AP EUROPEAN HISTORY CHAPTER 12
1579
Union of Utrecht
Act of Uniformity
mandated a revised version of the second Book of Common Prayer (1552). Made everyone have the same religion throughout a country
Spanish Armada
mighty fleet of 130 ships bearing 25,000 sailors and soldiers under the command of the duke of Medina-Sidonia
WILLIAM OF NASSAU (ORANGE)
An exile in Germany, he emerged as the leader of a broad movement for the Netherlands' independence from Spain.
Mary Tudor (Mary I)
Catholic Queen, daughter of Catherine of Aragon, married Philip II of Spain, repealed Protestant statutes of Edward
SAINT BARTHOLOMEW'S DAY OF MASSACRE(1572)
Coligny and 3,000 Huguenots were butchered in Paris, within 3 days an estimated 20,000 Huguenots were executed in coordinated attacks throughout France (was caused by Catherine but was led by Henry V)
CARDINAL GRANVELLE
Created a plan for ecclesiastic reorganization of the Netherlands. It was to tighten control of the Catholic hierarchy over the country and to accelerate its consolidation as a Spanish ward.
1598
Edict of Nantes
1558
Elizabeth I became Queen of England
Congregationalists
Extreme puritans who wanted every congregation to be autonomous, Queen Elizabeth I did not tolerate this group
HUGUENOTS
French protestants
PACIFICATION OF GHENT (1576)
In the Netherlands, a union of 10 catholic southern provinces and 7 protestant northern provinces against Spain; internal regional sovereignty in religion.
PHILIP II
King of Spain and a devout Catholic. Under his reign, Spain became a world power. Spain reached the peak of its influence as he directed explorations around the globe, prompting Spanish colonization.
GASPARD DE COLIGNY
Montmorency-chatillon admiral who became a political leader in the French Protestant resistance
DUKE OF ALBU
Philip of Spain dispatched this man to suppress the Dutch revolt. HAD A HUGE ARMY
Puritans
Protestants working within the national church to "purify" it of every vestige of "popery" and to its Protestant doctrine more precise
PERPETUAL EDICT(1577)
Provided for the removal of all Spanish troops from the Netherlands within twenty days
1588
Spanish Armada Defeated
1572
St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre
Elizabeth I
Successor of Mary I, Prevented England from becoming divided by religious wars, assisted by Sir William Cec.
1648
Treaty of Westphalia
1618-1648
Thirty Years War (beginning and end)
MASSACRE OF VASSY (1562)
This attack marks the traditional beginning of the French Wars of Religion.
BAROQUE ART
a grandiose, 3-D display of life and energy
Edict of Restitution (1629)
a proclamation that dramatically reasserted the Catholic safeguards of the Peace of Augsburg. Reaffirmed the illegality of Calvinism and ordered the return of all church lands acquired by Lutherans since 1552
Thirty Nine Articles (1563)
a revision of Thomas Cranmer's original forty-two, made a moderate Protestantism the official religion within the Church of England
THE COMPROMISE(1564)
a solemn pledge to resist the decrees of Trent and the Inquisition
COUNCIL OF BLOOD
a special tribunal in the Netherlands that reign over the land
REMBRANDT VAN RIJN
artists known for his portraits and is a Dutch Mennonite
EDICT OF FOUNTAINBLEAU(1540)
brought the full machinery of royal government into action against suspected heretics, created by Francis I
Johann van Tilly
commanded the Catholic League forces in the 30 year war
THEODORE BEZA
consciously sought to advance his cause by currying favor with aristocrats along with John Calvin. French Calvinist who justified the overthrow of tyrannical rulers
PEACE OF AUGSBURG(1555)
declared that each Prince of a certain kingdom could determine the religion of their kingdom
Gustavus Adolphus
deeply pious King of a unified Lutheran nation,became new leader of Protestant Forces within the empire, opened the Swedish period of war
Frederick III (elector Palatine)
devout reformer of Calvinism, and made Calvinism the official religion of his domain
PEACE OF WESTPHALIA (1648)
ended the 30 year war. Peace of Westphalia was not one specific treaty but rather a collection of treaties commonly linked by the fact that they brought the Thirty Years War to an end.
PEACE OF SAINT-GERMAIN-EN-LAYE (1570)
ended the third war. The crown acknowledging the power of the Protestant nobility, granted Huguenots religious freedoms within their territories and the right to fortify their cities
MONTMORENCY-CHATILLONS
family competing for power who controlled the center of France
GUISES
family competing for power who controlled the east of France
BOURBONS
family competing for power who controlled the south and west of France. Started a French dynasty that came to power after the French religious wars
CHRISTOPHER WREN
famous Protestant architect
John Knox
famous Protestant reformer in Scotland
HENRY III OF FRANCE
favorite son of Catherine. Ruled during the time of religious wars. Was the Chief of the military while his brother was king and led thousands of Huguenots into successful battles. Was later made king when his brother died. Created the Peace of Beaulieu
Cardinal Richelieu
french foreign minister and royal advisor that brought his country in to the thirty years war on the "protestant" side
Conventicle Act (1593)
gave separatists the option of either conforming to the practices of the Church of England or face exile or death
PEACE OF BEAULIEU(1576)
granted the Huguenots almost complete religious and civil freedom(ordered by Henry II)
PETER PAUL RUBENS
great Catholic baroque artist
GIANLORENZO BERNIN
great catholic baroque artists
UNION OF BRUSSELS(1577)
heralded the realization of his(William I of Orange) ambitions and ideals; only were his governorships confirmed and his possessions restored to him
THE JANUARY EDICT(1562)
issued by Catherine de Medici, measure that granted Protestants freedom to worship publically outside of town(although only privately within them) and to hold synods
HENRY OF NAVARRE (HENRY IV OF FRANCE)
leader of the Protestants and heir to the French throne thru marriage of Margaret of Valois
UNION OF UTRECHT(1579)
northern response
Sir Francis Drake
one of Elizabeth's famous seamen, he circumnavigated the world
POLITIQUES
one of a group of French moderates in the 16th century religious conflicts holding national unity of greater importance than the absolute predominance of a single sect and advocating religious toleration as the policy of the government. Examples include Mary I of England and Philip II of Spain
Maximilian (Duke of Bavaria)
organizer of the Catholic League
Albrecht Wallenstein
powerful mercenary, gained territory by joining Ferdinand, brilliant&ruthless military strategists
Treaty of Nonsuch (1585)
provided English soldiers and cavalry to the Netherlands.
CATHRINE DE MEDICI
responsible for starting the French Wars of Religion. Mother of Francis II, Charles IX, and Henry III. Wife of Henry II
UNION OF ARRAS (1579)
served the cause of Counter-Reformation. Created by southern provinces
COUNTER-REFORMATION
sponsored a centralized episcopal church system, hierarchically arranged from the pope to parish priest, that stressed absolute obedience to the person at the top. CATHOLIC RESPONSE TO PROTESTANTS
THE CATHOLIC LEAGUE
supported by Spain and became completely dominant in Paris
Treaty of the Pyrenees (1659)
treaty that ended the battle against Spain and France. France ultimately won the war and was now Europe's dominant power
Ferdinand II (Holy Roman Emperor)
was the King of Bohemia, was elected king, revoked the religious Freedoms of Bohemian Protestants, Protestant revolt led to an international war
Mary Stuart (Queen of Scots)
wife of Francis, was Catholic, the people of England wanted to have her as queen instead of Elizabeth
EDICT OF NANTES (1598)
written by Henry IV, recognized and sanctioned minority religious rights within what was to remain an officially catholic country. Granted the Huguenots freedom of public worship, the right to assembly, admission to public offices and universities
FIRST BLAST OF THE TRUMPET AGAINST TERRIBLE REGIMENT OF WOMEN (1558)
written by John Knox. He declared that the removal of a heathen tyrant was not only permissible, but a Christian duty. He had the Catholic queen of England in mind
ON THE RIGHT OF MAGISTRATES OVER THEIR SUBJECTS (1579)
written by Theodore Beza. Justified the correction and even the overthrow of tyrannical rulers by lower authorities