Chapter 3
ideal culture
____ ____ is the norms and values that members of a society believe should be observed in principle
positive sanctions
____ _____ express approval and are conceptualized as rewards
negative sanctions
____ _____ express disapproval and are conceptualized as punishments
real culture
____ _____ the patterns of behavior that actually exist within a society
sanctions
_____ are a means of enforcing norms
subculture
a particular social group that has a distinctive way of life, including its own set of values and norms, practices, and beliefs, but that exists harmoniously within the larger mainstream culture
material culture
any physical object to which we give social meaning
social control
attempts by society to regulate people's thoughts and behavior in order to promote social cohesion
more, less
cultural diffusion usually occurs in the direction from ____ developed countries to _____ developed countries
ethnocentrism
evaluation of other cultures according to preconceptions originating in the standards and customs of one's own culture.
multiculturalism
generally describes a policy that involves honoring the diverse backgrounds of various individuals and groups
taboos
mores so strong that their violation is considered to be extremely offensive and even unmentionable
folkways
norms for routine or casual interaction; not always strictly enforced
mores
norms which practically everyone is expectedt o conform to. breaches are treated seriously and in some cases can bring severe repercussions
socialization
social control frequently looks like self control after it has been taught through the ________ process by family, peers, the media, and other institutions
cultural imperialism
the deliberate imposition of one's own cultural values on another culture
culture
the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next
symbolic culture
the ideas associated with a cultural group, including ways of thinking (beliefs, values, and assumptions) and ways of behaving (norms, interactions, and communication)
cultural relativism
the practice of judging a culture by its own standards
cultural leveling
the process through which cultures become more and more similar to each other
cultural diffusion
the spread of cultural elements from one society to another
dominant
the values, norms, and practices of the most powerful groups are referred to as the mainstream or _______ culture
counterculture
A culture with lifestyles and values opposed to those of the mainstream culture.