AP EUROPEAN HISTORY CHAPTER 12

1579

Union of Utrecht

Act of Uniformity

mandated a revised version of the second Book of Common Prayer (1552). Made everyone have the same religion throughout a country

Spanish Armada

mighty fleet of 130 ships bearing 25,000 sailors and soldiers under the command of the duke of Medina-Sidonia

WILLIAM OF NASSAU (ORANGE)

An exile in Germany, he emerged as the leader of a broad movement for the Netherlands' independence from Spain.

Mary Tudor (Mary I)

Catholic Queen, daughter of Catherine of Aragon, married Philip II of Spain, repealed Protestant statutes of Edward

SAINT BARTHOLOMEW'S DAY OF MASSACRE(1572)

Coligny and 3,000 Huguenots were butchered in Paris, within 3 days an estimated 20,000 Huguenots were executed in coordinated attacks throughout France (was caused by Catherine but was led by Henry V)

CARDINAL GRANVELLE

Created a plan for ecclesiastic reorganization of the Netherlands. It was to tighten control of the Catholic hierarchy over the country and to accelerate its consolidation as a Spanish ward.

1598

Edict of Nantes

1558

Elizabeth I became Queen of England

Congregationalists

Extreme puritans who wanted every congregation to be autonomous, Queen Elizabeth I did not tolerate this group

HUGUENOTS

French protestants

PACIFICATION OF GHENT (1576)

In the Netherlands, a union of 10 catholic southern provinces and 7 protestant northern provinces against Spain; internal regional sovereignty in religion.

PHILIP II

King of Spain and a devout Catholic. Under his reign, Spain became a world power. Spain reached the peak of its influence as he directed explorations around the globe, prompting Spanish colonization.

GASPARD DE COLIGNY

Montmorency-chatillon admiral who became a political leader in the French Protestant resistance

DUKE OF ALBU

Philip of Spain dispatched this man to suppress the Dutch revolt. HAD A HUGE ARMY

Puritans

Protestants working within the national church to "purify" it of every vestige of "popery" and to its Protestant doctrine more precise

PERPETUAL EDICT(1577)

Provided for the removal of all Spanish troops from the Netherlands within twenty days

1588

Spanish Armada Defeated

1572

St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre

Elizabeth I

Successor of Mary I, Prevented England from becoming divided by religious wars, assisted by Sir William Cec.

1648

Treaty of Westphalia

1618-1648

Thirty Years War (beginning and end)

MASSACRE OF VASSY (1562)

This attack marks the traditional beginning of the French Wars of Religion.

BAROQUE ART

a grandiose, 3-D display of life and energy

Edict of Restitution (1629)

a proclamation that dramatically reasserted the Catholic safeguards of the Peace of Augsburg. Reaffirmed the illegality of Calvinism and ordered the return of all church lands acquired by Lutherans since 1552

Thirty Nine Articles (1563)

a revision of Thomas Cranmer's original forty-two, made a moderate Protestantism the official religion within the Church of England

THE COMPROMISE(1564)

a solemn pledge to resist the decrees of Trent and the Inquisition

COUNCIL OF BLOOD

a special tribunal in the Netherlands that reign over the land

REMBRANDT VAN RIJN

artists known for his portraits and is a Dutch Mennonite

EDICT OF FOUNTAINBLEAU(1540)

brought the full machinery of royal government into action against suspected heretics, created by Francis I

Johann van Tilly

commanded the Catholic League forces in the 30 year war

THEODORE BEZA

consciously sought to advance his cause by currying favor with aristocrats along with John Calvin. French Calvinist who justified the overthrow of tyrannical rulers

PEACE OF AUGSBURG(1555)

declared that each Prince of a certain kingdom could determine the religion of their kingdom

Gustavus Adolphus

deeply pious King of a unified Lutheran nation,became new leader of Protestant Forces within the empire, opened the Swedish period of war

Frederick III (elector Palatine)

devout reformer of Calvinism, and made Calvinism the official religion of his domain

PEACE OF WESTPHALIA (1648)

ended the 30 year war. Peace of Westphalia was not one specific treaty but rather a collection of treaties commonly linked by the fact that they brought the Thirty Years War to an end.

PEACE OF SAINT-GERMAIN-EN-LAYE (1570)

ended the third war. The crown acknowledging the power of the Protestant nobility, granted Huguenots religious freedoms within their territories and the right to fortify their cities

MONTMORENCY-CHATILLONS

family competing for power who controlled the center of France

GUISES

family competing for power who controlled the east of France

BOURBONS

family competing for power who controlled the south and west of France. Started a French dynasty that came to power after the French religious wars

CHRISTOPHER WREN

famous Protestant architect

John Knox

famous Protestant reformer in Scotland

HENRY III OF FRANCE

favorite son of Catherine. Ruled during the time of religious wars. Was the Chief of the military while his brother was king and led thousands of Huguenots into successful battles. Was later made king when his brother died. Created the Peace of Beaulieu

Cardinal Richelieu

french foreign minister and royal advisor that brought his country in to the thirty years war on the "protestant" side

Conventicle Act (1593)

gave separatists the option of either conforming to the practices of the Church of England or face exile or death

PEACE OF BEAULIEU(1576)

granted the Huguenots almost complete religious and civil freedom(ordered by Henry II)

PETER PAUL RUBENS

great Catholic baroque artist

GIANLORENZO BERNIN

great catholic baroque artists

UNION OF BRUSSELS(1577)

heralded the realization of his(William I of Orange) ambitions and ideals; only were his governorships confirmed and his possessions restored to him

THE JANUARY EDICT(1562)

issued by Catherine de Medici, measure that granted Protestants freedom to worship publically outside of town(although only privately within them) and to hold synods

HENRY OF NAVARRE (HENRY IV OF FRANCE)

leader of the Protestants and heir to the French throne thru marriage of Margaret of Valois

UNION OF UTRECHT(1579)

northern response

Sir Francis Drake

one of Elizabeth's famous seamen, he circumnavigated the world

POLITIQUES

one of a group of French moderates in the 16th century religious conflicts holding national unity of greater importance than the absolute predominance of a single sect and advocating religious toleration as the policy of the government. Examples include Mary I of England and Philip II of Spain

Maximilian (Duke of Bavaria)

organizer of the Catholic League

Albrecht Wallenstein

powerful mercenary, gained territory by joining Ferdinand, brilliant&ruthless military strategists

Treaty of Nonsuch (1585)

provided English soldiers and cavalry to the Netherlands.

CATHRINE DE MEDICI

responsible for starting the French Wars of Religion. Mother of Francis II, Charles IX, and Henry III. Wife of Henry II

UNION OF ARRAS (1579)

served the cause of Counter-Reformation. Created by southern provinces

COUNTER-REFORMATION

sponsored a centralized episcopal church system, hierarchically arranged from the pope to parish priest, that stressed absolute obedience to the person at the top. CATHOLIC RESPONSE TO PROTESTANTS

THE CATHOLIC LEAGUE

supported by Spain and became completely dominant in Paris

Treaty of the Pyrenees (1659)

treaty that ended the battle against Spain and France. France ultimately won the war and was now Europe's dominant power

Ferdinand II (Holy Roman Emperor)

was the King of Bohemia, was elected king, revoked the religious Freedoms of Bohemian Protestants, Protestant revolt led to an international war

Mary Stuart (Queen of Scots)

wife of Francis, was Catholic, the people of England wanted to have her as queen instead of Elizabeth

EDICT OF NANTES (1598)

written by Henry IV, recognized and sanctioned minority religious rights within what was to remain an officially catholic country. Granted the Huguenots freedom of public worship, the right to assembly, admission to public offices and universities

FIRST BLAST OF THE TRUMPET AGAINST TERRIBLE REGIMENT OF WOMEN (1558)

written by John Knox. He declared that the removal of a heathen tyrant was not only permissible, but a Christian duty. He had the Catholic queen of England in mind

ON THE RIGHT OF MAGISTRATES OVER THEIR SUBJECTS (1579)

written by Theodore Beza. Justified the correction and even the overthrow of tyrannical rulers by lower authorities