Chapter 3

ideal culture

____ ____ is the norms and values that members of a society believe should be observed in principle

positive sanctions

____ _____ express approval and are conceptualized as rewards

negative sanctions

____ _____ express disapproval and are conceptualized as punishments

real culture

____ _____ the patterns of behavior that actually exist within a society

sanctions

_____ are a means of enforcing norms

subculture

a particular social group that has a distinctive way of life, including its own set of values and norms, practices, and beliefs, but that exists harmoniously within the larger mainstream culture

material culture

any physical object to which we give social meaning

social control

attempts by society to regulate people's thoughts and behavior in order to promote social cohesion

more, less

cultural diffusion usually occurs in the direction from ____ developed countries to _____ developed countries

ethnocentrism

evaluation of other cultures according to preconceptions originating in the standards and customs of one's own culture.

multiculturalism

generally describes a policy that involves honoring the diverse backgrounds of various individuals and groups

taboos

mores so strong that their violation is considered to be extremely offensive and even unmentionable

folkways

norms for routine or casual interaction; not always strictly enforced

mores

norms which practically everyone is expectedt o conform to. breaches are treated seriously and in some cases can bring severe repercussions

socialization

social control frequently looks like self control after it has been taught through the ________ process by family, peers, the media, and other institutions

cultural imperialism

the deliberate imposition of one's own cultural values on another culture

culture

the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next

symbolic culture

the ideas associated with a cultural group, including ways of thinking (beliefs, values, and assumptions) and ways of behaving (norms, interactions, and communication)

cultural relativism

the practice of judging a culture by its own standards

cultural leveling

the process through which cultures become more and more similar to each other

cultural diffusion

the spread of cultural elements from one society to another

dominant

the values, norms, and practices of the most powerful groups are referred to as the mainstream or _______ culture

counterculture

A culture with lifestyles and values opposed to those of the mainstream culture.