AP Human Geography Religion unit
Ethnic religion
"Cultural religion" -do not proselytize -they are clustered (exception: Judaism) -seasonal holidays(not commemorating person) ex. Harvest time, winter solstice, spring, etc. -must be a member of the culture to be part of the religion -relocation diffusion
Christianity types of diffusion
Hierarchal: jesus➡️his disciples➡️other Also: rulers➡️to subjects Contagious: spread through Europe after fall of Rome Stimulus diffusion- accentuated Virgin Mary figure in Latin America Relocation: puritans, pilgrims, missionaries, etc.
Symbols of christianity
Icthus "Jesus fish" Coptic (Egyptian) cross Regular cross Christianity uses more land for burials than any other religion
Lebanon religious dispute
*=dominant religion Interfaith: Sunni Islam*, Druze, Christianity Also has intrafaith between different denominations of Christianity and Islam
Universalizing religions
-some proselytize -claim that all should conform to their beliefs -Muslims, Christians, Buddhists proselytize Sikhs do not -dispersed thought it the world -holy days commemorate founder and events -must be a believer to join a universalizing religion
How does Islam diffuse now?
-through expansion and relocation diffusion- fastest growing religion
Judaism
-1st monotheistic religion -hearth: Canaan/Palestine/Israel -founder: Abraham( Judaism, Christianity, & Islam) -jewish diaspora -branches: orthodox, conservatives, & reform; determined by strictness and adherence to 613 laws in Torah -holy places: Jerusalem/ western wall (wailing wall)
Jewish diaspora
-800 BC, conquered by Egyptians -135 AD, defeated by Romans -then moved to Europe, n. Africa, and south west Asia -holocaust 1945, migrated to US, Israel, w. Europe, -1900- 90% of Jews lived in Europe now: only 15%
Cultural ecology of Buddhism
-Bodhi tree- symbol of faith -8=sacred number -pagodas and stupas (tomb like structures which each contain a piece of buddha's body or clothing -meditation will likely occur nearby
Islamic cultural landscape
-Dome of Rock- Jerusalem -60 years after Prophet's death in 632 -where Muhammad ascended into heaven -site where Ishmael was believed to be sacrificed -Geometric and Symmetric architecture usually -mosques, masjids, and minarets -Kaaba in Mecca, contains a black stone believed to be placed there by Muhammad
Islam
-Hearth- Mecca 1400 years ago during the life of Muhammad -Muhammad was forced to flee to Medina so the religion was slow to diffuse -After Muhammad's death- contagious diffusion -caliphs accultured subjected people -spread W to Spain & E to Indonesia.
Intrafaith dispute in Iraq
-US invaded Iraq to help Kuwait -most Iraqis are Shiite Muslims -however saddam Ba'ath party was Sunni
Four basic truths of Buddhism
-all beings must suffer (suffering is inevitable) -suffering leads to reincarnation -goals of life: to end suffering & achieve nirvana -achieve nirvana by following the 8 fold path
Buddhism
-founded 6th BC by prince Siddhartha -Buddha was unhappy w/ India's caste system (Buddhism and Jainism both created in protest to Hinduism) -Buddha died 489 BC -emperor Asoka carried faith across India to the outside world
Hinduism's impact on cultural landscape
-holy places are tied to geographical locations -pilgrims travel to Ganges river -temples are built for one or more gods -location: temple cannot disturb the landscape -temples not worship-driven, more of a shrine -cremation
Major religions' hearth
-largest faiths in the world originated within a few 1000 years -arose after 1st agricultural revolution -geographically clustered all over the world
Hinduism
-oldest of major religions -created 6000 years ago -hearth: Indus Valley (mostly in Pakistan) -no hierarchal structure (Catholicism) -doctrine: karma and reincarnation -dharma and karma determine your reincarnation Goal: escape reincarnation cycle and unite with Brahmin -caste system
Religion in US
-over 300 in U.S. -each has diff. Belief, practices, ideas -supreme court has difficulty defining these
Caste system
4 castes and the untouchables -British outlawed case system
Non-theistic religions
A religion which does not contain gods or simply does not address them
Cosmogony
A set of religious beliefs
Theravada
Believe that to be the best Buddhist, one must become a monk, self-meditation and purification
Religion correlation
Between religion and urbanization=inverse -the more urban, the more religious -the more religious, the less urban
More Hinduism
Born in NW India and Pakistan -migrant diffusion- popular in India but not Pakistan, the hearth. -popular in Bali, s. America, Guyana, Suriname, etc. -Guyana colonized by British as was India at one point
Caste
Class of distinct hereditary order into which a Hindu is assigned at birth by religious law
1st split of Christianity
East/west schism 1054 Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Cause: leadership issue -pope for Catholics and patriarch for Eastern Europe
Mahayanists
Focus on external- helping others do good deeds
Christianity diffusion
H, C, M, R
Islam diffusion
H,C,R
Christianity
Hearth Israel (Canaan) 2000 years ago approximately
Which place has the most Muslims besides Southwest Asia?
Indonesia!
Syncretic religion
Intermixing of religions -Christianity (has pagan elements and Norse elements) -St. Mary in Latin America has a bigger role in Christianity there -Santeria- Caribbean and U.S.- combines Christianity & voodoo
Why don't most holidays of ethnic religions commemorate the founder?
Most ethnic religions are so old that they have no known founder -also some have no known founder therefore most holidays don't commemorate leader
Jihad
Jihad actually means, quite literally, "struggle" NOT holy war
3 branches of buddhism
Mahayana-56% (mainland Southeast Asia) Theravada- 38% Tantrayana-6% (Tibet and Mongolia)
Conscientious Objector
Members of pacifist religions cannot be forced to fight in the army
Buddhism diffusion
Migrant and relocation
How did Hinduism diffuse
Migrant and relocation
2nd split
Protestant Reformation (1517-1648) -Protestant- Lutheranism largest denomination -cause: dispute over church practices -Martin Luther had 95 complaints with the Catholic Church which he adhered to the doors, including: -"buying time out of Purgatory" -also selling church possessions and paying for church offices
Sikhism
Punjab region of India -combines Hinduism and Islam -spatially clustered -does not proselytize -proclaims universal truth -Sikh men don't cut their hair
Sikh diffusion
Relocation
Judaism diffusion
Relocation and possibly migrant*
Problems with cremation
Strains wood supply-community pyres -pollutes rivers -burials ONLY reserved for children or certain diseases
Main branches of Islam
Sunni and Shiite -source of split: -Muhammad had no successor when he died -Shia believe Ali, Muhammad's son-in-law is the real successor -Sunni believe each of the current religious leaders are the proper successors
Deism
The belief in the existence of a good or creator
Animism
The belief that plants/inanimate (only natural things) have a soul
Agnosticism
The belief that the existence/proof of religion or gods will remain unknown
Shintoism
Torii= gate/shrine sacred to the Shinto Hearth: Japan