AP Euro - Kagan Chapter 13

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Charles I

wife is Catholic, raised kids worshiping Catholicism. He resorted to extra-parliamentary measures: levying tariffs+duties, tried to collect discontinued taxes, forced men to a loan (tax to be repaid), imprisoned the haters. Quartered troops in homes, challenged political import of nobles and landowners.

1689-1697

"Nine years war" was when England and France fought over America.

Mississippi Bubble

John Law fled country, the bank lacked enough gold to redeem all the paper money.

1642-1646

Civil war engulfed England with Cavaliers (King's supporters) and Roundheads (Parliament Support).

1661-1665

Clarendon Code, ultra-royalists in Parliament excluded Roman Catholics, Presbyterians and Independents from official religion

parlements

courts dominated by the nobility

Battle of Newburn

Scot victory against English, Charles I calls Parliament back and agrees with its terms.

Thomas Wentworth

(AKA earl of Strafford) imposed strict efficiency and central government and exploited legal fundraising device, enforcing laws and extending taxes to new places.

Peace of Nijmegen

A treaty signed by different parties in different years (1678-1679). Ended Franco-Dutch War formally.

1701

Act of Settlement, English crown can go to Protestant House of Hanover in Germany if Anne (second daughter of James II) and heir of William III dies.

1643

Alliance with Scotland helped Parliament's victory, Parliament follows presbyterian system of church government

1714

Anne dies. Elector of Hanover is King George I of Great Britain, (England and Scotland combined thru Act of Union in 1707)

Jean-Baptiste Colbert

Best minister of Louis, economic policies of his allowed Louis to supply an army, made France sell luxury items.

1689

Bill of rights=Netherlands is a Republic and religiously tolerant, unlike most of monarchy structured Europe where there's one ruler and one religion

1676-1708

Building of the palace of Versaille on outskirts of Paris. It is a central image of monarchy, biggest secular building in Europe. Physical setting exerts his political control. Louis' home after 1682.

1629

Charles makes peace with France.

1726

Cardinal Fleury maintains power of the monarchy with repression of Jansenists, saves nobles' interests.

Jansenism

Catholic movement started as a disagreement to Jesuits's theology and politics. St. Augustine's teachings are followed by Jansenists. Believed that original sin has corrupted mankind that people couldn't get no satisfaction. Calvinists are Protestant alternative of Jansenists. Cornelius Jansen the founder of the religion was a Flemish theologian and bishop of Ypres.

1630

Charles makes peace with Spain

1701, November 1

Charles II of Spain dies w/o heirs. left palace to Louis XIV's grandson Philip of Anjou (Philip V of Spain).

1637

Charles and high church Archbishop,William Laud, tried to impose Anglican episcopacy in Scotland, +prayer book identical to Anglican Book of Common Prayer.

1681-1685

Charles did not summon Parliament. Shaftesbury to exile, killed Whig leaders

1642, January

Charles invaded Parliament, wanted to put opponents behind bars, but they fled. Charles leaves London to create an army

1649, January 30

Charles is executed as a public criminal. Parliament dissolves monarchy, House of Lords, Anglican Church.

1645, June

Charles tries to take advantage of divisions in Parliament, Charles + army foiled him.

1640

Cornelius Jansen is posthumously famous for work Augustinus assailed Jesuit teaching on grace and salvation as morally lax

Oliver Cromwell

Country squire of discipline and independent religious sentiment. Wanted public worship, as compensation for religious toleration.

1661

Death of Cardinal Mazarin, Louis XIV assumed personal control over gov't, no chief ministers. Ruled thru councils, army, domestic administration, economic regulations. Crown conferred with with religious judicial bodies, called parlements.

1685

Death of Charles I, Catholic deathbed conversion.

1658

Death of Oliver Cromwell

1687

Declaration of Indulgence: James II suspended religious tests, free worship.

1672

Declaration of Indulgence: suspended laws against Catholic and non-anglicans.

John Churchill

Duke of Marlborough bested Louis in every engagement

1602

Dutch East India Company, the dutch vehicle for penetration of East Asia, prevented English from dominating.

Urban Prosperity

Economy built on high urban consolidation, transformed agriculture, extensive trade/ commerce overseas and commercial empire overseas.

1649-1660

England is a puritan republic. Cromwell conquers Scotland and Ireland, protestants were cruel to Irish Catholics.

1701, September

England, Holland and the Holy Roman Empire formed "Grand Alliance" to preserve the balance of power by Flanders as a barrier between Holland and France.

1589

Henry IV became king, pursued religious tolerance, French nobility had military forces at hand and fought the king.

1740

Fleury can't prevent France from World wide colonial conflict

1660s

France is highest nation in population, has administrative bureaucracy, army, national unity.

1789

French Revolution, the parlements were centers for aristocrats and popular resistance to royals

1649-1652

Fronde=widespread rebellions among french nobles (after slingshots of boys).

1689

Glorious Rebellion, Parliament calls Mary II and William III new rulers. Their Bill of Rights prevented Catholics from throne

1604, January

Hampton Court Conference where James rebuffed Puritans and declared that Anglican episcopacy is here to stay.

Duke of Buckingham

He controlled royal patronage and sold peerages and titles to the highest bidder, cheapened noble ranking, which angered nobility. Rumored to be a gay lover of King James.

Duke of Orléans

He was regent, until 1720, for Louis XIV's five year-old successor. He undermined the monarchy. He drew french nobility into decision-making government. Decided on a council in which nobles would serve with bureaucrats.

1593

Henry IV turned Catholic and the Jesuits (who were loyal to the pope), monopolized education of French rich fellows.

1653

House of Commons wanted to disband his expensive army of 50,000, Cromwell disbands Parliament. He is known as Lord Protector. Cromwell's dictatorship is harsh=prohibits drinking, theater-going and dancing. Religious conformity over freedom.

1625

James failed to arrange marriage between his son Charles and Spanish princess, and then Charles' marriage to Henrietta Marie, Henry IV's daughter=increased religious concern.

1603

James VI, son of Mary Queen of Scots, succeeds Elizabeth I

impositions

James I's source of income by levying custom duties, tariffs on everything that is imported. Saves him from dependence on Parliament

1688, June 20

James II has a Catholic son with second wife England invites William along with Mary to England with an army

1688, June

James imprisoned 7 Anglican bishops, (refused to lose anti-Catholic legislation). Mary (Protestant eldest daughter) wife of William III of Orange, is leader of opposition against Louis XIV.

1715, December

James landed in Scotland, but was defeated two months later

1618

James rushed English troops to aid German Protestants at outbreak of Thirty year's war

Bishop Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet

King Louis XIV's tutor, believed in "divine right of kings". Old testament had examples of rulers appointed and answerable only by God. Only God could judge king. "King by Divine Right": "L'état, c'est moi" (I am the state). Louis XIV's job was absolutism, war and peace making, religion, & economic action

1648, December

King supporters are exiled from Parliament.

1640-1660

Long Parliament acted with widespread popularity. The House of Commons impeached Strafford (1641) and Laud (1645) (both killed). Parliament abolished courts that enforced royal policies and did not allow raise of taxes. No more than three years interval between meetings.

Cardinal Richelieu

Louis XIII afraid of horses, weak man, Cardinal Richelieu ruled for him.

1673

Louis XIV curtailed parlement's power by requiring it to register laws before raising questions.

Louis was good for France but bad for the French

Louis XIV made France a world power, but also took away religious freedoms and levied taxes on peasants.

1672

Louis XIV's armies invade Netherlands Prince William III (Grandson of Bill Orange) stadtholder of Holland rallied the Dutch and led European coalition against France.

1667

Louis armies invade Flanders and Franche-Comté. Repulsed by Triple Alliance of England, Sweden and United Provinces.

Madame de Maintenon

Louis influenced policy through mistress turned wife Madame de Maintenon, who was a pious Catholic. She was a governess for madame de montespan, a frivolous basket case. Maintenon banned protestants from printing and medicine. She was Louis's last wife, he depended on her.

1672

Louis invades Netherlands. William III of England forged alliance with the Holy Roman Empire, Spain and Brandenburg against Louis XIV.

1660

Louis permits a papal bull which banned Jansenism

1685, October

Louis revoked Edict of Nantes which was a mistake, because 1.75 million or 9/10 of France was Huguenots. No Huguenots in government, laity who didn't convert are slaves, no public worship, no fortification for Huguenots

War of the Devolution

Louis supported alleged rights of wife Marie Therese to inherit Spanish Netherlands.

Sun King

Louis' nickname after his temple to royalty, built with the glory of Sun king (Louis XIV). Palace of Versailles's stables could hold 12,000 horsies, nobles serve as candle holders and la petite coucher, nobles become dependent on Louis XIV, 100,000 lives to make this, cleared out a swamp.

1628

Meeting of Parliament=members only will grant funds if Charles I recognizes Petition of Right, which requires... no forced loans or taxation without consent of Parliament no freeman imprisoned arbitrarily troops not allowed in homes.

Parliament Division

Moderate Puritans (presbyterians) and extreme Puritans (Independents) want to dispose of The Book of Common Prayer and bishops, but religious conservatives wanted to preserve Anglican Church as it was.

European Political Development

Parliamentary monarchy (England) and political absolution (France) are two models of response to military challenges of international conflict.

Militia Ordinance

Parliament has authority to build an army.

1641,October

Parliament is asked to raise money for troops trying to crush rebellion in Scotland. Charles I isn't trusted with an army, suggest that Parliament should control military.

1713

Pope Clement XI issues the bull, "Unigenitus". He hated Jansenist teaching.

1656

Pope Innocent X banned Augustinus

1653, May 31

Pope Innocent X declared heretical Jansenist props on grace and salvation.

1688

Prince William III accepts assumption to the throne of Protestant English along with his wife Mary. Glorious or Bloodless Revolution.

1620

Puritan separatists go to Plymouth Colony on Cape Cod, nonconformists. In the same year a larger, richer puritan wave find Massachusetts Bay Colony.

1649, January

Regicide=Charles I is executed by Parliament, slim majority wanted to kill the king. Honor tradition, removed premise of the divine right.

Test Act

Required civil and military officials of crown to swear an oath against transubstantiation. Aimed at Charles' brother James, duke of York, a devout Catholic.

John Law

Scottish Math guy, gambler, increase in paper $ would stimulate France's fiscal issues with the bank of Paris which issued paper money. Organized monopoly, called Mississippi Company, on trading privileges with new Orléans. The bank is credited with getting rid of debt.

Popish Plot

Several people were tried and executed. Anti Catholicism rose. Led by earl of Shaftesburg, Whigs (opposition of Parliament) tried to get James out of the picture for heirdom.

1640

Short Parliament=Scots rebel to imposed religion. Charles calls Parliament, which does not want war until king realizes their grievances. King dissolves Parliament again.

1721-1742

Sir Robert Walpole's ascension is due to royal support and House of Commons dealings, controlled gov't patronage peace and status quo at home. Britain's foreign trade reaches New England and India. British Monarchs and ministers had limits: Parliament had different views and Free Speech and Freedom of Association.

Tapestry Monopoly

The French Gobelins are tapestry masters

1648

Titus Oates vowed that Charles's Catholic wife was plotting with Jesuits and Irishmen to kill the king, then James would be on the throne.

1689

Toleration Act permits Protestants to worship and outlaws Catholics.

1668

Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle Louis gained control of towns bordering Spanish Netherlands.

1670

Treaty of Dover, England and France (allied against Dutch), Charles pledged to convert to Catholicism. Louis XIV promised Charles a subsidy.

1670

Treaty of Dover=a secret, England and France are allies against the Dutch.

1701-1714

War of Spanish Succession= France went to war under Louis, not ready for it. English are advanced. (flintlock, paper cartridges and ring bayonets) and tactics

1688, November

William III is received without hatred, James flees to France

1702

William III's death, Netherlands reverts to a republic

1720, February

all gold payments cease

1681

forces take Strasbourg on Rhine River League of Ausburg= a defence coalition against him, included England Spain and Sweden Leopold I=Hasburg emperor.

1719

price of stock rose, sold stock for paper money

1572

seven provinces became United Provinces of Netherlands after disputes with Spain, became a nation

Louvois

the French Secretary of State for War for a significant part of the reign of Louis XIV. Achieved secure international boundaries for France, Spanish Netherlands, the Franche-Comté, Alsace, and Lorraine.

1714

wars with France ends, Netherlands converts to a republic


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