AP Human Geography Religion unit

Ethnic religion

"Cultural religion" -do not proselytize -they are clustered (exception: Judaism) -seasonal holidays(not commemorating person) ex. Harvest time, winter solstice, spring, etc. -must be a member of the culture to be part of the religion -relocation diffusion

Christianity types of diffusion

Hierarchal: jesus➡️his disciples➡️other Also: rulers➡️to subjects Contagious: spread through Europe after fall of Rome Stimulus diffusion- accentuated Virgin Mary figure in Latin America Relocation: puritans, pilgrims, missionaries, etc.

Symbols of christianity

Icthus "Jesus fish" Coptic (Egyptian) cross Regular cross Christianity uses more land for burials than any other religion

Lebanon religious dispute

*=dominant religion Interfaith: Sunni Islam*, Druze, Christianity Also has intrafaith between different denominations of Christianity and Islam

Universalizing religions

-some proselytize -claim that all should conform to their beliefs -Muslims, Christians, Buddhists proselytize Sikhs do not -dispersed thought it the world -holy days commemorate founder and events -must be a believer to join a universalizing religion

How does Islam diffuse now?

-through expansion and relocation diffusion- fastest growing religion

Judaism

-1st monotheistic religion -hearth: Canaan/Palestine/Israel -founder: Abraham( Judaism, Christianity, & Islam) -jewish diaspora -branches: orthodox, conservatives, & reform; determined by strictness and adherence to 613 laws in Torah -holy places: Jerusalem/ western wall (wailing wall)

Jewish diaspora

-800 BC, conquered by Egyptians -135 AD, defeated by Romans -then moved to Europe, n. Africa, and south west Asia -holocaust 1945, migrated to US, Israel, w. Europe, -1900- 90% of Jews lived in Europe now: only 15%

Cultural ecology of Buddhism

-Bodhi tree- symbol of faith -8=sacred number -pagodas and stupas (tomb like structures which each contain a piece of buddha's body or clothing -meditation will likely occur nearby

Islamic cultural landscape

-Dome of Rock- Jerusalem -60 years after Prophet's death in 632 -where Muhammad ascended into heaven -site where Ishmael was believed to be sacrificed -Geometric and Symmetric architecture usually -mosques, masjids, and minarets -Kaaba in Mecca, contains a black stone believed to be placed there by Muhammad

Islam

-Hearth- Mecca 1400 years ago during the life of Muhammad -Muhammad was forced to flee to Medina so the religion was slow to diffuse -After Muhammad's death- contagious diffusion -caliphs accultured subjected people -spread W to Spain & E to Indonesia.

Intrafaith dispute in Iraq

-US invaded Iraq to help Kuwait -most Iraqis are Shiite Muslims -however saddam Ba'ath party was Sunni

Four basic truths of Buddhism

-all beings must suffer (suffering is inevitable) -suffering leads to reincarnation -goals of life: to end suffering & achieve nirvana -achieve nirvana by following the 8 fold path

Buddhism

-founded 6th BC by prince Siddhartha -Buddha was unhappy w/ India's caste system (Buddhism and Jainism both created in protest to Hinduism) -Buddha died 489 BC -emperor Asoka carried faith across India to the outside world

Hinduism's impact on cultural landscape

-holy places are tied to geographical locations -pilgrims travel to Ganges river -temples are built for one or more gods -location: temple cannot disturb the landscape -temples not worship-driven, more of a shrine -cremation

Major religions' hearth

-largest faiths in the world originated within a few 1000 years -arose after 1st agricultural revolution -geographically clustered all over the world

Hinduism

-oldest of major religions -created 6000 years ago -hearth: Indus Valley (mostly in Pakistan) -no hierarchal structure (Catholicism) -doctrine: karma and reincarnation -dharma and karma determine your reincarnation Goal: escape reincarnation cycle and unite with Brahmin -caste system

Religion in US

-over 300 in U.S. -each has diff. Belief, practices, ideas -supreme court has difficulty defining these

Caste system

4 castes and the untouchables -British outlawed case system

Non-theistic religions

A religion which does not contain gods or simply does not address them

Cosmogony

A set of religious beliefs

Theravada

Believe that to be the best Buddhist, one must become a monk, self-meditation and purification

Religion correlation

Between religion and urbanization=inverse -the more urban, the more religious -the more religious, the less urban

More Hinduism

Born in NW India and Pakistan -migrant diffusion- popular in India but not Pakistan, the hearth. -popular in Bali, s. America, Guyana, Suriname, etc. -Guyana colonized by British as was India at one point

Caste

Class of distinct hereditary order into which a Hindu is assigned at birth by religious law

1st split of Christianity

East/west schism 1054 Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Cause: leadership issue -pope for Catholics and patriarch for Eastern Europe

Mahayanists

Focus on external- helping others do good deeds

Christianity diffusion

H, C, M, R

Islam diffusion

H,C,R

Christianity

Hearth Israel (Canaan) 2000 years ago approximately

Which place has the most Muslims besides Southwest Asia?

Indonesia!

Syncretic religion

Intermixing of religions -Christianity (has pagan elements and Norse elements) -St. Mary in Latin America has a bigger role in Christianity there -Santeria- Caribbean and U.S.- combines Christianity & voodoo

Why don't most holidays of ethnic religions commemorate the founder?

Most ethnic religions are so old that they have no known founder -also some have no known founder therefore most holidays don't commemorate leader

Jihad

Jihad actually means, quite literally, "struggle" NOT holy war

3 branches of buddhism

Mahayana-56% (mainland Southeast Asia) Theravada- 38% Tantrayana-6% (Tibet and Mongolia)

Conscientious Objector

Members of pacifist religions cannot be forced to fight in the army

Buddhism diffusion

Migrant and relocation

How did Hinduism diffuse

Migrant and relocation

2nd split

Protestant Reformation (1517-1648) -Protestant- Lutheranism largest denomination -cause: dispute over church practices -Martin Luther had 95 complaints with the Catholic Church which he adhered to the doors, including: -"buying time out of Purgatory" -also selling church possessions and paying for church offices

Sikhism

Punjab region of India -combines Hinduism and Islam -spatially clustered -does not proselytize -proclaims universal truth -Sikh men don't cut their hair

Sikh diffusion

Relocation

Judaism diffusion

Relocation and possibly migrant*

Problems with cremation

Strains wood supply-community pyres -pollutes rivers -burials ONLY reserved for children or certain diseases

Main branches of Islam

Sunni and Shiite -source of split: -Muhammad had no successor when he died -Shia believe Ali, Muhammad's son-in-law is the real successor -Sunni believe each of the current religious leaders are the proper successors

Deism

The belief in the existence of a good or creator

Animism

The belief that plants/inanimate (only natural things) have a soul

Agnosticism

The belief that the existence/proof of religion or gods will remain unknown

Shintoism

Torii= gate/shrine sacred to the Shinto Hearth: Japan