STAS PRELIM

Branches of Science

1. Geology 2. Chemistry 3. Physics 4. Biology 5. Astronomy

Ptolemy (87-100 A.D.)

Before the Scientific Revolution

Research

a process of acquiring new knowledge.

CUNEIFORM

a set of word pictures depicted in symbols made of triangular marks.

Smartwatches

a variation of regular watches but coming with a whole bunch of features as your smartphone.

Technology

Comes from Greek words "tekhne" meaning "art or craft" and logia meaning a 'subject or interest".

Printing press

Gutenberg utilized wooden machines that extracted juices from fruits, attached to them a metal impression of the letters, and pressed firmly the cast metal into a piece of paper, which then made an extract impression on paper.

University of Paris

The first and most famous university in 1160

EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION

They wrote with ink and brushes on paper made of papyrus reeds and located in the Northeastern part of the African continent, a desert country on an agricultural economy

first gun

a bamboo tube reinforced with iron that used a charge of black powder to shoot an arrow.

Information technology

based on machines that collect, store, process, retrieve, transmit and utilize data or information.

Second Wave technology

comprising the industrial technologies which were developed since the time of industrial revolution until the end of World War II.

Agricultural and Mining Societies

depend on the natural resources of the world to sustain the needs of people but both entail the risk of environmental damage.

Equipment technology

design and fabrication of tools, instruments, devices and machines.

Development

equated with growth and greater consumption. The more that a population is able to consume, the wealthier it is.

Material technology

extraction, fabrication, processing, combination and synthesis of materials

Andreas Vesalius

he described the anatomy of the brain's function and wrote the book "On the Fabric of the Human Body".

Telephone

invented by Alexander Graham Bell, a way to easily maintain connection and communication with each other in real time.

Airplane

is a powered fixed-wing aircraft that is propelled by thrust from a jet engine, propeller or rocket engine.

Incandescent light bulb

is an electric light with a wire filament heated to such a high temperature that it glows with visible light

India

mainly in the Northwestern regions of South Asia.

PRECONSCIOUS MIND

material that is unconscious but can be easily brought into awareness. Moves back & forth easily between conscious and unconscious.

AMERICAN PERIOD

provided the Philippines with an extensive public education system. The Philippine commission established the Bureau of Government Laboratories allocated for the study of tropical diseases and laboratory projects.

SHAMANS OR BABAYLANS

the first healers within the tribal communities and the use of medicinal of herbal plants was the common way of treating a sick patient.

Distillation and Alcohol

the first preparation of strong spirits of wine was made in Europe in the 12th century. and it was probably produced by accident in the course of some medical preparation.

Electricity

the heart of many modern technologies, is the set of physical phenomena associated with presence and motion of electric charge.

Hunter and Gatherer Societies

the most primitive of all societies.

Manufacturing and Processing Societies

the use of coal marked the start of industrialization.

Life technology

these are devices, medicines, procedures and systems designed to preserve, repair, maintain, reproduce and improve living systems.

Acupuncture

was used to treat illnesses or pain by pricking the patient's body with needles at points believed to be connected with the visceral organs causing the pain.

COLONIAL PERIOD

where SPANISH PERIOD and AMERICAN PERIOD happened

Causes of the Scientific Revolution

•Printing press spread new ideas •Age of Exploration fueled a great deal of scientific research because of technology needed for navigation •Translation of the works of Muslim scholars opened the minds of European thinkers to new scientific knowledge

Charles Darwin

- February 12, 1809 -April 19, 1882 - In 1831, he began a 5-year voyage on the HMS Beagle that would change his life. - Father of evolution

Galileo Galilei

- Galileo assembled the first telescope which allowed him to see mountains on the moon and fiery spots on the sun. - He also observed four moons rotating around Jupiter -exactly the way Copernicus said the Earth rotated around the sun.

Darwin's four POSTULATES

- Individuals within species vary - Some of these variations are passed on to offspring - Individuals vary in their ability to survive and reproduce - Individuals with the most favorable adaptations are more likely to survive and reproduce.

Id

"pleasure principle" unconscious impulse that want to be gratified, without regard to potential punishment.

Ego

"reality principle" tries to satisfy id impulses while minimizing punishment & guilt.

PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD

- Before the Spaniards came to the Philippines, the natives of the archipelago already had practices linked to science and technology - Filipino were engaged in different kinds of activities like farming, weaving, shipbuilding

FIDEL RAMOS PRESIDENCY

- During his term, there was a significant increase in personnel specializing field. - Health care services were promoted through local programs such as "Doctors to the Barrio Program". Magna carta for science and technology personnel was established.

MARCOS ERA & MARTIAL LAW

- President strengthened the development of science and technology in the Philippines. - Many agencies, institutions and projects were established including National Grains Authority for the development of rice and corn industry, Philippine Council for Agricultural Research for the development of agricultural fisheries and forestry. - Philippine Atmospheric Services Administration (PAGASA) to ensure the safety of the people. - Philippine

GLORIA MACAPAGAL ARROYO PRESIDENCY

- Several laws and projects that concerns both the environment and science to push technology as a tool to increase the country's economic level. - The term "Filipin novation" was the term used in helping the Philippines to be an innovation hub in Asia.

ramp and lever

- The Egyptians invented and used many simple machines to aid construction processes.

Modern Times

- The booming world population during the nineteenth century onwards demanded that more goods be produced at a faster rate. - People needed efficient means of transportation to trade more goods and cover a larger distance. - Machines that required animals to operate must thus be upgraded.

BAYBAYIN

- These are fed by an ancient irrigation system from the rainforests above terraces from the word alibata and it emergence of writing system

SPANISH PERIOD

- When the Spaniards colonized the Philippines, they introduced formal education and founded scientific institution and provided the Philippines with parish schools in which religion, arithmetic, writing, reading and music were taught

Edgrado Gomez

- a Filipino biologist who led the world's first national-scale assessment of damage to coral reefs. - He also pioneered goant clam breeding and other protective areas for coastal communicaties of the Philippines

Tycho Brahe

- in the late 1500s, this Danish astronomer, provided evidence that supported Copernicus' heliocentric theory.

Ptolemy's geocentric model of the solar system

1. 1.Earth 2. 2.Moon 3. 3.Mercury 4. 4.Venus 5. 5.Sun 6. 6.Mars 7. 7.Jupiter 8. 8.Saturn

LEVELS OF CONSCIOUSNESS: ICEBERG THEORY

1. CONSCIOUS MIND 2. PRECONSCIOUS MIND 3. UNCONSCIOUS MIND

Scientific Processes

1. Observing 2. Describing 3. Comparing 4. Classifying 5. Measuring 6. Making

First Wave Technology

Agricultural Age- comprising the pre-industrial technologies which are labor-intensive, small-scale, decentralized and based on empirical rather than scientific knowledge.

Jason Hickel

An anthropologist at the London school of economics, challenges us to rethink and reflect on a different paradigm of "de-development"

CORAZON AQUINO PRESIDENCY

Department of science and technology formerly known as national science and technology authority was given a representation in the cabinet and the President encouraged scientists to bring the Philippines to its former position as second to only Japan in the field of science and technology.

BABAYLONIAN CIVILIZATION

Famous of their history -because their history was written in the bible.

Fe Del Mundo

Filipina pediatrician, the founder of the first pediatric hospital in the Philippines.

Geminiano T. de Ocampo

Filipino ophthalmologist known to some as the father of modern Philippine ophthalmology. - He was the founder of the Philippine eye bank.

Emil Q. Javier

Filipino plant geneticist and agronomist who contributed in agriculture.

Newton

He used math to prove the existence of gravity-a force that kept planets in their orbits around the sun, and also caused objects to fall towards the earth.

Johannes Kepler

His calculations also showed that the planets moved in oval shaped orbits, and not perfect circles, as Ptolemy and Copernicus believed.

Technology Processes

Identification of a specific need, desire or opportunity to be satisfied of interest to the practitioner or technologist

Inference Science Processes

Identification of an aspect, problem, question or phenomenon of nature of interest to the scientists or practitioner.

Church, medieval towns

Iron-chain suspension bridges, segmental arch structures were built.

Mission

Oriented-accomplishing a particular mission or technological objective

Management Technology

Planning, organization, coordination and control of social activities

JOSEPH ESTRADA PRESIDENCY

President signed the Philippine clean air act 1999, designed to protect and preserve the environment and electronic commerce act of 2000 which outlaw's computer hacking.

Lamarcks's Evolutionary Hypotheses

Proposed that the use or discuss of organs caused organisms to gain or lose traits over time.

Science

System of knowledge of the natural world gained through the scientific method.

hieroglyphics

The Egyptian writing was in the form of pictorial symbols known as ______, representing individual objects or actions.

COMPASSIONATE

The progress of human civilizations throughout history mirrors the development of science and technology

BABAYLONIAN CIVILIZATION

They adopted the Sumerian sexagesimal system of counting in units, Ziggurat and cuneiform, and their measurements made use of fractions, squares and square roots.

Horse Harness and Horse shoe

This innovation came from the 7th century A.D China reaching Europe early in the eleventh century, resulting in the horse taking the place of oxen at the plough. it allowed to increase its" attractive" effort five times and for protection.

Gavino C. Trono

a Filipino biologist dubbed as the "father of Kappaphycus farming"

Angel Alcala

a Filipino biologist who promote biodiversity in the aquatic ecosystems of the Philippines.

Eduardo Quisambing

a Filipino biologist, a leading authority of plants in the Philippines. - He is the author of taxonomic and morphological papers, many of which deal with orchids including medicinal plants in the Philippines.

Roman C. Barba

a Filipino inventor and horticulturist, best known for inventing a way to induce more flowers in mango trees using ethanol and potassium nitrate.

water clock

a conical earthen vessel with hours equally marked off on the inside and spout at the bottom.

Computer

a device that can be instructed to carry out sequences of arithmetic or logical operations automatically via computer programming.

Calculator

a faster way to compute more complicated equations.

The City of Uruk

a great wonder not only because it is considered to be the first true city in the world.

Paracelsus

an alchemist and physician of the Renaissance.

Society

an organized group of people associated as members of a community.

Gunpowder and Canon

appeared around the 9th century A.D From fire-lance using a rocket combination and bamboo tube as close combat weapon, all barrier guns and cannon were constructed at the beginning of the 12th century A.D.

Third-Wave technology

comprising the post-industrial or the high technologies which are called science-intensive since they are based on the modern scientific knowledge of the structures, properties and interaction of molecules, atoms and nuclei.

GAZETTES

contained announcements of the Roman Empire to the people, made metal or stone tablets and then publicly displayed.

Energy technology

deals with the distribution of various forms of energy such as solar panels, wind turbines and hydrothermal.

UNCONSCIOUS MIND

it is completely outside of our awareness (could produce anxiety if made conscious)

Freud

father of psychoanalysis

Fundamental/Basic Research

gaining new knowledge

INDUS - HINDU CIVILIZATION

introduced the negative and positive quantities, square and cube roots, quadratic equations, mathematical implications of zero and infinity and value of pi up to nine decimal places.

Pasteurization

invented by Louis Pasteur, a French biologist, microbiologist and chemist, the process of heating dairy products to kill the harmful bacteria that allow them to spoil faster.

Innovation

involves commercialization of prototype inventions of Research and Development into marketable products or processes.

Development

involves transforming research findings into prototype inventions of new materials, devices and processes.

Robotics

is an interdisciplinary branch of engineering and science that includes mechanical engineering, electronics engineering, computer science and others.

Petroleum Refinery

is widely used in powering automobiles, factories, and power plants. Kerosene was referred to as the "illuminating oil" because it was used at first to provide lighting homes. It was invented by Samuel M. Kier.

Water mill

it was an integral part of the feudal economy. By using suitable mechanism, its rotary motion could be converted to reciprocal motion making it a source of general power.

CONSCIOUS MIND

like the top of the iceberg, only a small portion of our mind is accessible to us.

ZIGGURATS

mountain of God, served as the sacred place of their chief God.

Applied

practical application

Synthesizing and Recycling Societies

production of synthetic food and other resources and recycling of nonrenewable resources.

POST-COLONIAL PERIOD

saw political and economic instability. (president era)

Shifting and Farming

slash and burn farming

university of santo Tomas

started by the Spanish Archibishop of Manila as a seminary.

War Weapons

such as cross bows, long bows was developed so that they could attack the enemies at long ranges, keeping themselves safe with the protection of wall and fortresses. Soldiers wear body armors and chainmail to protect themselves

Mechanical clock

tells time using gears driven by weights that pull the gears at the right pace.

Superego

the "morality principle" of our personality which tells us right from wrong our conscience.

Scientific Revolution

used to refer to the great intellectual achievements of science from sixteenth to seventeenth century marking a radical change in the assumption's attitudes and methods in scientific inquiry.

SEXAGESIMAL

using the number 60 as base, system of counting and a form of place notation.

Windmill

was used primarily for blowing bellows, filling cloth, forging iron, sawing, weaving and threshing.

Electric power

where electric current is used to energize equipment.

Electronics

which deals with electrical circuits that involve active electrical components such as vacuum tubes, transistors, diodes and integrated circuits, and associated passive interconnection technologies.

INDUS - HINDU CIVILIZATION

· Considered the most remarkable accomplishment of the this civilization was the construction layout of its cities which featured water wells (that piped water supply) bathrooms and wastepipe or drains in nearly every house. · They excelled particularly in medicine and mathematics.

GREEK CIVILIZATION

· Famous because of their thinking (western philosophy) · Known as the birthplace of western philosophy · They designed various mathematical models and mechanical systems to explain the planetary motions and mechanical system

PERSIAN CIVILIZATION

· Introduce of a uniform system of gold and silver coinage, · The first regular postal system in the world · Taxation system, an important component of the Achaemenid state administration. · Qanat is a gently

SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION

· MESOPOTENIA · They know as civilization because they are making trade · Known as black headed people · Famous of their writing that are cuneiform

CHINESE CIVILIZATION

· People learned the technology of silk production · The outstanding contribution of the Shang included the creation of magnificent bronze vessels, discovery of lacquer, the development of the horse-drawn war chariots and the first known Chinese writing which was discovered incised on flat shoulder bones of cattle or on tortoises' shells called "oracle bone"

MEDIEVAL TIME

· The period from 450A.D to 1450 A.D · is generally known as the period of history between Ancient Times and Modern Times. · The start of the Middle Ages was marked by massive invasions and migrations.

Renaissance

· The period of rebirth · Beginning of the cultural movement · Rediscovery of ancient texts was accelerated after the fall of Constantinople in 1453.

ARABIC/ISLAMIC CIVILIZATION

· They introduced the Arabic system of numbers · their interest in the pseudoscience of alchemy encouraged them to mix and manipulate chemical elements and conduct experiments to transform base metals into gold. · They were the first to use glass lens for magnification · First to manufacture the black powder They produced the first gun

ROMAN CIVILIZATION

· They introduced the roman numeral. · They constructed the Pantheon as one of the world's greatest domed buildings and colosseum, Rome's stage for individual gladiatorial contest which held 50,000 spectators. · Chariot races and gladiator