AP Euro Final Exam
What did the Schlieffen Plan call for in 1914?
A lightning attack through neutral Belgium and a quick defeat of France before turning on Russia.
What was the policy of déntente that social democrats in Europe pursued?
A progressive relaxation of Cold War tensions.
What major problem in the textile industry was solved by the inventions of James Hargreaves and Richard Arkwright?
A weaver required several spinners to stay steadily employed.
What was the first and most important of the Great Reforms in Russia?
Abolition of serfdom.
During the Great Schism, how did the powers of Europe align themselves?
Along traditional political alliances, with France and her allies supporting the French pope, and others following the Hallan Pope.
Who was Alexander Kerensky?
An agrarian socialist who became Prime Minister of Russia in July 1917.
What was Napoleon's Great Empire?
An enlarged France, a number of Satellite kingdoms, and the independent but allied states of Austria, Prussia, and Russia.
What was the Arab Spring event that took place in 2011?
An unexpected series of revolts in the Middle East.
How did justifications for slavery change from the fifteenth to the eighteenth century?
Arguments supporting slavery began to focus more on science and nature and less on religion.
Why did Klemens von Metternich, as Austrian foreign minister, have to oppose the spread of nationalism in Europe?
Austria was a multiethnic empire, and the spread of nationalism among its different ethnic groups threatened to dissolve the empire.
What was "nativism" in the nineteenth century?
Beliefs and policies that gave preferential treatment to established inhabitants over immigrants.
What characteristics did Communist and Fascist dictatorships share?
Both engaged in state-controlled social engineering projects meant to replace individualism with a unified "people".
What did the Balfour Declaration of November 1917, written by British foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour, announce?
Britain favored a national home for the Jewish people in Palestine.
Why did Britain adopt a policy of appeasement in its relationship with Hitler?
British conservative leaders underestimated Hitler.
How did the electric streetcar affect the urban environment?
Cities could expand as even people of modest means could travel quickly and cheaply to new, improved, and less congested housing.
Who was the wealthy Florentine responsible for the vast patronage of Renaissance artists?
Cosimo de Medici
How did cotton transform the textile industry?
Cotton could be spun mechanically with much greater efficiency than wool or flax, helping to solve the shortage of thread for textile production.
Which of the following was a major motivation for European exploration?
Desire for material profit
Why was the Frankfurt Parliament in 1849 unable to create a "Greater Germany"?
Determined to maintain its empire, Austria would not agree to a Greater Germany that separated German-speaking lands from non-German territories in the empire.
John Calvin rejected the idea of free will because he believed it would
Detract from the sovereignty of God.
What was the breakthrough implication of Louis Pasteur's work?
Diseases were caused by specific living organisms that could be controlled.
How did Enlightenment thinkers differ from those of the Middle Ages and Renaissance?
Enlightenment thinkers believed that their era had surpassed antiquity, which demonstrated the possibility of human progress.
How did Europeans initially justify the enslavement of Africans?
Enslavement benefited the Africans by bringing Christianity to them.
Which of the following characterizes the role of Europe in the world trading system prior to the voyage of Columbus?
Europe was a minor outpost that produced few products desired by other civilizations.
How did the idea of "race" transform Europeans' idea of their superiority over other peoples?
European superiority was increasingly defined as biologically superior as well as culturally superior.
What was a central component of the improvements in sanitation in the 19th century?
Excrement from outhouses could be carried off by water through sewers at low cost.
Who were the Young Turks?
Fervent patriots who seized power in the revolution of 1908 in the Ottoman Empire.
What was the economic effect of Napoleon's continental system?
French artisans and the middle class suffered, for they were economically damage by the blockade of Great Britain.
What did the "war guilt clause" in the Treaty of Versailles declare?
Germany (with Austria) was solely responsible for the war and had to pay reparations.
Which countries in August 1939 signed a nonaggression pact that led directly to war?
Germany and the Soviet Union.
Who were the Red Shirts in nineteenth-century Italy?
Giuseppe Garibaldi's guerrilla army involved in the invasion of Sicily.
In the twentieth century, what was John Maynard Keynes known for?
He denounced the Treaty of Versailles for economic reasons.
In the late 1920s, how did Adolf Hitler shape the Nazi Party's message to appeal to middle-class voters?
He emphasized the economic advantages to the middle class of the implementation of anti-Semitic laws.
In which of the following ways did Charles VII of France expand his authority?
He expelled the English from all French soil except Calais
How did Cardinal Richelieu increase the power of the centralized French state?
He extended the use of intendants, commissioners for each of france's 32 districts.
Which of the following characterizes the presidency of Vladimir Putin in Russia?
He reasserted anti-Western Russian nationalism and centralized political authority in the Kremlin.
"Except, that everyone gives the title of barbarism to everything that is not according to his usage." How did Michel de Montaigne offer a counterpoint, expressed to Europe's growing imperial activities?
He rejected the notion that one culture is superior to another.
Why did the conservative Bismarck pioneer the creation of an expansive system of social welfare?
He sought to blunt the attraction of socialism to the working classes and give them a small stake in the existing political system.
What was premier Georges Clemenceau's opinion at the Paris Peace Conference?
He wanted to create a buffer state between Germany and France.
What did the Treaty of Tordesillas accomplish?
How It divided the Atlantic Ocean, giving Spain control of everything west of an imaginary line and Portugal everything east of the line.
What was the name given to French Protestants?
Huguenots
How did the reaction of kings and nobles in continental Europe toward the French Revolution change over the revolution's first two years?
Initially pleased by the revolution's weakening of France, they began to feel threatened by its increasingly radical message.
What was the effect of the 1935 Nuremberg Law?
It defined as Jewish anyone having three or more Jewish grandparents.
What was the effect of Lenin's 1921 New Economic Policy (NEP)?
It encouraged peasants to sell their surpluses in free markets and allowed private traders and small manufacturers to do business again.
What was the purpose of the Enabling Act in 1933?
It gave Hitler dictatorial powers for four years.
Why did European slave traders in Africa adopt the "shore method" of trading in the eighteenth century?
It permitted Europeans to move easily along the coast, obtaining slaves at various slave markets and then departing quickly for the Americas.
What did the Marshall Plan accomplish?
It prevented economic collapse in Western Europe.
What was the result of the Maastricht Treaty?
It provided the basis for the formation of the European Union (EU) and defined criteria for membership in the monetary union.
What effect did the Dreyfus affair have on late nineteenth-century France?
It revived republican distrust of Catholicism.
What was the result of the Berlin Conference of 1884-85?
It set up the terms for the division of most of Africa among European colonial powers.
Why did a woman's work receive less compensation than a man's work?
It was understood that a woman was either married or to be married, and therefore not responsible for supporting a family.
What was the major breakthrough in energy and power supplies that catalyzed the Industrial Revolution?
James Watt's development of the steam engine between the 1760's and the 1780's.
France's strong economy was created by the mercantilist policies of
Jean-Baptiste Colbert
On the Iberian Peninsula, who were the people referred to as "New Christians"?
Jewish and Muslim converts
The Glorious Revolution and the concept of representative government found its best defense in the Second Treatise of Civil Government by
John Locke.
What was the cause of the 100 Years War between England and France?
King Philip VI of France's seizure of Aquitaine
How did the Peace of Westphalia mark a turning point in European history?
Large-scale armed conflicts over religious faith came to an end.
What aided Martin Luther as his call for reform emerged?
Luther understood the power of the new printing press and authorized the publication of his works.
What were Lutheran and Calvinist attitudes toward secular rulers?
Lutherans taught respect for authority while Calvinists encouraged opposition to political authorities who were considered ungodly.
How did railroads affect the nature of production?
Markets become broader, encouraging manufacturers to create larger factories with more sophisticated machines.
Who wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Man (1790) and A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792), the latter a founding text of the feminist movement?
Mary Wollstonecraft.
Which of the following characterizes early 19th century British cities?
Nearly all land was used for buildings, which meant parks or open areas were almost nonexistent.
How did the cannon affect the power of monarchies?
Only central governments could afford cannons, enhancing the military power of the central states over nobility.
What was the consequence of Franklin D. Roosevelt agreement with Joseph Stalin at the Teheran conference that the British American armies would launch a frontal assault on France?
Only the soviet troops would liberate eastern Europe.
What was the principle of national self-determination promoted by Woodrow Wilson?
People should be able to choose a national government through a democratic process and live free from outside interference.
Why did a unified Italian state fail to develop in the 15th century?
Political loyalty and feeling centered on a passionate attachment to the individual city-state
Who is Vladimir Putin?
President of Russia beginning in 2000.
How did the introduction of Ptolemy's Geography mislead European cartographers?
Ptolemy asserted that the world was much smaller than it actually is, indicating that Asia was not far removed from Europe to the west.
What medication proved to be effective in controlling malaria and allowed Europeans to venture into the mosquito-infested interior of Africa?
Quinine.
Why were the Balkans called the "powder keg" of Europe?
Russia had destabilized the region by claiming control over the straits to the Black Sea.
What event that directly prompted the Great Reforms in Russia, including the emancipation of the serfs?
Russian defeat in the Crimean War of 1853-56.
Which of the following best describes Martin Luther's doctrine of salvation?
Salvation came through the faith alone as a free gift of God's grace
Who forced the king and the royal family to abandon Versailles and return to Paris?
Several thousand Parisian women.
Ottoman reformers launched a series of radical reforms in the 19 century known as the
Tanzimat.
What did Nikita Khrushev's de-Stalinization campaign call for?
The Communist Party to retain its monopoly on political power.
What was the immediate cause of British entry into the First World War?
The German Invasion of neutral Belgium.
How widespread was the influence of the Inquisition?
The Inquisition effectively destroyed heresy within the Papal States but had little influence elsewhere.
In chronological order, what were the three successive commercial empires established by Europeans in the fifteenth, sixteenth, and seventeenth centuries?
The Portuguese, the Spanish, and the Dutch.
At the time of the Yalta Conference in 1945, why was the position of the soviet union much stronger in negotiations with the United States and Great Britain?
The Soviet Union already occupied much of Eastern Europe.
How did the encomienda system function?
The Spanish Crown granted conquerors the right to employ or demand tribute from groups of Native Americans in exchange for providing food and shelter.
Why did OPEC declare an oil embargo on the US in 1973?
The United States had aided Israel in its war with Egypt and Syria in 1973.
What was the Second Industrial Revolution?
The burst of industrial creativity and technological innovation that promoted strong economic growth toward the end of the nineteenth century.
What was the driving force of history according to Marx in the nineteenth century?
The economic relationship between classes.
Which of the following correctly characterizes the transformation of the English and Scottish countryside in the enclosure era?
The elimination of common rights and access to land turned small peasant farmers into landless wage earners.
What two fundamental principles of the French Revolution were incorporated into the Napoleonic Code?
The equality of all male citizens before the law and the absolute security of wealth and private property.
What were the duties of the German Einsatzgruppen (Special Task Forces)?
The followed the German army into Central Europe, systematically murdering "undesirables" as they moved from town to town.
Who was Theodore Herzl?
The founder of the Zionist Jewish national movement.
What was the core concept of Social Darwinism?
The human race was driven by an unending economic struggle that would determine the survival of the fittest.
What was the primary cause of the emergence of inflation in Spain in the sixteenth century?
The inability of Spanish agriculture and manufacturing to meet the growing demand for goods.
Which of the following characterizes Joan of Arc's experience in the French military?
The king made her co-commander of the army, and she led it to a string of victories
The attack on the Bastille had what political effect?
The king's plans to reassert his authority were forestalled, permitting the National Assembly to continue its work.
Which of the following describes the enclosure movement of the eighteenth century?
The land was divided into plots bounded by fences to farm more efficiently.
What was the core concept of the Enlightenment?
The methods of natural science should be used to examine all aspects of life.
How did the expansion of the Industrial Revolution affect the work life of the middle class?
The middle class established a range of new professions, which required specialized knowledge & advanced education.
How did the Spanish monarchy seek to maintain control over its colonies?
The monarchy established intendants with broad administrative and financial authority who were responsible directly to the monarchy.
What belief drove native opponents to European colonial rule?
The nationalist assertion that every people had a right to control their destiny.
What was the basis of financial support for the evolution of the Renaissance artists?
The patronage of wealthy individuals and rulers
From 1701 to 1763, what was at stake in the wars between Great Britain and France?
The position as Europe's leading maritime power, with the ability to claim profits from Europe's overseas expansion.
Which of the following characterizes the English Revolution of 1688?
The revolution did not constitute a democratic republic since sovereignty was placed in the parliament, which only represented upper classes.
What was a competitive advantage of the rural putting-out system?
The rural poor worked for low wages.
Why were the young, generally unmarried women who worked for wages outside the home confined to certain "women's jobs"?
The sexual division of labor replicated a long-standing pattern of gender segregation and inequality.
What event finally galvanized NATO action against the Bosnian Serbs?
The slaughter of several thousands citizens in Srebrenica.
Within a few days after our departure from every such town, the people began to die.. By report of the oldest men in the country this had never happened before..were persuaded that it was the work of our God". This quote from Hariot's report refers to what effect of European colonization?
The spread of European disease among Native Americans.
What was the Holocaust?
The systematic effort of the Nazi state to exterminate all European Jews during the Second World War.
How did the war on the eastern front differ from the war on the western front?
The war on the eastern front included a more significant naval component with competition for the Black Sea.
What did the era of stagflation in the 1970s demonstrate about the social welfare states in Western Europe?
The welfare state was capable of preventing mass suffering and sustaining political stability and democracy.
What was one of Karl Marx's most important criticisms of the French utopian socialists?
Their utopian schemes were not realistic.
Throughout the First World War, what mistake did military commanders repeatedly make?
They attempted to mount massive offensives designed to break through entrenched lines.
Why did members of the National Convention turn against Robespierre on the Ninth of Thermidor?
They believed that Robespierre might soon have them arrested and executed.
Why did the German military command recommence submarine warfare in the Atlantic despite knowing that it would lead the United States to enter the war against them?
They believed that improved submarines could starve Britain into submission before the United States could come to the rescue.
How did the Nazi Party seek to promote the idea of the Volksgemeinschaft?
They created mass organizations such as the Hitler Youth and held mass rallies to spread Nazi ideology and enlist volunteers.
How did governments respond to the new science?
They established academies of science to support and sometimes direct scientific research.
Why did nationalists oppose the proposed European Union Constitution?
They feared losing political sovereignty and cultural identity.
What was the primary political weakness of the White forces as they fought against the Bolsheviks?
They had a poorly defined political program that failed to unite the enemies of the Bolsheviks.
How did the English and French seek a route to East Asia?
They sought a northwest passage across North America.
How did Portuguese merchants obtain most of their slaves in Africa?
They traded for slaves with local leaders.
What was the fate of most people brought before the Inquisition and accused of witchcraft?
They were sent home with a warning and ordered to do a penance.
What was the political goal of creating free, compulsory elementary education in in nineteenth-century France?
To act as a nation-building tool in which all children would be taught secular republican values.
What was the goal of the new imperialism of the late nineteenth century?
To create large political empires.
What was the primary goal of Galileo Galilei's experimental method?
To discover what actually occurred in nature rather than to speculate on what should occur.
What was Germany's goal in the Battle of Britain?
To gain air supremacy in anticipation of an invasion of Great Britain.
What was Mikhail Gorbachev's goal in bringing reforms to Russia?
To revitalize the Soviet system in order to save it.
What was the goal of the Committee of Public Safety?
To use dictatorial powers to respond to threats to France from without and within.
In his public calls for jihad (struggle) against the United States and the West, what grievances did Osama bin Laden list?
U.S. support for Israel in the Israeli-Palestinian crisis and US military bases in Saudi Arabia.
In terms of gender relations, Renaissance humanists argued that
Women's sphere of activity was private and domestic
Who benefited from the Black Death?
Workers: those who survived demanded high wages after the Black Death, increasing the standard of living for a large mass of people.
As practiced in the 1930s, appeasement was
a British policy that aimed to give Hitler whatever he wanted in order to avoid war.
The romantic movement was characterized by
a belief in emotional exuberance and unrestrained imagination.
The primary cause of the English Glorious Revolution was
a fear of the establishment of Catholic absolutism by James II.
The "cult of the Duce" (leader) promoted the image of Mussolini as
a powerful strongman embodying the best qualities of the Italian people.
After years of scientific investigation and reflection, Charles Darwin concluded that
all life had gradually evolved from a common ancestral origin.
As a result of the Peace of Augsburg, the people of Germany
became either Lutheran or Catholic depending on the preference of their prince.
Karl Marx argued that socialism would be established
by violent revolution.
In On the Inequality of the Human Races (1854), Count Arthur de Gobineau divided humanity into white, black, and yellow races and
championed the "Aryan race" for its supposedly superior qualities
Voltaire was a deist who viewed God as akin to a
clockmaker who set the universe in motion and then ceased to intervene in human affairs.
The marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon and Catherine of Castile
created a dynastic union but did not unify the separate kingdoms into a single state
Mercantilist theory postulated that
economic activity should be regulated by and for the state.
Mikhain Gorbachev, who became the leader of the Soviet Union in 1985, tried to reform the Communist System through perestroika, or
economic restructuring.
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen guaranteed
equality before the law.
As a result of the idea of separate spheres, middle-class married women who sought to work outside the home
found that they couldn't gain well paying jobs, and their wages were less than men's for the same work.
During the First World War, the African colonial subjects of Britain and France
generally supported their foreign masters.
The Edict of Nantes
granted French Huguenots the right to worship in 150 towns.
Bartolome de Las Cases asserted that the Indians
had human rights.
In his Essay Concerning Human Understanding, John Locke claimed that
human development is determined by education and society.
The German government's printing of money to pay unemployment benefits to workers striking in the Ruhr against the Franco-Belgium occupation of 1923 led to
hyperinflation.
According to Olympe de Gouges,
men and women should be equal in the eyes of the law.
Oliver Cromwell's Protectorate was ultimately a
military dictatorship.
The industrious revolution was a result of
poor families choosing to reduce leisure time and the production of goods for household consumption in order to earn wages to buy consumer goods.
According to Machiavelli, government should be judged on whether it
provided order, security, and safety of the populace.
The postindustrial society that emerged at the end of the 1970s
relied on high-tech and service-oriented jobs for economic growth rather than on heavy industry and manufacturing jobs
The signatories of the 1928 Kellogg-Briand Pact, initiated by French Prime Minister Aristide Briand and US secretary of state Frank B. Kellogg, agreed to
renounce war as an instrument of international policy.
The spinning of thread for the loom
required the work of several spinners for each loom, which led merchants to employ the wives and daughters of agricultural workers at terribly low wages.
The Helsinki Accords of 1975 called for
respect for human rights and the recognition of existing political boundaries.
The dissolution of the English monasteries
resulted from Henry VIII's desire to confiscate their wealth
Italian Humanists stressed the
study of the classics for what they could reveal about human nature
The Spanish Inquisition was an attempt to
target Jewish converts to Christianity who were believed to continue Jewish religious practice
The Reformation in England was primarily the result of
the dynastic and romantic concerns of Henry VIII.
According to the doctrine of laissez faire, the government should intervene in
the economy as little as possible.
At the center of Adam Smith's arguments in The Wealth of Nations was the belief that
the pursuit off self-interest in competitive markets would improve the living conditions of citizens.
Rudyard Kipling's, "the white man's burden" referred to
the white race's supposed duty to civilize inferior, nonwhite races.
Christianity in colonial societies in the Americas
took on distinctive characteristics through a complex process of cultural exchange that made Christianity more comprehensible to indigenous peoples.
Britain and France finally confronted Hitler with the threat of war when he
used the pretext of German minorities in Danzig to threaten Poland.
In religious affairs, Elizabeth I of England followed a policy that
was a middle course between Catholic and Protestant extremes.
At the congress of Vienna, the victorious allies
were guided by the principle of the balance of power.
In the "separate spheres" pattern of gender relationships,
women generally stopped working outside of the home after the first child was born.