in the inner mitochondrial membrane is best supported by the results of the experiment? A) It increases the efficiency of photosynthesis, which results in faster cell growth. B) It increases the surface area available for ATP production, which results in faster cell growth. C) It increases the amount of space available for storing cellular wastes, which results in faster cell growth. D) It increases the rate of protein transport to the plasma membrane, which results in faster cell growth.

It increases the surface area available for ATP production, which results in faster cell growth.

Euglenids are single-cell eukaryotes that live in aquatic environments. The chloroplasts found inside euglenids are enveloped by three membranes, as represented in Figure 1. The inner membrane of euglenid chloroplasts resembles the thylakoid membrane. Which of the following claims about the origin of the euglenid chloroplast is best supported by the three-membrane structure of the envelope? A) It originated from the spontaneous assembly of organic molecules into a lipid bilayer inside a free-living prokaryote. B) It originated from the fusion of the plasma membranes of two different free-living photosynthetic prokaryotes. C) It originated from the incorporation of a photosynthetic prokaryote into a eukaryotic cell by a single endosymbiotic event. D) It originated from the incorporation of a photosynthetic prokaryote into a eukaryotic cell by two endosymbiotic events.

It originated from the incorporation of a photosynthetic prokaryote into a eukaryotic cell by two endosymbiotic events.

In an experiment, researchers provided a radiolabeled amino acid to living plant cells. After one hour, the researchers determined the amount of the radiolabeled amino acid that was in each of several subcellular compartments. The results of the experiment are represented in the table. NUCLEUS - 2.1 Mitochondria - 2.7 Endoplasmic Reticulum - 1.9 Cytosol - 1 Which of the following conclusions about the radiolabeled amino acid is best supported by the results of the experiment? A) It was mostly incorporated into nucleic acids that store the biological information. B) It was mostly incorporated into proteins that regulate and manage metabolic reactions. C) It was mostly incorporated into lipids that help separate cells from their surrounding environment. D) It was mostly incorporated into carbohydrates that form protective structures outside the cells.

It was mostly incorporated into proteins that regulate and manage metabolic reactions.

Which of the following observations best supports the claim that mitochondria evolved from once-free-living prokaryotic cells by the process of endocytosis? A) Mitochondria produce ATP. B) Mitochondria contain proteins. C) Mitochondria exchange substances with the cytosol. D) Mitochondria are surrounded by a double membrane.

Mitochondria are surrounded by a double membrane.

The figure shows a representation of a protein embedded in a cell membrane. The numbers indicate different structural regions of the protein. Based on the figure, which of the following statements best describes the relationship between regions 1 and 2 of the protein? A) Region 1 is hydrophilic because it interacts with the interior of the membrane, whereas region 2 is hydrophobic because it interacts with an aqueous environment. B) Region 1 is hydrophilic because it interacts with an aqueous environment, whereas region 2 is hydrophobic because it interacts with the interior of the membrane. C) Region 1 is hydrophobic because it interacts with the interior of the membrane, whereas region 2 is hydrophilic because it interacts with an aqueous environment. D) Region 1 is hydrophobic because it interacts with an aqueous environment, whereas region 2 is hydrophilic because it interacts with the interior of the membrane.

Region 1 is hydrophilic because it interacts with an aqueous environment, whereas region 2 is hydrophobic because it interacts with the interior of the membrane.

Intravenous (IV) therapy is used for fluid replacement in instances of dehydration in humans and other animals. One type of IV fluid is essentially a saltwater solution. To determine the best concentration for therapy in people, a team of students is researching the effects of solutions of different salt concentrations on red blood cells. The following observations were made from three different red blood cell samples viewed under a microscope. 0.3% (cells swell), 0.9% (cells unchanged), 1.5% Saline (cells shrink) The team wants to extend the research project. What should the team of students do next to obtain data that are more conclusive? A) Repeat the process with other salt concentrations. B) Develop a model to explain why the cells react differently to different salt concentrations. C) Repeat the process using red blood cells from other animals. D) Develop an experimental procedure that uses a stain that makes the organelles of red blood cells more visible.

Repeat the process with other salt concentrations.

Some membrane proteins help maintain the concentrations of ions inside a cell by transporting the ions across the cell's plasma membrane. Other membrane proteins form pores in the plasma membrane through which the ions can diffuse. A model showing the influence of membrane proteins on the movement of sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) ions across a plasma membrane is presented in Figure 1. (Na+ leaks in) (Na+ pumped out) (K+ pumped in) (K+ leaks out) Based on the model presented in Figure 1, which of the following changes will most likely result from a depletion of available ATP stores inside the cell? A) The Na+Na+ concentration outside the cell will increase. B) The Na+Na+concentration inside the cell will increase. C) The K+K+ concentration inside the cell will increase. D) The K+K+ concentration outside the cell will decrease.

The Na+Na+concentration inside the cell will increase.

A group of mutations, known as MT-ND1, have been identified in mitochondrial DNA. These mutations are associated with a number of debilitating diseases stemming from the production of nonfunctional proteins in the mitochondria. Which of the following cellular deficiencies would most likely be related to these MT-ND1 mutations? A) The cell is unable to synthesize most proteins required for normal cell functions. B) The cell is unable to break down toxic materials and would accumulate large volumes of these materials. C) The cell is able to synthesize proteins, but the proteins would not fold properly and would not contain the correct molecular tags for export from the cell. D) The cell is unable to complete reactions related to electron transport and ATP production.

The cell is unable to complete reactions related to electron transport and ATP production.

Stomata are pores on the surfaces of the leaves and stems of plants that regulate gas exchange between the plants and the atmosphere. Researchers found that the stomata density on the leaves of a species of plant change as the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere changes. When grown at 350 ppm CO2 the plant has an average density of 300 stomata per mm2, but when grown at 400 ppm CO2 the plant has an average density of 250 stomata per mm2. Which of the following best describes how the ratio of the density of stomata (stomata per mm2) per CO2 concentration (ppm CO2) changes as the CO2 concentration increases? A) The ratio decreases from 0.860.86 to 0.630.63, because fewer stomata are needed at higher CO2CO2 concentrations. B) The ratio decreases from 1.61.6 to 1.21.2, because fewer stomata are needed at higher CO2CO2 concentrations. C) The ratio increases from 0.630.63 to 0.860.86, because more stomata are needed at higher CO2CO2 concentrations. D) The ratio increases from 1.21.2 to 1.61.6, because more stomata are needed at higher CO2CO2 concentrations.

The ratio decreases from 0.860.86 to 0.630.63, because fewer stomata are needed at higher CO2CO2 concentrations.

Hereditary spherocytosis (HS) is a disorder of red blood cells that causes the cells to be smaller and spherical instead of having the usual flattened, biconcave shape. The average diameter of normal red blood cells is 7.2μm, and the average diameter of red blood cells in a person with HS was found to be 6.7μm. The normal red blood cell has an average surface area of 136μm2 and an average volume of 91μm3. Which of the following provides an accurate calculation of the surface area to volume ratio of an HS red blood cell, as well as a prediction of its effect on the efficient transferring of oxygen compared to a normal red blood cell? A) The ratio is 0.450.45, and the cells are more efficient at transferring oxygen. B) The ratio is 1.121.12, and the cells are less efficient at transferring oxygen. C) The ratio is 0.890.89, and the cells are less efficient at transferring oxygen. D) The ratio is 141141, and the cells are more efficient at transferring oxygen.

The ratio is 0.890.89, and the cells are less efficient at transferring oxygen.

A scientist is studying the various prokaryotic and eukaryotic species found floating in a sample of water taken from a marine ecosystem. Which cellular component will be found in the widest range of organisms in the sample? A) The chloroplast, since all organisms need a source of energy. B) The ribosome, since all organisms need to synthesize proteins. C) The mitochondrion, since all organisms need to break down glucose. D) The cell wall, since all marine organisms need them for support.

The ribosome, since all organisms need to synthesize proteins.

Certain bacteria can use both ethyl alcohol and acetate as sources of nutrients. In an experiment where both nutrients are available to a bacterial population, the following results were obtained and graphed. What additional procedure would best help determine whether these movements are due to active transport or to passive transport? A) Repeat the original experiment, but at three different temperatures. Compare the transport rates among the three temperatures. B) Repeat the original experiment, but add a substance known to block movement of molecules across aquaporins. Compare the rates on the two graphs. C) Use two additional treatments, one containing only ethyl alcohol and one containing only acetate. Compare the graphs of these two treatments with the original graph. D) Use two additional treatments, one containing only ethyl alcohol and one containing only acetate. Include a substance known to block ATP use by the plasma membrane. Compare the graphs of these two treatments to the original graph.

Use two additional treatments, one containing only ethyl alcohol and one containing only acetate. Include a substance known to block ATP use by the plasma membrane. Compare the graphs of these two treatments to the original graph.

Beetroot cells contain a family of dark red pigments called betalains. The selectively permeable nature of the beetroot cells keeps the internal environment of the cell separate from the external environment of the cell. Researchers are interested in determining whether the selective permeability of beetroot cells is due to the cell membrane or if it is due to the cell wall. Exposure to cellulase is known to damage the structure of the cell wall. An experiment is set up in which beetroot cells are placed in an aqueous solution with cellulase and in one without cellulase. Which of the following results best refutes the alternative hypothesis that selective permeability is a consequence of the cell wall? A) When beetroot cells are placed in a solution with cellulase, the solution turns dark red. B) When beetroot cells are placed in a solution with cellulase, the solution remains clear. C) When beetroot cells are placed in a solution, it turns dark red with or without cellulase present. D) Since plant cells contain cell membranes, not cell walls, the alternate hypothesis cannot be tested.

When beetroot cells are placed in a solution with cellulase, the solution remains clear.