AP Euro Chapter 13 Vocab Card

Queen Anne

Definition: Anne (6 February 1665 - 1 August 1714) became Queen of England, Scotland and Ireland on 8 March 1702. On 1 May 1707, under the Acts of Union, two of her realms, the kingdoms of England and Scotland, united as a single sovereign state, the Kingdom of Great Britain. She continued to reign as Queen of Great Britain and Ireland until her death. Significance: Queen Anne is significant because England and Scotland were united into one kingdom during her reign which created the Kingdom of Great Britain.

Charles II

Definition: Charles II was the successor of Charles I, his father, who was disposed of in 1649 and shortly after the monarchy was abolished. In 1660, Parliament chose to restore the monarchy and invited Charles II to return to the throne as successor to his father. Significance: Charles II brought back peace to England but he also had his conflict with Parliament and was the last monarch who advocated absolutism. Parliament had James I inherit the throne in his place which marked the end of the absolutism in England.

Frederick II

Definition: Frederick II (24 January 1712 - 17 August 1786) was King in Prussia (1740-1786) of the Hohenzollern dynasty. Significance: Under Frederick rule, Prussia sized doubled because of Fredericks brilliant military strategies that won him many territories from his enemies.

George I

Definition: George (28 May 1660 - 11 June 1727) was King of Great Britain and Ireland from 1 August 1714 until his death, and ruler of the Duchy and Electorate of Brunswick-Lüneburg (Hanover) in the Holy Roman Empire from 1698. Significance: George I reign marked the end of the powers of the monarchy and the introduction of a cabinet system which is how England is ruled today.

George II

Definition: George II (9 November 1683 - 25 October 1760) was King of Great Britain and Ireland, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (Hanover) and Archtreasurer and Prince-elector of the Holy Roman Empire from 11 June 1727 (O.S.) until his death. Significance: George II rule marked a peaceful time in England. However, Parliament constantly fought with George II and forced his mentor to resign and install their own chose of Prime Minster.

James I

Definition: James VI and I (19 June 1566 - 27 March 1625) was King of Scotland as James VI from 24 July 1567 and King of England and Ireland as James I from the union of the English and Scottish crowns on 24 March 1603 until his death. Significance: James I policies regarding absolutism led to increased tensions between him and parliament which eventually led to civil war during his sons reign which ended with the monarchy being abolished and his son being beheaded.

James II

Definition: King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1685-1688). He was the last Stuart king to rule both England and Scotland; he was overthrown by his son-in-law William of Orange. Significance: James II anti-protestant policies led to a direct conflict with parliament which chose to have him disposed of in favor of William and Mary. He was the last Catholic king of England.

Louis XIV

Definition: Louis XIV (5 September 1638 - 1 September 1715), known as Louis the Great) or the Sun King was a monarch of the House of Bourbon who ruled as King of France and Navarre from 1643 until his death. His reign of 72 years and 110 days is the longest of monarchs of major countries in European history. Significance: Louis XIV brought France back from a war-ravaged country to a European superpower. His system of government, absolutism, created an example to everybody in Europe and his magnificent projects such as the Palace of Versailles made people think of France as a rich and powerful nation.

Louis XV

Definition: Louis XV (15 February 1710 - 10 May 1774), known as Louis the Well beloved was a monarch of the House of Bourbon who ruled as King of France and Navarre from 1 September 1715 until his death. Significance: Louis XV brought an end of France being a superpower. His decisions and treaties led to the slowing of French power and he had to give up many territories such as New France to England and the return of the Austrian Netherlands to Austria.

Maria Theresa

Definition: Maria Theresa Walburga Amalia Christina (13 May 1717 - 29 November 1780) was the only female ruler of the Habsburg dominions and the last of the House of Habsburg. She was the sovereign of Austria, Hungary, Croatia, Bohemia, Mantua, Milan, Lodomeria and Galicia, the Austrian Netherlands and Parma. By marriage, she was Duchess of Lorraine, Grand Duchess of Tuscany and Holy Roman Empress. Significance: Maria Thersea was an extremely successful leader and the only female leader of the Habsburg dominions. Her policies led to the Habsburg dynasty regaining strength and her economic policies made her dominions more prosperous.

Peter the Great

Definition: Peter the Great, Peter I or Pyotr Alexeyevich (June 9 1672 - 8 February 1725) ruled the Tsardom of Russia and later the Russian Empire from 7 May 1682 until his death, jointly ruling before 1696 with his half-brother. Significance: Under Peter the Great, Russia expanded into a massive empire and a European Power. His policies also turned Russia into a modern European nation instead of the Medieval nation that it was before Peter the Great.

Pride's Purge

Definition: Pride's Purge was an event that took place in December 1648, during the Second English Civil War, when troops under the command of Colonel Thomas Pride forcibly removed from the Long Parliament all those who were not supporters of the Grandees in the New Model Army and the Independents. Significance: Pride's Purge dealt with potential supporters of King Charles I which effectively ended the chance for his return to the throne which in turn meant the end of the English Civil War and the temporary abolishment of the English monarchy.

Amsterdam Stock Exchange

Definition: The Amsterdam Stock Exchange is a stock exchange based in Amsterdam that was founded in 1602 and is considered the oldest stock exchange in history. Significance: The Amsterdam Stock Exchange made Amsterdam and the Netherlands an economic central in Europe during the chaos filled 17th century.

Dutch East Indies Company

Definition: The Dutch East Indies Company was a chartered company established in 1602, when the States-General of the Netherlands granted it a 21-year monopoly to carry out colonial activities in Asia. Significance: The Dutch East Indies Company made the Netherlands an economic superpower during the 17th century. Its trading endeavors brought great wealth back to the Netherlands which made Netherlands, particularly Amsterdam, an economic center in Europe.

League of Augsburg

Definition: The Grand Alliance was a European coalition, consisting (at various times) of Austria, Bavaria, Brandenburg, the Dutch Republic, England, the Holy Roman Empire, Ireland, the Palatinate of the Rhine, Portugal, Savoy, Saxony, Scotland, Spain and Sweden. Significance: The League of Augsburg unified opposition to France's expanding policies and brought an example of a united Europe which would later inspire other movements to unify Europe.

Peace of Westphalia

Definition: The Peace of Westphalia was a series of peace treaties signed between May and October 1648 in Osnabrück and Münster. These treaties ended the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648) in the Holy Roman Empire, and the Eighty Years' War (1568-1648) between Spain and the Dutch Republic, with Spain formally recognizing the independence of the Dutch Republic. Significance: The Peace of Westphalia ended the Thirty Year War and ushered in a new era in Europe.

Pragmatic Solution

Definition: The Pragmatic Sanction of 1713 was an edict issued by Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI to ensure that the hereditary possessions of the Habsburgs could be inherited by a daughter. Significance: The Pragmatic Sanction allowed Maria Thersea to inherit the possession of the Habsburgs and allowed her to reform her possessions as she did.

Treaty of Dover

Definition: The Treaty of Dover, also known as the Secret Treaty of Dover, was a treaty between England and France signed at Dover on June 1 1670. It required France to assist England in the king's aim that it would rejoin the Roman Catholic Church and England to assist France in its war of conquest against the Dutch Republic. Significance: The Treaty of Dover caused great distress in the English public. After going to war with the Netherlands, the King was forced to go to Parliament and ask for funds which was denied and he was forced to end the war with peace.

Glorious Revolution

Definition: The events of 1688-89 in England that resulted in the ousting of James II and the establishment of William III and Mary II as joint monarchs. Significance: The Revolution was successful and led to a new house in England with the installment of William III and Mary II of the House of Orange - Nassau.

William III

Definition: William III was the King of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 1689 to 1702, Dutch stadholder (1672-1702), and prince of Orange. Married to Mary, daughter of James II, he was asked by the opponents of James to invade England and was proclaimed joint monarch with Mary after James fled. Significance: William III changed the rule of the monarchy in England forever. His choice to follow parliament unconditionally created an example that all Royals of England since have followed. He ended the absolute rule movement in England which created a parliamentary monarchy in England.

William and Mary

Definition: William and Mary were King and Queen of England after the glorious revolution. Mary's father, James II, was overthrown by her daughter and son in law, Mary and William. Significance: Their reign marked an end to the chance of a return of England to Catholicism and the increased cooperation between Parliament and the monarchy led to a more democratic and free England. The English Bill of Rights, signed by William and Mary, inspired the future American Revolution which created the United States of America.