AP Human Geography Units 1-3 Vocab
Major Population Clusters
2/3 of the worlds inhabitants are clustered in four regions. China and East Asia, South Asia, Europe, Eastern North America. Ex. 1/4 of the world's population lives in East Asia.
How many time zones are in the world?
24 time zones
World's current population
7.7 billion
Network
A chain of communication that connects places Ex. Hub-and-speak network
Absolute direction
A compass direction such as north or south. Ex. Canada is north of the United States
Population aging
A gradual increase in the proportion of older people to younger people. Ex. United States = reaching 245 for persons 85 and over.
lingua franca
A language used as a common tongue often to smoothly conduct business among people who speak many different languages
Remote sensing
A method of collecting data or information through the use of instruments that are physically distant from the area or object of study. (long-distance acquisition of data) Ex. Satellite imaging, or mapping the ocean floor with sound waves
Epidemiologic Transition model
A model highlighting the distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition this affects all age groups often shown as a disease
Social sustainability
A process for creating sustainable places that promote wellbeing. Ex. Quality of life, education, etc.
dialect
A regional variety of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation. also relates to social class or profession
Ravenstein's Laws of Migration (1885)
A set of 11 "laws" that can be organized into three groups: the reasons why migrants move, the distance they typically move, and their characteristics. Some of these laws are still valid others are outdated Ex. Most migrants move only a short distance.
pidgin
A simplified form of speech developed from two or more languages international language
Place
A specific point on Earth distinguished by a particular character. Ex. Clemson- has farmland, 16,000 people, college city, higher socio economic status than other areas.
Natural resource
A substance in the environment that is useful to people and is economically and technologically feasible to access. Ex. Wind, water, gas, etc.
Language
A system of communication through the use of speech, a collection of sounds understood by a group of people to have the same meaning. (leaf)
population pyramid
A tool geographers and demographers use to chart population by age and sex it is represented by a bar graph. focuses on specific area/country
Absolute location
Exact location of a place on the earth described by global coordinates Ex. Empire state building at 40 N 74 W
trade
Exchange of goods, money and services between countries and regions
Push factors
Factors that induce people to leave old residences. Ex. Drought, faminine
Pull factors
Factors that induce people to move to a new location. Ex. Availability of better job opportunities
Ecumene
Habitable land, land with adequate water sources, relatively flat terrain, and available human sources Ex. Most of the world is ecumene 71%
Population distribution
How a group of people in an area are spread out across it. Ex. China has an uneven one because people are sparsely populated in the interior desert.
Forced Migration
Human migration flows in which the movers have no choice but to relocate, it is against their will from political or environmental factors. Ex. Slavery, Holocaust
race
Identity with a group of people descended from a common ancestor.
ethnicity
Identity with a group of people that share distinct physical and mental traits as a product of common heredity and cultural traditions.
Human-environment interaction
Interactions between the human social system and (the "rest" of) the ecosystem. Ex. Deforestation, oil drilling, littering, etc.
Relative direction
Left, right, forward, backward, up, down, directions based on peoples surroundings and perception. Ex. if a person in facing south , east is their left and west is their right
LDC
Less Developed Country, low income countries confront severe structural impediments to sustainable development, usually are overpopulated Ex. Angola
Internal migration
Migration/ movement within a the same country/area Ex. A woman moves from a South Australian rural area to Melbourne.
MDC
More Developed Country, advanced infrastructure, industrialization, income per capita, and standards of living Ex. Norway
urbanization
Movement of people from rural areas to cities and clustering of people in towns and cities
Counter urbanization
Net migration from urban to rural areas in more developed countries.
Child mortality rate
Number of deaths per thousand children within the first five years of life. Ex. China for reduced its rate from 28.4% to now 1.3%.
Movement (geography)
People, goods, or ideas from one location to another Ex. the way in which food travels to the grocery store.
Interregional Migration
Permanent movement of people within a countries borders, from one region of a country to another.
Anti-natalist population policies
Policies that discourage births, typically in countries where population is increasing. Ex. China (One-child policy)
Pro-natalist population policies
Policies that provide incentives for women to have children, typically in countries where population is declining. Ex. Tax incentives that reward them for having children
Census data
Procedure of systematically acquiring and recording information about the members of a given population.
Transnational migration
Regular movement of a person between two or more countries, resulting in a new cultural identity. Ex. A man who lives in Mexico but had an ideology outside his culture due to living in another country. ?
internally displaced person
Someone who has been forced to migrate for similar political reasons as a refugee but has not migrated across an international border. Ex. If an individual doesn't like the leader they migth move to a different part of that country
Aslyum Seeker
Someone who has migrated to another country in the hope of being recognized as a refugee
sense of place
State of mind derived through the infusion of a place with meaning and emotion by remembering important events that occurred in that place or by labeling a place with a certain character. ex. a mall
Satellite navigation system
System that used satellites to provide anonymous geographic positioning. (used for providing position, navigation, etc.) Ex. US NAVSTAR GPS
Immigration (in migration)
The action of coming to live permanently in a foreign country. migrating to a new location Ex. Moving from Mexico to the United States.
Infant mortality rate
The annual number of deaths per 1,000 live births of children under one year of age. Ex. Japan's rate was higher than Canada's in 1960, at 31 infants per 1,000 births.
Maternal mortality rate
The annual number of female deaths per 100,000 live births from any cause related to or aggravated by pregnancy or its management. Ex. The rate exceeds 100 deaths per 100,000 mothers (1%) in much of Africa and Asia.
TFR (total fertility rate)
The average number of children born to each woman during the course of her lifetime Ex. The current total rate for the world is 2.5.
Life expectancy
The average number of years an individual can be expected to live, given current social, economic, and medical conditions. Ex. In the Bronze age life expectancy was 26 years, while in 2010, it was 67 years.
syncretism
The blending traits from two different cultures to form a new trait.
Natural increase
The difference between birthrate and death rate in a population, recorded over a period of time. Ex. If the birth rate is 14 per 1,000 population, and the death rate is 8 per 1000 population, then the natural increase = 14 - 8 = 6. That is 6/ 1000, then take it out of a hundred so 0.6/100 which is equal to 0.6%
Distance decay
The diminishing in importance and eventual disappearance of a phenomenon with increasing distance from its origin. Ex. Height of buildings, the price of land, etc.
Absolute distance
The distance that can be measured with a standard unit length, such as a mile or kilometer.
cultural imperialism
The dominance of one culture over another. the spread of one culture over another at the expense of others/ modified of replaced
cultural diffusion
The expansion and adoption of a cultural element, from its place of origin to a wider area.
Age structure
The frequency of different ages or age groups in a given population. Ex. Stating that there are more young people living in an ocean-side area and showing where the different age groups are in that area.
Pattern
The geometric or regular arrangement of something in a particular area. Ex. Volcanic eruptions around the edge of the Pacific
Cylindrical/Mercator Projection
The globe is projected onto a cylinder of paper which is then flattened out. shows true direction but loses distance. for example, polar areas look much larger than they really are. these maps are useful for nautical navigation.
Environmental determinism
The idea that human behavior is controlled by the physical environment. Ex. Laid back attitude = tropical climate
Land use
The management and modification of natural environment or wilderness. Ex. Farmland, housing, factories, etc.
Population density
The measurement of the number of people in an area Ex. France = about 109.8 persons per square kilometer.
Mortality (death rate)
The number of deaths per 1,000 people of the population. Ex. As of 2017 the rate for the whole world is 8.33 per 1,000
Agricultural population density
The number of farmers per unit of arable land. Ex. Developed countries have lower agricultural densities because technology and finance allow a few people to farm extensive land areas and feed many people.
Birth rate
The number of live births per thousand of population per year. Ex. The rate in the US is 1.80 births per woman (2016)
Sex ratio
The number of males compared to females in the population. Ex. 105:100 (105 males for every 100 females in a population)
Aging index
The number of people aged 65 and older per 100 children ages 0-14. Ex. The five countries in the index coping best with their aging populations are: Norway, Sweden, the United States, the Netherlands and Japan.
Physiologic population density
The number of people per unit area of arable land (used by humans) Ex. Russia = 114 people per square kilometer of arable land.
Space (geography)
The physical gap or interval between two objects Ex. can be described in miles or kilometers
Relative location
The position of a place in relation to another place Ex. US capitol building is 38 miles SW of Baltimore
Economic sustainability
The practices that support long-term economic growth without negatively impacting social, environmental, and cultural aspects of the community. Ex. Cost savings
Intervening opportunity
The presence of a nearer opportunity that greatly diminishes the attractiveness of sites farther away. Causes migrant to stop and decide to stay at a location from ecountering economic oppurtunities or environmental amenities Ex. A theme park between San Fran. and Los Angeles identical to Disneyland.
diffusion
The process of spread of a feature or trend from one place to another over time
Flows (geography)
The quantity of movements past a point during a time period. Ex. Globalization
contagious diffusion
The rapid, widespread diffusion of a feature or trend throughout a population. ex. viral video
time space convergence
The reduction in the time taken to travel between two places due to improvements in transportation or communication technology. the system works to bring people together
Environmental sustainability
The responsible interaction and conservation with the environment to avoid depletion of natural resources. Ex. Habitat restoration and preservation
Transhumance
The seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures. moves livestock to higher elevations in summer and lower elevations during winter (used most commonly when in agriculture stage, when urbanization spreads this decreases)
cultural trait
The specific customs that are part of the everyday life of a particular culture, such as language, religion, ethnicity, social institutions, and aspects of popular culture.
expansion diffusion
The spread of a feature or trend among people from one area to another in an additive process ex. trends in fashion start in urban areas move to rural
relocation diffusion
The spread of a feature or trend through bodily movement of people from one place to another, it is an additive process (PHYSICAL) ex .disease
stimulus diffusion
The spread of an underlying principle, even though a specific characteristic is rejected. ex. mc. donald's are spread to other countries but they adapt menu/aesthetic to culture/society
cultural convergence
The tendency for cultures to become more alike as they increasingly share technology and organizational structures in a modern world united by improved transportation and communication.
Population doubling time
The time required for a population to double in size. Ex. A population with a 2% annual growth would have a doubling time of 35 years.
Replacement fertility level
The total fertility rate at which a population exactly replaces itself from one generation to the next. Ex. Widely accepted rate is 2.1 births per female for industrialized countries.
Arithmetic population density
The total number of people divided by the total land area. Ex. in Japan there are areas with more than 1,400 people per square mile.
Sustainability
The use of Earth's resources in ways that ensure their availability in the future. Ex. The use of water, food, soil, plants, animals, etc.
Online mapping and visualization
Using the internet as a tool allows for powerful map making possibilities Software allows for different types of maps such as 3D maps or models (databases) Ex. Google maps
Guest Workers
Workers who migrate to the more developed countries of Northern and Western Europe, usually from Southern of Eastern Europe or from North Africa, in search of higher-paying jobs.
Geography data
a category whose values are mapped to geographical locations or regions. Ex. Geodatabases
civilization
a complex human society usually made up of different cities with certain characteristics of culture and technological development
GIS (geographic information system)
a computer system that captures, stores geography data. produces maps that are more accurate than by hand
Region
a concept used to link different places together based on any parameter the geographer chooses. Ex. desert, grassland, or rainforest
per capita income (pci)
a country's average income per person for a specific period
S-curve
a curve that depicts "S-shaped" logistic growth.
centrifugal force
a force that divides people and countries
Regionalism
a foreign policy that defines the international interests of a country in terms of particular geographic areas-Quebec chooses to keep French heritage while rest of Canada adopts American living style
indigenous communities
a group of people that has historical continuty before invasion of colonial societies they view themselves as having historical existence and identity separate from states enveloping them
ethnic neighborhood
a group of people typically situated in a larger metropolitan city and comprised members of the same ethnic background that practice its customs
J-curve
a growth curve that depicts "J-shaped" exponential growth
conic
a map projection of the globe onto a cone with its point over one of the earth's poles. tries to keep distance intact but loses directional qualities.
Thematic Map
a map that disorts one or more variables such as population, or income level within a certain area
Map projection
a mathematical formula used to represent the curved surface of the Earth on the flat surface of a map. transferring locations to a flat map
role of women in the work force
a modern phenomenon where women work like men they are given opportunities and fertility rates drop
Chain Migration
a movement of people that is voluntary in nature and functions to reunite families and cultures Ex. Cultural mini centers develope, little italy, chinatown
Geospatial technology
a number of high-tech systems that acquire, analyze, manage, store or visualize various types of location based data Ex. GPS, remote sensing, and geo-fencing
spatial pattern
a perceptual structure, placement, or arrangement of objects on Earth. It also includes the space in between those objects. Patterns may be recognized because of their arrangement; maybe in a line or clustering of points. Ex. they may be found on a map of roads or river networks
Mental map
a person's point of view or perception of thier area of interaction. it contains what they believe exist; proves to be useful in communications
gender role
a set of expected behaviors for males or for females
Chloropleth map
a thematic map in which areas are colored/patterned for the specified variable of that map
Cartogram
a type of thematic map that is substituted for land area or distance sometimes it is distorted to convey the information this alternate variable.
Proportional symbols map
a type of thematic map that uses symbols that vary in size to represent a quanitative variable. They help reader to understand large quanities of data in a simple way quickly
Time-space convergence
all the pieces work together (individual and technology) the system works to connect people/come together Ex. direct messaging, flying in a plane to china
longitude
also called meridians (think prime meridian) that run north/south. Prime meridian runs through Greenwich, London. Goes from 0 degrees to 180.
latitude
also called parallels (think: parallel to the equator) that run east/west on the the surface of the Earth. Goes from 0 degrees to 90 degrees.
Perceptual (vernacular) region
an area that people believe exists primarily in individuals perception or feelings Ex. concept of the south depends on where they live
social construction
an idea or a phenomenon that does not exist in nature but is created and given meaning by people
material culture
any physical object to which we give social meaning- tangible items that show impact of human's on a landscape ex. clothes, furniture
non-material culture
anything that makes up culture that can't be touched ex. language, religion, and philosophies
gendered spaces
areas or regions designed for men or women
Neo-Malthus
believe rapid population growth will outpace food resources. Degradation of resources and pollution will cause populations to be in a crisis. People who believe in this theory advocate control of population growth. Focuses on REGION not worldwide
Clustering/Aglomerated
clustered concentration is whe objects are close together. Ex. Country Walk somewhat
Distribution
comes from the idea that everything on the Earths surface must have a physical location. There are three different aspects of distribution: density, concentration, and pattern. Ex. wild potatoes are foun in significant numbers along the west coast of south america and central america.
folk culture
culture practiced by a small, homogeneous, rural group living in relative isolation from other groups (in a focused area) -anonymous hearth/sources, unkown dates, diffuses SLOWLY-thru migration origin- anonymous diffusion-slower to spread may have multiple hearths (independently) usually relocation diffusion distribution- disctinctive distribution due to physical and cultural factors and isolation bc of physical factors like distance and mountain ranges
digital map
data is compiled and formatted into a virtual image, made with infared or remote sensing
Spatial information
data/information that identifies the geographic location of features and boundaries on earth, such as natural or constructed features, oceans, and more. (data can be mapped usually stored as coordinates and topology). Ex. Location of schools
3 main properties of distribution
density, concentration, pattern
Net migration
difference between the number of immigrants and the number of emigrants throughout the year.
sequent occupance
each civilization leaves an influence on the cultural landscape of place, affecting the civilizations that come after it. Ex. British colonialism spread the use of the English language around the world, making it common for business and trade.
oval/molleweide
equal-area, pseudocylindrical map projection generally used for global maps of the world. combination of cylindrical and conic projections.
Elevation
height above sea level
transnational migration
human movement across international boundaries permanetly
Satellite imagery
images of Earth or other planets collected by Imaging satellites operated by governments and businesses around the world. Ex. International Space Station images
Dispersal
in an area of concentration if the objects are spread out. they are considered dispersed/scattered. Ex. few houses in rural are vs. city
Ester Boserup (1965)
known for theory of agriculture intensification. She says people will find ways to increase food production and improve agricultural methods in times of pressure. more people more problem solvers, inequality is improving. (Countered Malthusian theory)
neo-environmental determinism
led by Jared Diamond. Places emphasis on how natural resources and ecology affect the development, expansion, and potential collapse of cultures.
Graduated symbols map
maps that use the visual variable of size to represent differences in the magnitude of a discrete, abruptly, changing phenomenon. ex. populations
Emigration (out migration)
migrating from a location Ex. If you live in Ireland and you move to the United States and try to set up permanent citizenship
Voluntary Migration
migration by choice
Step Migration
migration to a distant destination that occurs in stages
Map disortion
misrepresentation of a shape, area, distance, or direction of or between geographic features when compared to their true measurements on the curved surface of earth.
Rust Belt
northeastern and midwestern states of US (From New York to MIdwest) in which heavy industry has declined
cultural relativism
not judging a culture but trying to understand it on its own terms
Refugee
person who flees from homeland for reasons like persecution or death, they seek asylum in other countries
toponym
place name
Regional Boundaries
places where those features or characteristics change. France and Spains border follow Pyrenees Mountains
Possibilism
promoted by carl sauer** an approach to geography favored by most contemporary geographers. It suggests that humans are not the product of their environment, but rather they posses the skills necessary to change their environment, to satisfy human needs, people can determine their own outcomes without regard to location. Ex. Coachella was a dry desert now we have changed it for ourselves
site
refers to the internal, physical characteristics of a place. Ex. New Orleans is a poor ___ for human habitation. It is 8 ft. below sea level; however, it's situation has enabled the city to grow because it is at the base of the Mississippi river.
Spatial scale
refers to the order of magnitude of extent or size of a land area or geographical distance studied or described.Ex. water pollution at a small creek (small scale) or Chesapeake bay (large scale)
Functional/Nodal Region
regions that can be defined around a certain point or node; functional regions are most intense around center but lose their characteristics as distance from the focal point increases. Ex. mapping a railroad distribution center
Formal/Uniform Region
regions where *anything and everything* inside has the same characteristic or phenomenon Ex. Everyone in Germany share the characteristic of being subject to the laws of Germany.
Regional Analysis
search for explanationsas to why such a cultural phenomenona are constant across a region, or why differences occur within a region ex. Domestic food and energy prices are influenced by performance of global markets
Reference Map
show information for a specific place. it is good for navigating.
Physical map
show land features like mountains, deserts, and plains
planar projection (azimuthal)
shows true direction and examines the Earth from a point--usually a pole. accurate in the center less; accurate as it goes out
Sunbelt
states in the south and southwest that have a warm climate and tend to be politically conservative Grown dramatically since WW2
Genocide
systematic killing of a racial or cultural group, ethnic cleansing but when the method is killing.
acculturation
taking part in a part of someone's culture and adding it to theirs the process of adopting certain cultures of another that will be their advantage
globalization
the expansion of economic, political, and cultural processes to the point that they become global in scale and impact ex. technology
cultural diversion
the idea that separated cultures continue to be less similar with less time
migration
the movement of people
International Migration
the movement of people between countries
Intraregional migration
the movement of people within the same region. Usually done for economic reasons/job. Ex. Rural-urban
Spacial Scale analysis
the order of magnitude of an extent or size of a land area or geographical distance studied or described. ex. maps of 100 km and 100,000 km^2 differ in the extent of 1,000
cultural hearth
the place of origin for a widespread cultural trend
Relative distance
the position of a place based on its location with respect to other locations. Ex. Nashville, TN is 409.4 miles from Charlotte, NC
Suburrbanization
the process of population movement withing towns and cities to rural-urban fringe. Ex. toronto, san fransico
assimilation
the process where people lose original culture, traits, dress, speech when they come in contact with another society or culture
Time-space compression
the rapid innovation of communication and transportation technologies associated with globalization that transforms the way people think about space and time. (it shortens the distance) Ex. Transportation inprovements
situation
the relationship that a particular location has with the locations around it.
gender
the socially constructed roles and characteristics by which a culture defines male and female (rather than anatomical)
hierarchial diffusion
the spread of a an idea from a person/s / nodes of authority (top-down way) ex. social media influencers
Slavery
the state of being under the control of another person
Ethnic Cleansing
the systematic killing/extermination of an entire people or nation; when people is being removed from an area with a variety of methods. Ex. Trail of Tears
Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
the value of output goods and services produced in a country in a year (does not account for money that leaves and enters the country)
cultural landscape
the visible imprint of human activity and culture on the landscape, reflects culture
Dot Density map
thematic maps that use dots to show exact locations of specific observations
isolene map
visualise quantitative data that occur continuously in space.lines drawn on a map connecting data points of the same value. They are therefore called continua. Examples for such continua are temperature, air pressure, precipitation heights or ground elevations.
culture
way of life, including language, religon, food, and music
friction of distance
where longer distances require increasing amounts of energy or money to traverse. Ex. driving all the way to the Haywood Mall to go shopping
Thomas Malthus (1798)
(says that population grows exponetially/geometrically and food grows arithmetically) concluded that population was growing faster than production of food. Argued that the size and growth of a population depends on the food supply and agricultural methods. Coined term overpopulation
Demographic Transition Model
Based on three factors: birth rate, death rate, and total population. Has five-ish stages- every country must go through these stages.
Ethnocentrisim
Belief in the superiority of one's nation or ethnic group.
popular culture
Culture found in a large, area span of different cultures and has a global focus, rapidly diffused around the world (usually developed countries) - origin- is traceable usually european/north american diffusion- diffuses rapidly from hearths/big nodes of communication, typically hierarchical diffusion distribution- widely distributed across many countries, obstacle is lack of income to purchase material
place making
Cultures make place fit their identity, portray value in a landscape, and build things in a landscape to show what they believe and value
Globalization
Actions or processes that involve the entire world and result in making something worldwide in scope. Ex. Modern day digital technology and rapid transportation.
centripetal force
An attitude that tends to unify people and enhance support for a state (petal- petals make up a flower- unify)
Intervening Obstacle
An environmental or cultural feature of the landscape that hinders migration. ex. weather/storms/oceans
Who first used the term "geography"?
Ancient Greek Scholar Eratosthenes
Immigation policies
Any policy of a state that deals with the transit of persons across its borders into the country. Ex. US immigration policies, Blue card is european wide work permit
Immigration policies
Any policy of a state that deals with the transit of persons across its borders into the country. Ex. US immigration policies, Blue card is european wide work permit
colonialism
Attempt by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles in another territory.
