AP Euro: CH. 16

In his essay concerning Human Understanding, John Locke claimed that

Human development is determined by education and society

What core concept of the Enlightenment was the most important and original?

The methods of natural science should be used to examine all aspects of life

According to its editor, the fundamental goal of the Encyclopedia was to

"Change the general way of thinking"

What change within the Jewish community accompanied the Haskalah Enlightenment movement?

Increased interactions with Christians occurred as rabbinic controls diminished

The most influential aspect of Rene Descartes theories of nature was that

The universe functioned in a mechanistic fashion

The primary purpose of Fontenelle's Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds (1686) was to

Popularize the findings of the scientific revolution

Johannes Kepler believed that the elliptical orbit of planets

Produced a musical harmony of heavenly bodies

Why did scientists find that Protestant countries were more conducive to their work, especially after 1640?

Protestant countries generally lacked a strong religious authority capable of censoring or suppressing scientific work that challenged religious doctrine

Which powers participated in the partitioning of Poland in the late 18th century?

Prussia Russia Austria

How did Isaac Newton's law of gravity bring the Scientific Revolution to maturity?

Newton synthesized mathematics with physics and astronomy to demonstrate that the entire universe was unified into one coherent system

Soft pastels, ornate interiors, and sentimental portraits are all characteristics of the style known as

Rococo

The concept of the reading revolution refers to the

Shift from reading aloud texts perceived as authoritative to reading many different texts rapidly, silently, and individually

Francis Bacon formalized the research methods of Tycho Brahe and Galileo into a theory of reasoning known as

Empiricism

The discipline of natural philosophy focused on

Fundamental questions about the nature, purpose, and function of the universe

How did the governments respond to the new science?

States established academies of science to support and sometimes direct scientific research

In historical and critical dictionary, pierre bale demonstrated that

All knowledge can be questioned and doubted

The idea of the public sphere that emerged during the Enlightenment refers to

An idealized space where individuals gathered to discuss social and political issues

The Scientific Revolution drew on all of the following for its origins except

Efforts to prevent a recurrence of the Black Death

The enlightenment reached its highest development in France for all of the following reasons except

France had the highest literacy rates in Europe

The enlightened policies of Frederick II of Prussia included all of the following except

Freeing the Prussian serfs

To improve the rural economy and the lives of peasants, Empress Maria Theresa

Reduced nobles' power over their serfs

Which of the following correctly characterizes the response of various religious perspectives to Copernicus's hypothesis?

Some protestant clerics condemned Copernicus, while Catholic reaction was mild at first and only declared his hypothesis false in the 17th century

What was the primary goal of Galileo's experimental method?

To discover what did occur in nature rather than to speculate on what should occur

Joseph II's conversion of labor obligations to cash payments

Was opposed by both nobles and peasants

In general, what was Voltaire's attitude toward government?

He believed that a good monarch was the best one could hope for

Roseau's concept of the general will asserts that

The authentic, long-term needs of the people can be correctly interpreted by a far-seeing minority

Madame du Chatelet

Believed that women's limited contribution to science was the result of unequal education

How did Enlightenment thinkers differ from those of the Middle Ages and Renaissance?

Enlightenment thinkers believed that thought had progressed far beyond that of antiquity, which demonstrated the possibility of human progress

How did the idea of "race" transform Europeans' idea of their superiority over other peoples?

European superiority increasingly was defined as biologically superior as well as culturally superior

A striking feature of the salons was that

Philosophes, nobles, and members of the upper middle class intermingled

Copernicus's theory of the universe

Postulated a sun-centered view of the universe

How did the scientific revolution affect the economy in the 17th century?

The new science had few practical economic applications

In Persian Letters, what did the Baron de Montesquieu use to symbolize Eastern political tyranny?

The oppression of women in a Persian harem

How did the philosophes evade the work of censors?

They filled their writings with satire and double meanings

Rosseau believed that

Women were best suited to a passive role in relations

All of the following correctly characterize the role of women in the new science except

Women were forbidden from publishing learned treatises

Catherine the Great of Russia came to power in 1762 through

a military coup