Psych 101- Midterm

Basilar membrane:

Basilar membrane is a stiff structural element within the cochlea of the inner ear which separates two liquid-filled tubes that run along the coil of the cochlea, the scala media and the scala tympani.

What is a drug that lowers anxiety and reduces tension called?

Benzodiazepines

Sex drive naturally ________ with age.

Declines

What is the unfounded belief held without evidence or despite falsifying evidence?

A delusion

_ _____ refers to a large bundle of axons.

A nerve

Hormonal changes promote both physical growth spurt and reproductive maturity during a biological event known as:

Adolescence

A disorder marked by excessive eating followed by inappropriate methods of preventing weight gain is called:

Anorexia nervosa

What is an androgynous individual?

Condition in which characteristics of both sexes are clearly expressed in a single individual. In biology, refers to individuals with fully developed sexual organs of both sexes, also called hermaphrodites.

When environmental hazards affect the developing fetus, babies are born with:

Congenital anomalies, increased risk for miscarriage, preterm delivery, intrauterine growth restriction and still birth.

What best describes the function of the autonomic nervous system?

Controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs. The sympathetic nervous system arouses the body and expands energy. As the body conserves energy, pupils contract, heartbeat slows, blood pressure decreases and digestion is stimulated.

The type of thinking that examines assumptions, appraises the sources, discerns hidden biases, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions is called:

Critical thinking

· In conducting research, Brandon demonstrates a scientific attitude. _________s the following characteristics that is a trait of that attitude?

Curiosity

Which female hormone is released into the blood stream that causes heat or estrus?

Estrogens

About every evening after dinner, Maria and her four-year-old daughter, Eliza will have a dance party before bed. Maria claims that the dance party is a great way for Eliza to let out all her feelings from the day and sleep soundly. What type of BEHAVIOR is Maria reinforcing with this activity?

Expressive behavior

As a science, psychology is objective and value-free. True or False?

False

Infants initially develop close attachment to their mothers merely because they provide nourishment. True or False?

False

Psychology is best defined today as the study of mental life. True or False?

False

The most common dreams are those with sexual imagery. True or False?

False

The purpose of the experiment is to re-create behaviors exactly as they occur in everyday life. True or False?

False

______ refers to culturally constructed distinctions between male and female characteristics?

Gender

Which of the following is an effect of hypnosis?

Greatly increased focus

In Maslow's hierarchy, the higher-level needs associated with self-actualization are called:

Growth needs

Know the differences between Hormonal sex, Genital sex, Genetic sex, and Gonadal sex

Hormonal sex: any of the hormones that stimulate various reproductive functions. Primary sources of sex hormones are the male and female gonads (testis and ovary), which are stimulated to produce sex hormones by the follicle-stimulating hormones and luteinizing hormones secreted by the pituitary gland. Genital sex: is any part of an animal or plant that is involved in sexual reproduction. The reproductive organs together constitute the reproductive system. In animals, the testis in the male, and the ovary in the female, are called the primary sex organs. Genetic sex: the structural and functional characteristics of a person or organism that allow assignment as either male or female; sex is determined by chromosomes, hormones, and external and internal genitalia. Gonadal sex: the sex as determined based on the gonadal tissue present (ovarian or testicular). The principal sex hormone in the male is testosterone, produced by the testes. In the female the principal sex hormones are the estrogens and progesterone, produced by the ovaries.

MDMA has several effects on the human body; one of the most prominent is ______________.

Hyperthermia?/ Or hallucinations?

Definition of meditation?

Meditation is a practice where an individual uses a technique, such as mindfulness, or focusing the mind on a particular object, thought, or actively, to train attention and awareness, and achieve a mentally clear and emotionally claim and stable state.

The developmental stage that spans from birth to one year is called:

Infancy

What is the advantage of the experimental method of conducting research?

It allows powerful controlled observations to be staged

The following is an advantage of the survey method of conducting research:

It allows the formulation of hypotheses and questions for additional research

Which of the following sleep disorders is suspected as one cause of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), or "crib death"?

It appears that SIDS might be associated with defects in the portion of an infant's brain that controls breathing and arousal from sleep.

What is the primary limitation of a polygraph test?

It can be used only when investigators have information that only a guilty subject would know

What is confirmation bias?

It is the tendency to search for, interpret, favor and recall information in a way that confirms or supports one's prior beliefs or values.

Basic needs that are activated by a lack of food, water, security, love, esteem, or other basic needs are:

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

Which "reflex" is observed when an infant's position is changed abruptly?

Moro reflex

What is the name for a type of cell in the nervous system that transmits information?

Neuron

The chromosomes needed for male development are:

One X chromosome and one Y chromosome.

________ __________ is known as an orgasm disorder?

Orgasmic dysfunction

Define the following transducer? Sensory receptor:

Psychologists refer to receptors as selective transducers. They are called transducers because they convert the energy contained in the stimulus into another form of energy, specifically into some sort of membrane potential.

Wilhelm Wundt's laboratory work involved experimental studies of:

Reactions to sensory stimulation

When practicing meditation, the body undergoes certain physiological changes that the researcher Herbert Benson calls the

Relaxation response

When infants have a stable and positive emotional bond and are upset by the mother's (or caregiver's) absences and seek to be near her when she returns, they are said to develop:

Secure attachment

_________ _________ refers to giving priority to a particular incoming sensory message.

Selective attention

According to therapist Barry McCarthy, which element necessary for continuing a healthy sexual relationship?

Sexual anticipation, valuing one's sexuality, and feeling that you deserve sexual pleasure

Abigail is pregnant. Her friend has told her that she is able to predict the sex and birth date of a baby, including her baby. What scientific APPROACH might Abigail use to test this claim?

She can use the empirical approach

Crying and signs of fear when left alone or with a stranger is known as:

Stranger anxiety

A combined effect of two drugs that exceeds the addition of one drug's effects to the other is called:

Synergism

Prenatal development of male or female anatomy is largely due to the presence or absence of testicular hormones.

Testicular hormones.

Harry Harlow's experiment with the baby rhesus monkeys:

The attachment that infant monkey's show toward the cloth surrogate mothers was identical to that shown toward natural mothers.

In Freudian theory, the parts of the mind that are beyond awareness, especially conflicts, impulses, and desires not directly known to a person, are referred to as:

The dynamic unconscious.

___ _________ ________ is an evidence-based method that draws on observation and experimentation?

The empirical approach

If gender role socialization by parents reaffirms rough, aggressive behavior in boys and emotional, delicate behavior in girls, what is a primary argument against biologically based gender expectations?

The natural difference between boys and girls is that parent's perception likely comes from the parents own teaching.

Psychophysics is the study of how the mind interprets the physical properties of:

The study of how the mind interprets the physical properties of stimuli

Which theory tells that emotions occur when physical arousal is labeled or interpreted based on experience and situational cues?

The two factor theory of emotion

Even as newborns, we prefer sights and sounds that facilitate social responsiveness, and so we gauze longer at a drawing of a face-like image. True or False?

True

In large amounts, alcohol is a depressant; in small amounts, it is a stimulant. True or False?

True

Much of our everyday thinking, feeling, and acting operate outside our conscious True or False?

True

People who sleep 7 to 8 hours a night tend to outlive those who are chronically sleep deprived. True or False?

True

THC, the main ingredient in marijuana, stays in the system for only a short time. True or False?

True

Teens whose mothers drank when pregnant are at risk for heavy drinking and alcohol use disorder. True or False?

True

The biggest and most persistent issue in psychology concerns the nature-nurture controversy-that is, the relative contributions of biology and experience to psychological traits and behavior. True or False?

True

The opinions of 1500 randomly selected people can provide a very accurate picture of opinions of an entire nation. True or False?

True

Throughout life, our social attitudes are much less stable than our temperament. True or False?

True

The _________________________ of a sound wave refers to the amplitude of a second wave?

Wavelength

· Physical illness and discomfort after an addict stops taking a drug is known as:

Withdrawal

The following statements describes how a drive differs from an incentive:

drive is the state of tension that arises from an unmet need, while incentive is a specific reward that motivates behavior

Three key attitudes of scientific inquiry are:

empiricism, rationalism, and skepticism

Critical thinking most clearly involves:

evaluating evidence

The perception that psychological research findings merely verify our commonsense understanding is most clearly facilitated by:

hindsight bias

Arousal refers to the activation of:

intensity dimensions of motivation.

The hindsight bias refers to people's tendency to:

people's tendency to exaggerate their ability to have foreseen the outcome of past events.

The birth of psychology is often attributed to Wilhelm Wundt because he pioneered the investigation of mental processes using:

scientific methods

Which level(s) are classified as basic needs in Maslow's classifications?

· The lowest levels of the pyramid are made up of the most basic needs, while the most complex needs are at the top of the pyramid. Needs at the bottom of the pyramid are basic physical requirements including the need for food, water, sleep, and warmth.