AP Euro - Kagan Chapter 13
Charles I
wife is Catholic, raised kids worshiping Catholicism. He resorted to extra-parliamentary measures: levying tariffs+duties, tried to collect discontinued taxes, forced men to a loan (tax to be repaid), imprisoned the haters. Quartered troops in homes, challenged political import of nobles and landowners.
1689-1697
"Nine years war" was when England and France fought over America.
Mississippi Bubble
John Law fled country, the bank lacked enough gold to redeem all the paper money.
1642-1646
Civil war engulfed England with Cavaliers (King's supporters) and Roundheads (Parliament Support).
1661-1665
Clarendon Code, ultra-royalists in Parliament excluded Roman Catholics, Presbyterians and Independents from official religion
parlements
courts dominated by the nobility
Battle of Newburn
Scot victory against English, Charles I calls Parliament back and agrees with its terms.
Thomas Wentworth
(AKA earl of Strafford) imposed strict efficiency and central government and exploited legal fundraising device, enforcing laws and extending taxes to new places.
Peace of Nijmegen
A treaty signed by different parties in different years (1678-1679). Ended Franco-Dutch War formally.
1701
Act of Settlement, English crown can go to Protestant House of Hanover in Germany if Anne (second daughter of James II) and heir of William III dies.
1643
Alliance with Scotland helped Parliament's victory, Parliament follows presbyterian system of church government
1714
Anne dies. Elector of Hanover is King George I of Great Britain, (England and Scotland combined thru Act of Union in 1707)
Jean-Baptiste Colbert
Best minister of Louis, economic policies of his allowed Louis to supply an army, made France sell luxury items.
1689
Bill of rights=Netherlands is a Republic and religiously tolerant, unlike most of monarchy structured Europe where there's one ruler and one religion
1676-1708
Building of the palace of Versaille on outskirts of Paris. It is a central image of monarchy, biggest secular building in Europe. Physical setting exerts his political control. Louis' home after 1682.
1629
Charles makes peace with France.
1726
Cardinal Fleury maintains power of the monarchy with repression of Jansenists, saves nobles' interests.
Jansenism
Catholic movement started as a disagreement to Jesuits's theology and politics. St. Augustine's teachings are followed by Jansenists. Believed that original sin has corrupted mankind that people couldn't get no satisfaction. Calvinists are Protestant alternative of Jansenists. Cornelius Jansen the founder of the religion was a Flemish theologian and bishop of Ypres.
1630
Charles makes peace with Spain
1701, November 1
Charles II of Spain dies w/o heirs. left palace to Louis XIV's grandson Philip of Anjou (Philip V of Spain).
1637
Charles and high church Archbishop,William Laud, tried to impose Anglican episcopacy in Scotland, +prayer book identical to Anglican Book of Common Prayer.
1681-1685
Charles did not summon Parliament. Shaftesbury to exile, killed Whig leaders
1642, January
Charles invaded Parliament, wanted to put opponents behind bars, but they fled. Charles leaves London to create an army
1649, January 30
Charles is executed as a public criminal. Parliament dissolves monarchy, House of Lords, Anglican Church.
1645, June
Charles tries to take advantage of divisions in Parliament, Charles + army foiled him.
1640
Cornelius Jansen is posthumously famous for work Augustinus assailed Jesuit teaching on grace and salvation as morally lax
Oliver Cromwell
Country squire of discipline and independent religious sentiment. Wanted public worship, as compensation for religious toleration.
1661
Death of Cardinal Mazarin, Louis XIV assumed personal control over gov't, no chief ministers. Ruled thru councils, army, domestic administration, economic regulations. Crown conferred with with religious judicial bodies, called parlements.
1685
Death of Charles I, Catholic deathbed conversion.
1658
Death of Oliver Cromwell
1687
Declaration of Indulgence: James II suspended religious tests, free worship.
1672
Declaration of Indulgence: suspended laws against Catholic and non-anglicans.
John Churchill
Duke of Marlborough bested Louis in every engagement
1602
Dutch East India Company, the dutch vehicle for penetration of East Asia, prevented English from dominating.
Urban Prosperity
Economy built on high urban consolidation, transformed agriculture, extensive trade/ commerce overseas and commercial empire overseas.
1649-1660
England is a puritan republic. Cromwell conquers Scotland and Ireland, protestants were cruel to Irish Catholics.
1701, September
England, Holland and the Holy Roman Empire formed "Grand Alliance" to preserve the balance of power by Flanders as a barrier between Holland and France.
1589
Henry IV became king, pursued religious tolerance, French nobility had military forces at hand and fought the king.
1740
Fleury can't prevent France from World wide colonial conflict
1660s
France is highest nation in population, has administrative bureaucracy, army, national unity.
1789
French Revolution, the parlements were centers for aristocrats and popular resistance to royals
1649-1652
Fronde=widespread rebellions among french nobles (after slingshots of boys).
1689
Glorious Rebellion, Parliament calls Mary II and William III new rulers. Their Bill of Rights prevented Catholics from throne
1604, January
Hampton Court Conference where James rebuffed Puritans and declared that Anglican episcopacy is here to stay.
Duke of Buckingham
He controlled royal patronage and sold peerages and titles to the highest bidder, cheapened noble ranking, which angered nobility. Rumored to be a gay lover of King James.
Duke of Orléans
He was regent, until 1720, for Louis XIV's five year-old successor. He undermined the monarchy. He drew french nobility into decision-making government. Decided on a council in which nobles would serve with bureaucrats.
1593
Henry IV turned Catholic and the Jesuits (who were loyal to the pope), monopolized education of French rich fellows.
1653
House of Commons wanted to disband his expensive army of 50,000, Cromwell disbands Parliament. He is known as Lord Protector. Cromwell's dictatorship is harsh=prohibits drinking, theater-going and dancing. Religious conformity over freedom.
1625
James failed to arrange marriage between his son Charles and Spanish princess, and then Charles' marriage to Henrietta Marie, Henry IV's daughter=increased religious concern.
1603
James VI, son of Mary Queen of Scots, succeeds Elizabeth I
impositions
James I's source of income by levying custom duties, tariffs on everything that is imported. Saves him from dependence on Parliament
1688, June 20
James II has a Catholic son with second wife England invites William along with Mary to England with an army
1688, June
James imprisoned 7 Anglican bishops, (refused to lose anti-Catholic legislation). Mary (Protestant eldest daughter) wife of William III of Orange, is leader of opposition against Louis XIV.
1715, December
James landed in Scotland, but was defeated two months later
1618
James rushed English troops to aid German Protestants at outbreak of Thirty year's war
Bishop Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet
King Louis XIV's tutor, believed in "divine right of kings". Old testament had examples of rulers appointed and answerable only by God. Only God could judge king. "King by Divine Right": "L'état, c'est moi" (I am the state). Louis XIV's job was absolutism, war and peace making, religion, & economic action
1648, December
King supporters are exiled from Parliament.
1640-1660
Long Parliament acted with widespread popularity. The House of Commons impeached Strafford (1641) and Laud (1645) (both killed). Parliament abolished courts that enforced royal policies and did not allow raise of taxes. No more than three years interval between meetings.
Cardinal Richelieu
Louis XIII afraid of horses, weak man, Cardinal Richelieu ruled for him.
1673
Louis XIV curtailed parlement's power by requiring it to register laws before raising questions.
Louis was good for France but bad for the French
Louis XIV made France a world power, but also took away religious freedoms and levied taxes on peasants.
1672
Louis XIV's armies invade Netherlands Prince William III (Grandson of Bill Orange) stadtholder of Holland rallied the Dutch and led European coalition against France.
1667
Louis armies invade Flanders and Franche-Comté. Repulsed by Triple Alliance of England, Sweden and United Provinces.
Madame de Maintenon
Louis influenced policy through mistress turned wife Madame de Maintenon, who was a pious Catholic. She was a governess for madame de montespan, a frivolous basket case. Maintenon banned protestants from printing and medicine. She was Louis's last wife, he depended on her.
1672
Louis invades Netherlands. William III of England forged alliance with the Holy Roman Empire, Spain and Brandenburg against Louis XIV.
1660
Louis permits a papal bull which banned Jansenism
1685, October
Louis revoked Edict of Nantes which was a mistake, because 1.75 million or 9/10 of France was Huguenots. No Huguenots in government, laity who didn't convert are slaves, no public worship, no fortification for Huguenots
War of the Devolution
Louis supported alleged rights of wife Marie Therese to inherit Spanish Netherlands.
Sun King
Louis' nickname after his temple to royalty, built with the glory of Sun king (Louis XIV). Palace of Versailles's stables could hold 12,000 horsies, nobles serve as candle holders and la petite coucher, nobles become dependent on Louis XIV, 100,000 lives to make this, cleared out a swamp.
1628
Meeting of Parliament=members only will grant funds if Charles I recognizes Petition of Right, which requires... no forced loans or taxation without consent of Parliament no freeman imprisoned arbitrarily troops not allowed in homes.
Parliament Division
Moderate Puritans (presbyterians) and extreme Puritans (Independents) want to dispose of The Book of Common Prayer and bishops, but religious conservatives wanted to preserve Anglican Church as it was.
European Political Development
Parliamentary monarchy (England) and political absolution (France) are two models of response to military challenges of international conflict.
Militia Ordinance
Parliament has authority to build an army.
1641,October
Parliament is asked to raise money for troops trying to crush rebellion in Scotland. Charles I isn't trusted with an army, suggest that Parliament should control military.
1713
Pope Clement XI issues the bull, "Unigenitus". He hated Jansenist teaching.
1656
Pope Innocent X banned Augustinus
1653, May 31
Pope Innocent X declared heretical Jansenist props on grace and salvation.
1688
Prince William III accepts assumption to the throne of Protestant English along with his wife Mary. Glorious or Bloodless Revolution.
1620
Puritan separatists go to Plymouth Colony on Cape Cod, nonconformists. In the same year a larger, richer puritan wave find Massachusetts Bay Colony.
1649, January
Regicide=Charles I is executed by Parliament, slim majority wanted to kill the king. Honor tradition, removed premise of the divine right.
Test Act
Required civil and military officials of crown to swear an oath against transubstantiation. Aimed at Charles' brother James, duke of York, a devout Catholic.
John Law
Scottish Math guy, gambler, increase in paper $ would stimulate France's fiscal issues with the bank of Paris which issued paper money. Organized monopoly, called Mississippi Company, on trading privileges with new Orléans. The bank is credited with getting rid of debt.
Popish Plot
Several people were tried and executed. Anti Catholicism rose. Led by earl of Shaftesburg, Whigs (opposition of Parliament) tried to get James out of the picture for heirdom.
1640
Short Parliament=Scots rebel to imposed religion. Charles calls Parliament, which does not want war until king realizes their grievances. King dissolves Parliament again.
1721-1742
Sir Robert Walpole's ascension is due to royal support and House of Commons dealings, controlled gov't patronage peace and status quo at home. Britain's foreign trade reaches New England and India. British Monarchs and ministers had limits: Parliament had different views and Free Speech and Freedom of Association.
Tapestry Monopoly
The French Gobelins are tapestry masters
1648
Titus Oates vowed that Charles's Catholic wife was plotting with Jesuits and Irishmen to kill the king, then James would be on the throne.
1689
Toleration Act permits Protestants to worship and outlaws Catholics.
1668
Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle Louis gained control of towns bordering Spanish Netherlands.
1670
Treaty of Dover, England and France (allied against Dutch), Charles pledged to convert to Catholicism. Louis XIV promised Charles a subsidy.
1670
Treaty of Dover=a secret, England and France are allies against the Dutch.
1701-1714
War of Spanish Succession= France went to war under Louis, not ready for it. English are advanced. (flintlock, paper cartridges and ring bayonets) and tactics
1688, November
William III is received without hatred, James flees to France
1702
William III's death, Netherlands reverts to a republic
1720, February
all gold payments cease
1681
forces take Strasbourg on Rhine River League of Ausburg= a defence coalition against him, included England Spain and Sweden Leopold I=Hasburg emperor.
1719
price of stock rose, sold stock for paper money
1572
seven provinces became United Provinces of Netherlands after disputes with Spain, became a nation
Louvois
the French Secretary of State for War for a significant part of the reign of Louis XIV. Achieved secure international boundaries for France, Spanish Netherlands, the Franche-Comté, Alsace, and Lorraine.
1714
wars with France ends, Netherlands converts to a republic
