AP Euro test questions

The New Economic Policy in Soviet Russia provided for which of the following? a. a free market in grain and limited private enterprise b. collectivization of agriculture and nationalization of industry c. a network of communal services to feed and care for the unemployed d. the creation of model factories and farms to prepare for the move to full communism e. a market economy with wages and prices fluctuating according to demand.

a. a free market in grain and limited private enterprise

Roman Catholics, Lutherans, and Calvinists condemned Anabaptists for their a. belief in church-state separation b. support for infant baptism c. secular outlook on the world d. support for papal supremacy e. use of magic to achieve religious reform

a. belief in church-state separation

A major factor in the economic decline of the trading cities of the Hanseatic League in the fifteenth century was the a. competition from merchants backed by larger territorial states b. disruption of the Baltic trade resulting from piracy c. loss of the Hanseatic League's share of the Russian fur trade d. a sharp decline in demand for the types of products carried by Hanseatic merchants e. penetration of Baltic trade routes by Venetian merchants

a. competition from merchants backed by larger territorial states

"Green" political parties emerged in Western Europe in the 1970s and 1980s primarily as a result of a. concern about the impact of the environment b. solidarity with Irish nationalists in their struggle against Great Britain c. desire to support the use of American dollars in international business transactions d. opposition to older, more traditional politicians controlling decisions e. a rejection of socialist policies in favor of free-market policies

a. concern about the impact of the environment

The rising standard of living in many Western Europena urban areas during the late nineteenth century resulted in a. decreases in birth rates b. less emphasis on child rearing c. less reliance on mass transit

a. decreases in birth rates

In 1861, Tsar Alexander II of Russia initiated which of the following reforms? a. emancipation of the serfs b. creation of a representative legislative assembly called the Duma c. adoption of a written constitution d. abolition of government controls on the economy e. introduction of a broad new social welfare scheme

a. emancipation of the serfs

During the late 19th century, which of the following nationalities enjoyed priviledged status within the Austro-Hungarian Empire? a. Magyars b. Czechs c. serbs d. greeks e. Romanians

a. magyars

Capitalists used the "putting-out" or domestic system primarily in order to a. operate outside the restrictive guild system b. find ways to put women to work c. take advantage of high unemployment rates in overcrowded d. Take advantage of the enclosure movement e. avoid building large factories

a. operate outside the restrictive guild system

In the 1880s, Bismarck pursued which of the following policies? a. social welfare laws b. alliance with Social Democratic Party c. Free trade d. military alliance with France e. Decentralization of government

a. social welfare laws

In general, the standard of living of the average worker in England improved in the eighteenth century primarily because a. the cost of luxury items, such as coffee, tea, sugar, and chocolate decreased b. wages went up as the population decreased c. the spread of railways led to better access to manufactured d. government regulation led to improved working conditions e. housing improved with new technology

a. the cost of luxury items, such as coffee, tea, sugar, and chocolate decreased

One enduring change initiated by the French revolutionaries was a. the metric system of measurement b. the Revolutionary calender c. de-Christianization d. The Committee of Public Safety e. The establishment of equal rights for women

a. the metric system of measurement

Marx and Engels' critique of gender relationships in capitalist society argues that a. women were twice oppressed, by men and capitilists b. men and women were equally oppressed and the only relevant category was class c. married women were entitled to property rights and suffrage d. women's unique nature and childrearing responsibility required laws to protect them e. women had a more peaceful nature than men

a. women were twice oppressed, by men and capitilists

Henrik Ibsen's A Doll House, by challenging middle class ideas about women's roles, reflects a.literary realism in the second half of the 19th century b. challenges to perceptions of the physical world c. the increasing acceptance of Freudian psychology d. Nietzche's revolt against reason e. the liberalization of institutional religion

a.literary realism in the second half of the 19th century

How did subsequent French monarchs view the Edict of Nantes, issued by Henry IV of France in 1598? a. As sinful, because it undermined the Protestant faith b. As dangerous because it established a state within a state c. as useful, because it separated church and state d. unfavorably, because it gave the papacy control over the French church heirarchy e. favorably, because it unified state and church

b. As dangerous because it established a state within a state

The two european powers that defied the pattern of absolute, centralized government by the end of the seventeenth century were a. Sicily and Portugal b. England and the Dutch Republic c. France and Austria d. Poland and Sweden e. Spain and Prussia

b. England and the Dutch Republic

Which of the following best sumarizes existential philosophy as advocated by Albert Camus and Jean-Paul Sartre? a. humans must prove that God exists in order to give meaning to modern life despite the horros of modern war b. God, reason, and progress are myths, and people can only give meaning to their lives throught their actions and choices c. thorough studies of languiage will lead to answers about the human condition d. only a commitment to doing good works for others will lead to salvation e. the answers to the questions raised by the horrors of modern war can be found in intensive study of the human psyche

b. God, reason, and progress are myths, and people can only give meaning to their lives throught their actions and choices

Which of the following was a result of the implementation of the Schlieffen Plan at the beginning of WWI? a. French forces were able to capture Alsace-Lorraine b. Great Britain entered the war on the side of France and Russia c. The Netherlands was knocked out of the war d. Tanks became a decisive weapon in warfare e. a shake-up occurred in the German high command

b. Great Britain entered the war on the side of France and Russia

Which of the following would have been most likely to agree with the political system advocated by Jacques Bossuet? a. John Locke b. Louis XIV c. William III of England d. Jean-Jacques Rousseau e. Maximilien Robespierre

b. Louis XIV

Which of the following viewed the universe as a vast machine controlled by the laws of gravity and inertia? a. Copernicus b. Newton c. Kepler d. Galileo e. Spinoza

b. Newton

The drive for Russia to industrialize during the 19th century was most strongly motivated by a. The capitalist philosophy of Alexander III b. Russia's defeat in the Crimean War c. The Decembrist Revolt d. Britain's domination of the Continental system e. Its increased economic competition with the Ottoman empire

b. Russia's defeat in the Crimean War

All of the following factors contributed to the formation of a Franco Russian alliance in the late 19th century EXCEPT a. French investments in Russia b. Similarity of political regimes c. common rivalry with Germany d. common rivalry with the British empire e. exclusion from the Triple Alliance

b. Similarity of political regimes

Which of the following was the most important cause of discontent among the French peasantry in the decades leading up to the French Revolution a. the failure of the government to encourage significant emigration to Canada b. The efforts by many landowners to revive various kinds of taxes and feudal dues c. The spread of Enlightenment critiques of organized religion d. The drafting of large numbers of peasants to serve in the French army e. The creation of large numbers of robe nobles by the French monarchy

b. The efforts by many landowners to revive various kinds of taxes and feudal dues

The Dreyfus Affair in late 19th century France was most notable for revealing the widespread existence of which of the following in French society? a. anarchism b. anti-semitism c. bonapartism d. irredentism e. revanchism

b. anti-semitism

In the Wealth of Nations (1776,) Adam Smith strongly advocated a policy of a. high tariffs and government-sponsored industry b. free trade and minimal government interferece in the economy c. taxes for support of social instututions such as schools and hospitals d. The drafting of large numbers of peasants to serve in the French army e. The creation of large numbers of robe nobles by the French monarchy

b. free trade and minimal government interferece in the economy

The controversy over the corn laws in early 19th century Britain was in part a conflict between a. wheat farmers and cattle raisers b. large landowners and industrialists c. landless rural laborers and factory workers d. monarchists and liberals e. Scottish, Welsh, and Irish separatists and the British government

b. large landowners and industrialists

During the eighteenth century, young peasant women in western Europe increasingly a. worked as farm laborers on large farms b. left home to work as domestic servants c. married into the middle class d. joined guilds and became skilled workers e. gained property rights

b. left home to work as domestic servants

Many European intellectuals viewed Frederic the Great of Prussia (reigned 1740-1786) as an enlightened despot because of his a. role in the war of Austrian succession b. policies of religious tolerance c. expansion of the Prussian army d. support of the Junker aristocracy e. acceptance of a written constitution

b. policies of religious tolerance

In his Institutes of the Chirstian Religion, John Calvin sought to a. answer the Roman Catholic Church's doctrinal reforms formulated at the Council of Trent b. systemize Protestant doctrine as the basis for a reformed Christianity c. Challenge the growing political authority of kings through the articulation of a theory of political resistance d. promote a dialogue with the Roman Catholic Church e. raise the cultural level of Europeans by supporting universal schooling

b. systemize Protestant doctrine as the basis for a reformed Christianity

In contrast to artists in the late nineteenth century, artists during the Renaissnace did which of the following? a. they focused primarily on art for art's sake b. they relied heavily on patronage c. they tended to focuse more on the abstract d. they were leess concerneed about linear perspective e. they lived and worked primarily in rural areas

b. they relied heavily on patronage

Which of the following was a major motivation for the widening of Parisian streets by Baron Haussman? a. to make the emperor's coronation ceremonies more memorable b. to make it easier for soldiers to repress riots c. to facilitate public fairs and celebrations d. to defend the city against German invaders e. to increase the area's desirability for foreign investors

b. to make it easier for soldiers to repress riots

"The greatest happiness for the greatest number of people" is a principle generally associated with a. mercantilism b. utilitiarianism c. anarchism d. conservatism e. nihilism

b. utilitiarianism

Which of the following composers expressed strong patriotic feelings for his homeland in his works? a. J.S. Bach b. Mozart c. Chopin d. Handel e. Stravinsky

c. Chopin

The goals of Protestant princes in Germany before 1555 included the a. abolition of the Holy Roman Empire b. achievement of religious toleration for all German people c. Recognition of Lutheranism as a legitimate form of religion d. extension of Protestantism to all of Europe e. economic and commercial unity of the German states

c. Recognition of Lutheranism as a legitimate form of religion

The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in 1914 was carried out by nationalists seeking an expanded a. Greece b.. Bulgaria c. Serbia d. Austria e. Macedonia

c. Serbia

In the mid 1400s, Christians, Muslims, and Jews coexisted with some degree of toleration in a. England b. France c. Spain d. The Holy Roman Empire e. The Kingdom of Naples

c. Spain

Which of the following contributed most to population growth in western Europe during the second half of the 18th century?

c. The introduction of new food staples

Which of the following accurately describes a major change in status experienced by Russian serfs in the 17th and 18th centuries? a. they gained new rights and freedoms as a result of the government's Westernization policies b. They gained exemption from military service because their labor was essential to the estates of the landed gentry c. They lost rights, including the right to own property and the right to petition the czar against their masters d. They moved to urban areas in large numbers as industrialization created new employment opportunities e. They gained their freedom as the nobles and monarchs realized that a free peasantry would be more productive

c. They lost rights, including the right to own property and the right to petition the czar against their masters

"The power of population is infinitely greater than the power in the earth to produce subsistence for man. Population, when unchecked, increases in a geometric ration. Subsitence only increases in arithmetic ratio. A slight acquaintance with the numbers will show the immensity of the first power in comparison with the second." The quote above states a. adam smith's belief in the natural laws of production and exchange b. Georg Hegel's theory on the process of historical change c. Thomas Malthus' belief in the inevitability of working-class poverty d. Anne-Robert- Jacques Turgot's belief about the need to abolish the corvee e. Karl Marx's theory of class conflict and social revolution

c. Thomas Malthus' belief in the inevitability of working-class poverty

Which of the following best describes the 18th century Grand Tour? a. Eastern European nobles' habit of directly supervising their vast, landed estates by frequently touring them b. a tour of important fortresses undertaken by French military officers to further their training c. a trip through Italy and France, typically underatken by wealthy Englishmen to learn foreign languages and cultures d. A pilgramige to major religious sites undertaken by Spanish aristocrats before marriage e. A journey to western Europe undertaken by Hungarian nobles interested in Enlightenment ideas

c. a trip through Italy and France, typically underatken by wealthy Englishmen to learn foreign languages and cultures

Calvinist opposition to Spanish rule in the Netherlands during the sixteenth century took all of the following forms EXCEPT a. the destruction of religious images in Roman Catholic churches b. increased efforts to convert people to Protestantism c. attempts to assassinate Philip II d. demonstrations against the execution of heretics e. civil war between Roman Catholics and Protestants

c. attempts to assassinate Philip II

Which of the following best describes the primary goal of central European liberal political leaders prior to the revolutions of 1848? a. a democratic political system with universal voting rights b. more state spending to spur economic development c. constitutional government reform and national independence d. support of pacifism and peaceful settlement of disputes e. social reforms, including the abolition of serfdom

c. constitutional government reform and national independence

Lenin and the Bolsheviks won widespread popular support in Russia in 1917 by promising a. a fight to the finish b. universal suffrage c. peace, land, and bread d. liberty, fraternity, and equality e. socialism with a human face

c. peace, land, and bread

The chief foreign-policy of Great Britain in the wars of the eighteenth century was to a. revive the Hly Roman Empire as an effective political entity b. curb the spread of Roman Catholicism into Protestant lands c. prevent France from becoming the preeminent European and colonial power d. gain free access to European markets for its manufactured goods e. secure a stable supply of imported food for its growing population

c. prevent France from becoming the preeminent European and colonial power

Baroque architecture differed from Neoclassical architecture of the same period in its a. strict geometric design b. avoidance of any religious references c. rich use of symbolism and decoration d. subtle undermining of the authority of sovereign powers e. reliance on Celtic rather than Greek and Roman models

c. rich use of symbolism and decoration

The primary reason why Russia, Great Britain, and france supported the Greek war for independence was that each a. wanted to undermind the Concert of Europe b. considered Greece the birthplace of democracy c. sought to extend its own influence in the Balkans d. hoped to encourage immigration from Greece e. desired to send missionaries to Greece

c. sought to extend its own influence in the Balkans

The nineteenth century political unifications of both Italy and Germany were accomplished in large part through a. Russian intervention b. loans provided by Great Britain c. warfare d. French intervention e. International conferecnes of the major powers

c. warfare

Which of the following wrote a critique of the French Revolution from the conervative point of view? a. Georges Danton b. Olympe de Gouges c. Napoleon Bonaparte d. Edmund Burke e. Immanuel Kant

d. Edmund Burke

Which of the following wars marked the first time that the employment of European women in industry was critical to a sustained war effort? a. the Crimean war b. Franco-Prussian war c. Boer War d. First World War e. Second world war

d. First World War

The most influential opponent of Great Britain's entry into the European Common Market in the 1960s was a. Germany b. Russia c. The United States d. France e. Ireland

d. France

Which of the following were major causes of the inflation in prices that occured in Europe in the sixteenth century? a. deficit spending and high taxes imposed by national governments b. declining food production and increasing luxury-good production c. Declining imports from Asia and increased spending on colonies in the New World d. Increasing population and an influx of precious metals from the New World e. Declining value of land and increased wages paid to laborers

d. Increasing population and an influx of precious metals from the New World

"A country is not a mere territory; the particular territory is only its foundation. The country is the idea which rises upon that foundation; it is the sentiment of love, the sense of fellowship which binds together all the sons of territory." The views of which of the following are expressed in the quotation above a. Nicholas I b. Burke c. Metternich d. Mazzini e. Castlereagh

d. Mazzini

All of the following were allied with one of the axis powers (Germany and Italy) during WWII, EXCEPT a. Bulgaria b. Romania c. Hungary d. Spain e. Japan

d. Spain

Which of the following best characterizes Renaissance humanists? a. They rejected Christian perspectives b. They concentrated on the study of humans from a biological perspective c. They rejected writers from the pre-Christian period d. They emphasized rhetoric based on classical models. e. They maintined the principles of medieval scholasticism.

d. They emphasized rhetoric based on classical models.

All of the following were achieved by women during the French Revolution EXCEPT a. their demands for change were represented in the cahiers along with those of men b. they marched to Versailles to bring the king and his family back to Paris c. They published a Declaration of the Rights of Women in response to the French constitution of 1791 d. They gained proportional representation in the Chamber of Deputies e. They participated in the revolutionary clubs, including the Confederation fo the Friends of the Truth

d. They gained proportional representation in the Chamber of Deputies

Seventeenth century rulers supported the development of scientific academies primarily because rulers a. wanted to control dangerous technologies b. felt the academies would lead to an educated electorate and political reform c. needed a way to reward intellectuals in royal service d. believed that academies offered valuable technical benefits and enhanced royal prestige e. believed that scientists were political subversies who should be watched closely

d. believed that academies offered valuable technical benefits and enhanced royal prestige

Mercantilism is a system of economic principles emphasizing a. noninterference by the government as the best way to attain efficient production and prosperity b. the important role trade guilds play in regulating production to the advantage of local interests c. government ownership of the means of production d. government intervention to secure a favorable balance of trade and the growth of national reserves of gold and silver e. government manipulation of interest rates in order to stabilize currecny exchange rates

d. government intervention to secure a favorable balance of trade and the growth of national reserves of gold and silver

During Stalin's rule of the Soviet Union, the term "kulak" was a designation assigned to a. merchants b. priests c. unproductive workers d. landowning peasants e. former nobles

d. landowning peasants

Dutch paintings of the Golden Age of the 17th century are noteworthy for their emphasis on which of the following themes? a. stories from the Greek and Roman classics b. battles against France c. Christian saints d. Ordinary Dutch households e. Kings and nobles

d. ordinary dutch households

Which of the following was a major factor in the spread of humanist culture in the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries? a. the creation of new religious orders by the papacy b. annual meetings of humanist scholars in Italy c. a major increase in government funding for elementary education d. the development of the printing press e. the sale of basic textbooks written in the vernacular

d. the development of the printing press

"Facts prove that many abuses occurred on Stalin's orders without reckoningwith any norms of party and Soviet legality. Stalin was a very distrustful man...When Stalin said that someone should be arrested, it was necessary to accept that the person was an 'enemy of the people.'" The passage above is from a speech deliveredy by a. Mikhail Gorbachev b. Leon Trotsky c. Leonid Brezhnev d. Vladimir Putin e. Nikita Khruschev

e. Nikita Khruschev

Which of the following contributed most strongly to the decline of Sweden as a major European power in the early eighteenth century? a. overcommitment to colonial ventures in the Americas b. Significant population decline due to famine and disease c. Internal religious conflict between Lutherans and Calvinists d. Rejection of Englightenment ideas by the Swedish monarchy e. Rivalry with the larger and more resource-rich Russia

e. Rivalry with the larger and more resource-rich Russia

Which of the following was a result of the Thirty Years' War? a. England and Spain became the dominant powers in Europe b. Calvinism was made the state religion of the Habsburg Empire c. The Habsburg dynasty solidified its conrol over the Holy Roman Empire d. The Holy Roman Empire enjoyed widespread econnomic and demographic growth e. The political fragmentation of the Holy Roman Empire was maintained

e. The political fragmentation of the Holy Roman Empire was maintained

Which of the following is an important defense of the principle of absolute monarchy? a. John Locke, Two Treatises on Government b. Rene Descartes, Discourse on Method c. Sir Thomas More, Utopia d. William Shakespeare, King Lear, e. Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan

e. Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan

Copernicus' primary contribution to the scientific revolution was his theory of a. elliptical planetary orbits b. the universal law of gravitation c. the principle of inertia d. a geocentric universe e. a heliocentric universe

e. a heliocentric universe

In the 1960s, Western European women's lives were significantly changed by the a. widespread use of oral contraceptives b. a traditional backlash against the feminist movement c. achievement of complete wage equality d. withdrawal of married women from the workforce e. abolition of the welfare state

e. abolition of the welfare state

At the Second Vatican Council (1962-1965) the Roman Catholic CHurch sought primarily to a. reinforce the special status of the clergy b. set the Roman Catholic Church apart from other denominations and religions c. find ways to secure the financial stability of the church d. consider the possibility of ordaining women to the clergy e. address relations between the Roman Catholic Church and the modern world

e. address relations between the Roman Catholic Church and the modern world

Oliver Cromwell led an English invasion of Ireland primarily in order to a. gain manpower and resources for a war against France b. support the Roman Catholic nobility c. Establish a base for harrassing Spain's Atlantic trade d. create a safe haven for Protestants outside England e. defeat a royalist uprising against the Parliamentary government

e. defeat a royalist uprising against the Parliamentary government

Prime Minister William Gladstone lost the support of his liberal party in 1884 after he a. supported disestablishment of the Church of England b. encouraged colonial conquests in Africa and Asia c. opposed repeal of the Corn Laws d. supported the crowning of Victoria as empress of India e. favored home rule for Ireland

e. favored home rule for Ireland

All of the following were major demographic trends in Europe between 1960 abd 1990 EXCEPT the a. migration of former colonial people to Europe b. movement of southern Europeans into northern Europe in pursuit of economic opportunity c. limited flow of populations between Eastern and Western Europe d. increased tendency for Western Europeans to move away from their place of birth e. highest levels of emigration of Western Europeans since 1850

e. highest levels of emigration of Western Europeans since 1850

The Ottoman Empire was referred to as "the sick man of Europe" primarily because of its a. defeat in the naval battle of Lepanto in the sixteenth century b. persecution of Christians in Turkish occupied Balkan territories in the 16th and 17 centuries c. refusal to adopt important developments of the scientific revolution and the Enlightenment d. devastating losses during the Crimean war e. inability to effectively maintain its empire in the Balkans during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries

e. inability to effectively maintain its empire in the Balkans during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries

The Treaty of Versailles (1919) contributed to the outbreak of the Second World War, in part, because the treaty a. failed to reecognize the Communist government of the Soviet Union b. Left the question of blame for the First World War unanswered c. ignored the nationalistic aspirations of ethnic groups in eastern Europe d. created the League of Nations, which threatened the national sovereignty of European countries e. mandated punitive war reparations from Germany

e. mandated punitive war reparations from Germany

Which of the following roles was most socially acceptable for an educated woman in Renaissance Europe? a. accountant b. sculptor c. biblical scholar d. political adviser e. patron of the arts

e. patron of the arts

An important factor in establishing French absolutism was the a. creation of a central, state bank centered in Paris b. separation of the Roman Catholic Church and the French state c. increased power of the nobles in their localities d. royal ban on sales of bureautic offices and the prevention of personal loans e. royal appointment of intendants to supervise affairs in the provinces

e. royal appointment of intendants to supervise affairs in the provinces

Luddites and other artisans opposed the development of factories primarily because a. they considered the factory machines too dangerous for unskilled labor to operate b. they were apalled at the inhumane working conditions in factories c. factory jobs employed more women than men thus giving women more social status d. they were against having young children working in the factories e. the new machinery being introduced into the factories was eliminating jobs

e. the new machinery being introduced into the factories was eliminating jobs

In the Orleanist July monarchy of the 1830's, Prime MInister Francois Guizot's exhortation to his supporters, "Enrich yourselves!" indicated the influence in French national politics of a. egalitarian principles b. socialist principles c. the nobility d. the peasantry e. the upper middle class

e. the upper middle class