AP Euro: CH. 16
In his essay concerning Human Understanding, John Locke claimed that
Human development is determined by education and society
What core concept of the Enlightenment was the most important and original?
The methods of natural science should be used to examine all aspects of life
According to its editor, the fundamental goal of the Encyclopedia was to
"Change the general way of thinking"
What change within the Jewish community accompanied the Haskalah Enlightenment movement?
Increased interactions with Christians occurred as rabbinic controls diminished
The most influential aspect of Rene Descartes theories of nature was that
The universe functioned in a mechanistic fashion
The primary purpose of Fontenelle's Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds (1686) was to
Popularize the findings of the scientific revolution
Johannes Kepler believed that the elliptical orbit of planets
Produced a musical harmony of heavenly bodies
Why did scientists find that Protestant countries were more conducive to their work, especially after 1640?
Protestant countries generally lacked a strong religious authority capable of censoring or suppressing scientific work that challenged religious doctrine
Which powers participated in the partitioning of Poland in the late 18th century?
Prussia Russia Austria
How did Isaac Newton's law of gravity bring the Scientific Revolution to maturity?
Newton synthesized mathematics with physics and astronomy to demonstrate that the entire universe was unified into one coherent system
Soft pastels, ornate interiors, and sentimental portraits are all characteristics of the style known as
Rococo
The concept of the reading revolution refers to the
Shift from reading aloud texts perceived as authoritative to reading many different texts rapidly, silently, and individually
Francis Bacon formalized the research methods of Tycho Brahe and Galileo into a theory of reasoning known as
Empiricism
The discipline of natural philosophy focused on
Fundamental questions about the nature, purpose, and function of the universe
How did the governments respond to the new science?
States established academies of science to support and sometimes direct scientific research
In historical and critical dictionary, pierre bale demonstrated that
All knowledge can be questioned and doubted
The idea of the public sphere that emerged during the Enlightenment refers to
An idealized space where individuals gathered to discuss social and political issues
The Scientific Revolution drew on all of the following for its origins except
Efforts to prevent a recurrence of the Black Death
The enlightenment reached its highest development in France for all of the following reasons except
France had the highest literacy rates in Europe
The enlightened policies of Frederick II of Prussia included all of the following except
Freeing the Prussian serfs
To improve the rural economy and the lives of peasants, Empress Maria Theresa
Reduced nobles' power over their serfs
Which of the following correctly characterizes the response of various religious perspectives to Copernicus's hypothesis?
Some protestant clerics condemned Copernicus, while Catholic reaction was mild at first and only declared his hypothesis false in the 17th century
What was the primary goal of Galileo's experimental method?
To discover what did occur in nature rather than to speculate on what should occur
Joseph II's conversion of labor obligations to cash payments
Was opposed by both nobles and peasants
In general, what was Voltaire's attitude toward government?
He believed that a good monarch was the best one could hope for
Roseau's concept of the general will asserts that
The authentic, long-term needs of the people can be correctly interpreted by a far-seeing minority
Madame du Chatelet
Believed that women's limited contribution to science was the result of unequal education
How did Enlightenment thinkers differ from those of the Middle Ages and Renaissance?
Enlightenment thinkers believed that thought had progressed far beyond that of antiquity, which demonstrated the possibility of human progress
How did the idea of "race" transform Europeans' idea of their superiority over other peoples?
European superiority increasingly was defined as biologically superior as well as culturally superior
A striking feature of the salons was that
Philosophes, nobles, and members of the upper middle class intermingled
Copernicus's theory of the universe
Postulated a sun-centered view of the universe
How did the scientific revolution affect the economy in the 17th century?
The new science had few practical economic applications
In Persian Letters, what did the Baron de Montesquieu use to symbolize Eastern political tyranny?
The oppression of women in a Persian harem
How did the philosophes evade the work of censors?
They filled their writings with satire and double meanings
Rosseau believed that
Women were best suited to a passive role in relations
All of the following correctly characterize the role of women in the new science except
Women were forbidden from publishing learned treatises
Catherine the Great of Russia came to power in 1762 through
a military coup