AP Human Geography: Units 3-5

linear settlement

- houses & buildings extend in a long line that usually follows a land feature (riverfronts, coasts, hills, roads, railroads, etc.) - linear features generally predate settlement - linear features settled along because they provide easy access to water or transportation

dispersed settlement

- houses & buildings isolated from one another - often exist in areas with difficult terrain - promote independence - lack social interaction & shared institutions

First Agricultural Revolution

- occurred about 11,000 years ago - shift from foraging to farming

Electoral college

A set of people- called electors- who are chosen to elect the president.

Language

A system of communication through the use of speech and is understood by a group of people to have the same meaning.

Mixed crop and livestock systems

A type of agriculture where both plants and animals are grown for their produce, and often the leftover plants are used to feed the animals, who in turn produce waste that is used as fertilizer for the plants.

Consequent boundary

A type of subsequent boundary that takes into account the differences that exist within a cultural landscape, separating groups that have distinct languages, religions, ethnicities, or other traits.

Dialect

A variation of a standard language distinguished by differences in pronunciation, degree of rapidity in speech, word choice, and spelling.

Name of God in Islam

Allah

Supranational organization

Alliance of 3+ states that work together in pursuit of common goals or to address an issue or challenge that these countries share.

Example of an autonomous region

American Indian Reservations

Dual agricultural economy

An economy having two agricultural sectors that have different levels of technology and different patterns of demand

Agroecosystem

An ecosystem modified for agricultural use.

Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)

Area in which a state has special rights to explore and use marine resources

Wetlands

Areas of land that are covered or saturated with water

Agricultural hearths

Areas where different groups began to domesticate plants and animals

Which of the following processes describes how missionary activities change the geographies of universalizing religions outside of their founding hearths? A) Assimilation B) Expansion diffusion C) Hierarchical diffusion D) Relocation diffusion E) Agglomeration

D) Relocation diffusion

Centrifugal force

force that divides groups of people (e.x. ethnic groups aim for their own political status and separation)

Centripetal force

force that unites a group of people (e.x. cultural traits, common language, national sport)

Desertification

form of land degradation that occurs when soil deteroritates to a desert-like condition

Identity

how humans make sense of themselves and how they wish to be viewed by others

Toponyms

place names that help define what is unique, such as its geographic features or history

cultural hearth

place of origin for a cultural trait

Gendered spaces

places that are designed and deliberately incorporated into societies with strict roles for men and women to accommodate for these roles.

Genetically modified organisms (GMOs)

plants/animals whose genetic makeup were manipulated by scientists

Shifting cultivation

practice of growing crops or grazing animals on a piece of land for a year or two, then abandoning that land when the nutrients have been depleted from the soil, and moving to a new piece of land where the process is repeated

Agriculture

purposeful cultivation of plants or raising of animals to produce goods for survival.

denominations

separate organizations that unite a number of local congregations

Cultural norms

shared standards and patterns that guide the behavior of a group of people

Sequent occupance

the notion that successive societies leave behind their cultural imprint, a collection of evidence about human character and experiences within a geographic region, which shapes the cultural landscape

Diffusion

the process by which a cultural trait spreads from one place to another over time

Salinization

the process by which water-soluble salts build up in the soil

Economy of scale

the reduced cost of producing food items as the quantity of production increases

Gentrification

the renovations and improvements conforming to middle-class preferences

Suburbanization

the shifting of population from cities into surrounding suburbs

Ethnicity

the state of belonging to a group of people who share common cultural characteristics

Political geography

the study of the ways in which the world is organized as a reflection of the power that different groups hold over territory.

Ethnocentrism

the tendency of ethnic groups to evaluate other groups according to preconceived ideas originating from their own culture

Multiculturalism

where people share cultural features with others around them while retaining some of their original cultural traits

Acculturation

where people within one culture adopt some of the traits of another while still retaining their own distinct culture

In which of the following countries is terracing LEAST likely to be used by farming groups to create additional space and minimize erosion on steep slopes? A) Nepal B) Peru C) The Philippines D) Niger E) Greece

D) Niger

Green Revolution

- 1950's and 60's - offshoot of Third Agricultural Revolution - new crop strains introduced to peripheral and semi-peripheral countries

Examples of geometric boundary

- Colorado, Wyoming, Utah, etc. - Much of Africa

What are some drawbacks to supranational organizations?

- Difficulties in balancing out needs of individual states vs. group as a whole - Financial distress of member states (Greece) - Finding room for immigrants (Refugee crises)

What are some benefits of supranational organizations?

- Heightened military power - Ease of trravel

clustered settlement

- also known as nucleated settlement - residents live in close proximity - farmland and pasture land surround the settlement - promotes social unity

Second Agricultural Revolution

- early 1700's - new agricultural advancements

Third Agricultural Revolution

- early 20th century - mechanization and development of new technologies - synthetic fertilizers and pesticides

How can states respond to devolutionary forces?

- Share more power with subnational units - Shift in form of governance - Civil war - Disintegration of a state

Examples of centripetal forces

- Singular ethnicity, religion, and language - Common social & economic standards - Strong infrastructure - Strong patriotic leader - Fair and just legal system - National holidays - Symbols (flags, monuments, etc.)

Causes of desertification?

1. Poor pastoral nomadism 2. Deforestation 3. Drought

How many electoral votes are needed to win the presidency?

270

How many electoral votes are there?

538

Isolate

A language that is not assigned to a language family, and has no known historic or linguistic relationship with any other known language.

Multinational state

A country with various ethnicities and cultures living inside its borders.

Cash crop

A crop that is produced for its commercial value.

Why might it be more advantageous for a multinational state to be a federal state?

A federal state reduces the conflict between nations that differ on civil or political issues, because each nation can be given their own regional unit to establish laws and govern themselves.

Sawah

A flooded field for growing rice

Civic/liberal nationalism

A form of nationalism based on values of equality, inclusion, and separation of government & religion.

Ethnonationalism/ethnic nationalism

A form of nationalism in which people of a country identify as having 1 common ethnicity, religion, and language.

Fair trade movement

A global campaign to fix unfair wage practices and protect the ability of farmers to earn a living

Stateless nation

A group of people united by culture, language history, and tradition but not possessing a state.

Nation

A group of people who have forged a common identity through a shared language, religion, ethnicity, or heritage- often all 4 of these.

von Thünen Model

A model that hypothesizes that perishability of the product and transportation costs to the market factors into a farmer's decisions regarding agricultural practices.

Choke point

A narrow, strategic passageway to another place through which it is difficult to pass.

State

A politically organized independent territory with a government, defined borders, and a permanent population.

Christianity

A religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus

Hinduism

A religion native to India

Universalizing religions

A religion that attempts to appeal to a wide variety of people and are open to membership by all, regardless of a person's location, language, or ethnicity.

The Arabic word sawahili means "a language of the coast." Which of the following explains how this would relate to the Swahili language spoken today in Kenya, Tanzania, and northern Mozambique in eastern Africa? A) As Muslim merchants traveled to Africa, they needed to communicate with people living along the coastal areas of the Indian Ocean in order to trade, and a lingua franca developed. B) German colonizers needed a language that would unite all the people in their colonies. C) Traders from around the world used the countries of coastal Africa to spread not just goods, but also various languages. D) British colonizers found Swahili easy to use and encouraged its use in Africa and in Great Britain. E) As religious teachers spread Islam through Africa, many people adopted words from the Quran into the local languages, creating a new lingua franca.

A) As Muslim merchants traveled to Africa, they needed to communicate with people living along the coastal areas of the Indian Ocean in order to trade, and a lingua franca developed.

The alignment of ancient Chinese cities toward the cardinal directions (north, south, east, west) best illustrates the importance of which of the following factors in the shaping of these early cities? A) Belief systems B) Topography C) Economics D) Gender E) Technology

A) Belief systems

Which of the following best explains how Christianity became the dominant religion in the Philippines? A) Christianity was brought to the Philippines through relocation diffusion when the Spanish colonized the Philippines in the sixteenth century. B) Christianity entered the Philippines through the ministry of representatives from the Russian Orthodox church. C) A secondary hearth for Christianity arose in the Philippines in the twelfth century, and since that time Christianity has remained the dominant religion in the Philippines. D) Christianity entered the Philippines through contagious diffusion because of its proximity to Indonesia. E) Export-oriented logging companies from Japan brought Christianity to the Philippines during the twentieth century.

A) Christianity was brought to the Philippines through relocation diffusion when the Spanish colonized the Philippines in the sixteenth century.

Which of the following environmental problems is most associated with the African sahel? A) Desertification B) Deforestation C) Air pollution D) Flooding E) Water pollution

A) Desertification

A typical grocery store in the United States may sell oranges grown primarily in California during part of the year and oranges grown primarily in South Africa during a different part of the year. Which of the following explains why oranges are available year-round in the United States? A) Grocery stores sell oranges that are grown in locations with similar climates but different growing seasons. B) Grocery stores sell oranges that are grown in locations with similar growing seasons but different climates. C) Customers have seasonal demands for different varieties of oranges. D) Different varieties of oranges are grown for different markets. E) Grocery stores sell oranges that are grown in locations with similar climates but different prices for oranges.

A) Grocery stores sell oranges that are grown in locations with similar climates but different growing seasons.

The spread of specialty coffee shops across the United States in the 1990s is an example of A) Hierarchical diffusion B) Contagious diffusion C) Stimulus diffusion D) Periodic movement E) Relocation diffusion

A) Hierarchical diffusion

Which of the following best explains how immigration affects the cultural landscape of religion? A) Immigrants often retain their religion during the process of acculturation, contributing to religious diversity within the cultural landscape of the receiving country. B) Immigrant communities fuse their own religion with the dominant religion in the receiving country to create a syncretic religion. C) Ethnic religions do not diffuse past their hearth, so immigrants must adopt a new religion when relocating to a new country. D) Immigrants bring their religion with them when they relocate, and their religion quickly spreads to the overwhelming majority of citizens in the receiving country. E) Immigrants' original religions disappear as immigrants fully assimilate into their new culture and adopt the dominant religion of the area.

A) Immigrants often retain their religion during the process of acculturation, contributing to religious diversity within the cultural landscape of the receiving country.

Across the Islamic world, despite different cultures and architectural styles, common features can be seen in mosque architecture. Which of the following explains the diffusion of Islamic architecture worldwide? A) Islamic architectural styles spread by expansion and relocation diffusion, resulting in mosque architecture that has some design commonalities and some elements of local culture. B) Islamic architecture is highly localized and determined by the influences of local art and architecture. C) Islamic architecture worldwide is uniform and unaffected by local cultural and architectural influences. D) Islamic architectural styles spread through hierarchical diffusion, resulting in new architectural styles used in large cities which later diffuse to medium- and smaller-sized cities. E) Islamic architectural styles spread through contagious diffusion, resulting in mosques in adjacent areas have the similar architectural features.

A) Islamic architectural styles spread by expansion and relocation diffusion, resulting in mosque architecture that has some design commonalities and some elements of local culture.

Which of the following best explains the farming practice related to plantation agriculture? A) Plantation farming is considered to be an intensive farming practice because it requires large inputs of labor and capital to produce the crop. B) Plantation farming is considered to be an intensive farming practice because farms must be located near the market because of high transportation costs for perishable products. C) Plantation farming is considered to be an intensive farming practice because there is little arable land available in the climates where crops produced on plantations grow. D) Plantation farming is considered to be an extensive farming practice because the amount of land required makes it too expensive to locate near to markets. E) Plantation farming is considered to be an extensive farming practice because it requires large inputs of land, but the crop requires very little labor.

A) Plantation farming is considered to be an intensive farming practice because it requires large inputs of labor and capital to produce the crop.

Tikka masala is an Indian-style food that has gained popularity in the United Kingdom, despite being less common in India. Which of the following processes led to the spread of this food? A) Relocation diffusion B) Contagious diffusion C) Hierarchical diffusion D) Reverse hierarchical diffusion E) Expansion diffusion

A) Relocation diffusion

Postmodern architecture

architecture that values diversity in design, and public spaces that can be enjoyed by anyone

The Green Revolution led to an increase in food production in many places around the world, but there have been some negative consequences. Which of the following explains one of the negative consequences of the Green Revolution that would be of greater concern for people in developing countries than for people in more-developed countries? A) Runoff of agricultural chemicals into the local groundwater that pollutes water resources B) Excess production of grain products for which there is no market C) Increase in the acreage used for agriculture that affects the open space surrounding villages D) Collapse of the grain export market that results in farm foreclosures E) Double-cropping processes that lead to soil erosion and a decline in soil fertility

A) Runoff of agricultural chemicals into the local groundwater that pollutes water resources

Center pivot irrigation systems are often use to water crops in semi-arid areas of the United States. Which of the following is a detrimental effect directly caused by this practice? A) Salinization of soil B) Compaction of soil C) Agricultural runoff into aquifers D) Soil pollution caused by pesticides E) Depletion of soil nutrients caused by overwatering

A) Salinization of soil

Which of the following best explains the Internet's homogenizing effect on global language patterns? A) The English language is widely used on the Internet. B) Social media applications commonly support dozens of different languages. C) Many governments censor citizens' Internet access. D) An increasing number of Internet users communicate exclusively through emojis. E) The Internet accelerates communication so that people from different cultures can interact quickly and easily.

A) The English language is widely used on the Internet.

Why are most South American population centers located at or near the coast? A) The colonial economies were export-oriented. B) The wars of independence damaged many inland cities. C) Few Amerindian population centers were located on the coast. D) Latin American armed forces have extensive plans for the defense of coastal sites. E) The climate is generally warmer on the coast and cooler in the highlands.

A) The colonial economies were export-oriented.

Which of the following best explains the degree to which subsistence and commercial agriculture in West African countries such as Ghana and Côte d'Ivoire cultivate the land? A) While some farmers are engaged in subsistence agriculture practices, there is significant commercial farming focused on luxury goods for export, such as coffee and cocoa. B) Most farmers are subsistence farmers that use the slash-and-burn method of farming to produce corn for export. C) Agriculture is the leading employment sector, and the majority of people labor as subsistence farmers producing potatoes for export. D);Most farmers are commercial farmers and produce only export products that include grains and dairy products. E) Ranching of animals for export of meat products is the primary type of agriculture in this region due to the vast grassy plains that allow for easy grazing.

A) While some farmers are engaged in subsistence agriculture practices, there is significant commercial farming focused on luxury goods for export, such as coffee and cocoa.

A popular American hamburger chain successfully entered the fast-food market in India by altering the menu to include vegetarian burgers instead of hamburgers made with beef. This example can best be described as A) stimulus diffusion B) hierarchical diffusion C) relocation diffusion D) independent invention E) distance decay

A) stimulus diffusion

Example of superimposed boundary

Africa after the Berlin Conference - Europeans split apart Africa without regard for the different groups living in Africa

Fertile Crescent

Agricultural hearth in SW Asia

Reservoirs

Artificial lakes

Swahili in East Africa and English in global commerce are examples of A) pidgin languages B) lingua franca C) standard language D) creole language E) official language

B) lingua franca

Climate regions

areas that have similar climate patterns generally based on their latitude and their location on coasts or continental interiors

Why have many family farms in North America been replaced by agribusiness farms since the 1980s? A) A decrease in the consumption of meat has resulted in less demand for cattle, which are mainly raised on family farms. B) Agribusiness farms have the resources to take advantage of economies of scale. C) Little available land for pasture farming has resulted in more concentrated agribusiness operations. D) More interest in genetically modified foods has led to an increase in agribusiness farms, which have greater access to advanced technology. E) Water shortages in regions where family farms were once common have led to a rise in agribusiness in regions with more favorable climates.

B) Agribusiness farms have the resources to take advantage of economies of scale.

Which of the following best explains the significance of similarities between the farming practices for apple orchards and grape vineyards? A) Both farming practices occur in the same climate region, which is found in places such as Italy and South Africa. B) Both farming practices require considerable labor input because the fruit is picked by hand, making it a product of intensive agriculture. C) Both farming practices are used for tropical plantation crops grown on large estates with hired labor who plant and harvest crops. D) According to von Thünen, both farming practices occur in the outermost areas of agricultural land. E) According to land-rent theory, both farming practices are found on small farms and must be located close to markets.

B) Both farming practices require considerable labor input because the fruit is picked by hand, making it a product of intensive agriculture.

Since the mid-twentieth century, wheat production has risen dramatically in some regions of the world but not others, which may increase the uneven development among countries. Which statement best explains the increase in wheat production in Europe and the United States compared to sub-Saharan Africa? A) Farmers in the United States and Europe double-crop wheat for two harvests each year but farmers in sub-Saharan Africa produce only one crop each year. B) Farmers in Europe and the United States use high-yield seeds and other technology but farmers in sub-Saharan Africa depend on low levels of mechanization and non-genetically modified seeds. C) Climate change made Europe and the United States more conducive to growing wheat than in sub-Saharan Africa. D) Wheat became the highest-selling commodity for farmers in Europe and the United States pushing farmers from sub-Saharan Africa out of the local markets. E) Developing regions of the world such as sub-Saharan Africa have been pushed out of the global wheat market by farmers in developed countries.

B) Farmers in Europe and the United States use high-yield seeds and other technology but farmers in sub-Saharan Africa depend on low levels of mechanization and non-genetically modified seeds.

Which of the following best explains how irrigated commercial agriculture in arid environments creates both environmental opportunities and challenges? A) Deforestation increases production but can damage natural habitats. B) Irrigation increases production but potentially depletes water resources. C) Desertification decreases available farmland and decreases production. D) Terracing hillsides increases production but reduces water quality. E) Shifting cultivation increases available farmland but damages habitats.

B) Irrigation increases production but potentially depletes water resources.

Which of the following concepts best explains the driving forces of contemporary cultural diffusion? A) Cultural convergence B) Space-time compression C) Syncretism D) Cultural divergence E) Creolization

B) Space-time compression

Chinese porcelain was highly valued in Europe for its beauty, style, and durability. However, imported porcelain from China was very expensive. Crafters in Germany and England developed new methods of making porcelain using feldspar and bone rather than the kaolin that was used in China. This new porcelain was viewed as having similar quality to Chinese porcelain, and the new methods continued to be used in Europe. This example describes what type of diffusion? A) Relocation diffusion, because the Chinese brought their porcelain to Europe B) Stimulus diffusion, because the Europeans adapted a Chinese concept to fit their own needs C) Contagious diffusion, because people throughout the world adopted the use of porcelain D) Hierarchical diffusion, because only the wealthy could afford porcelain E) Expansion diffusion, because the porcelain-making process spread from China to Europe

B) Stimulus diffusion, because the Europeans adapted a Chinese concept to fit their own needs

If four languages have similar words for numbers and the names of fish, but different names for a certain disease, what might be concluded about the time at which the disease first diffused? A) The disease spread among a population that later divided and evolved into four different languages. B) The population divided and evolved into the four different languages, and then the disease spread. C) The disease spread to two different populations that later divided into two different languages. D) The disease and language spread to four different regions at the same time at the same rate. E) There can be no conclusions drawn about the initial diffusion of the disease based on language.

B) The population divided and evolved into the four different languages, and then the disease spread.

Commercial agriculture in dry climates relies heavily on irrigation. Which of the following best explains an environmental concern that results from irrigation in arid regions? A) The high use of water for agriculture increases the price of water for people in urban areas. B) The soil will have increased salinity, leading to soil erosion and reduced nutrients in the soil for plant health. C) The increased production that results from irrigation of the crop will lead to decreases in crop prices as the total crop harvested will be higher. D) The plants grown in this dry region will start to adapt to use less water, but the period to maturity will increase. E) The decisions about how much water each landowner can use may become more difficult and a cause of conflict between urban and rural people.

B) The soil will have increased salinity, leading to soil erosion and reduced nutrients in the soil for plant health.

Which of the following best exemplifies the diffusion of popular culture throughout the world in contemporary society? A) The increasing popularity of a fashion trend that originates in a large city, such as New York, and spreads to small rural towns B) The spread of an Internet meme via social media applications C) The spread of a religion through the migration of adherents of the religion D) The increasing popularity of a new band that spends a year touring cities around the world E) The spread of new slang that becomes widely used in government-funded schools

B) The spread of an Internet meme via social media applications

Von Thünen emphasized which of the following factors in his model of agricultural land use? A) Labor cost B) Transportation cost C) Fertilizer cost D) Machinery cost E) Seasonal fluctuations in prices of farm products

B) Transportation cost

Women played a crucial role in the domestication of plants because they A) were interested in varying the diets of their families B) were engaged in collecting plant resources C) were agile climbers on the hillsides of the Fertile Crescent D) knew how to achieve control over their environment E) traveled long distances from their home base

B) were engaged in collecting plant resources

Example of a shatterbelt

Balkan Peninsula -before WWI, claimed by Ottoman Empire -after WWI, formed into Yugoslavia -after WWII, put under Soviet authority -after collapse of Soviet Union, divided into numerous states

Example of subsequent boundary

Balkan countries, after the fall of Yugoslavia

Example of isolate

Basque

Example of ethnonationalism as a CENTRIPETAL force

Belarus - with the threat of Russian invasion, Belarusians united together and created a renewed sense of pride in their heritage and history

Example of a relic boundary

Berlin Wall

Organization of a religion (biggest --> smallest)

Branch Denomination Sect

What 2 religions are predominant in SE Asia?

Buddhism & Islam

Food deserts

areas where residents lack access to healthy, nutritious foods because stores selling these foods are too far away

Which of the following explains an economic benefit of cattle production using feedlots rather than grass pastures? A) Feedlots have a lower carrying capacity than grass pastures because feedlots are contained in a smaller space. B) Cattle raised in feedlots command a higher price at market because of the time required to fatten the cattle using this method of production. C) Agricultural technology has increased the economy of scale and the carrying capacity of feedlots, increasing profits for the farmer. D) Raising cattle in feedlots requires more time to fatten cattle but results in lower-fat beef that is desirable to many consumers. E) It costs less to remediate environmental pollution associated with feedlots because pollutants associated with feedlots are confined to small areas of land.

C) Agricultural technology has increased the economy of scale and the carrying capacity of feedlots, increasing profits for the farmer.

Which of the following explains the prevalence of banana plantations in Central America? A) Bananas were first domesticated in Central America and were later cultivated to be exported to the United States and Canada. B) Bananas were first domesticated in Central America and then hybridized to grow in other climate zones around the world. C) Banana plants were brought to Central America from Southeast Asia to be grown closer to markets in the United States and Canada. D) Banana plants were brought to Central America from sub-Saharan Africa to be grown closer to markets in the United States and Canada. E) Banana plants were brought to Central America by early European colonizers to provide a staple food crop for local farming populations.

C) Banana plants were brought to Central America from Southeast Asia to be grown closer to markets in the United States and Canada.

Which of the following best explains the diffusion of plants and animals from their hearths of domestication? A) Animals were domesticated before plants and diffused rapidly from their hearth of domestication through contagious diffusion because they were mobile and moved easily from place to place. B) Domesticated plants spread through wind-borne dispersal of seeds from their original hearth, expanding slowly until a vast region was covered with new plants. C) Both domesticated plants and animals spread across the globe through contagious diffusion in early years by farmers and traders, and later byt relocation diffusion through European exploration and colonialism. D) The diffusion of plants and animals was limited to areas close to each hearth of domestication because the newly developed plants and animals could not readily adapt to different soil types. E) The diffusion of plants and animals was dependent on nomadic traders who traveled between agricultural villages because early farmers were sedentary and did not travel to other areas.

C) Both domesticated plants and animals spread across the globe through contagious diffusion in early years by farmers and traders, and later byt relocation diffusion through European exploration and colonialism.

Which of the following originated in South Asia and subsequently spread throughout much of Southeast and East Asia? A) Hinduism B) Christianity C) Buddhism D) Sikhism E) Confucianism

C) Buddhism

Which of the following areas has the greatest linguistic fragmentation? A) Korea B) Scandinavia C) Caucasus D) Argentina E) Quebec

C) Caucasus

Production of agricultural products destined primarily for direct consumption by the producer rather than for market is called A) plantation farming B) hunting and gathering C) subsistence agriculture D) sedentary cultivation E) shifting-field agriculture

C) subsistence agriculture

Which of the following scenarios best explains the Columbian Exchange? A) Grain crops such as wheat, oats, and barley were introduced to Europe as a result of interaction with indigenous people in the Americas. Prior to this, the only significant grain crops grown by Europeans were rice and corn. B) Many new diseases were introduced to European colonizers when they began to explore the Americas. In particular, diseases like smallpox, influenza, and the measles decimated many of the early colonial populations. C) Domesticated animals such as cattle, horses, pigs, and chickens were introduced to the Americas by European colonizers. Prior to this, very few animals had been domesticated in the Americas. D) Crops such as potatoes and tomatoes were introduced to the Americas. Prior to European contact, these crops had only been grown in Europe: potatoes primarily in northern Europe and tomatoes primarily in southern Europe. E) Many crops that became valuable cash crops were introduced by European colonial powers to the Americas. Specific examples of these valuable plantation crops are tobacco, cacao, and pineapples.

C) Domesticated animals such as cattle, horses, pigs, and chickens were introduced to the Americas by European colonizers. Prior to this, very few animals had been domesticated in the Americas.

Which of the following can be used to explain why an immigrant community that attempts to assimilate into local society would engage in political protest against the government? A) Sponsored refugees brought to a city far from their point of entry B) New immigrants relying on friends and family for chain migration C) Ethnic groups living in segregated enclaves D) The division of land based on traditional land survey systems E) Historical preservation of religious structures

C) Ethnic groups living in segregated enclaves

More developed countries tend to have greater access to agricultural technology and government-supported loans used to purchase computerized farm equipment. Which of the following best explains the significance of access to these resources? A) Government financing and improved technology lead to an increase in the number of small, family-owned farms. B) Government financing and improved technology lead to a reduced risk of environmental pollution and fewer environmental regulations. C) Government financing and improved technology lead to larger economies of scale and improved efficiency. D) Government financing and improved technology lead to higher consumer prices for government-subsidized agricultural products. E) Government financing and improved technology lead to a reduction in the use of pesticide and fertilizer.

C) Government financing and improved technology lead to larger economies of scale and improved efficiency.

A pilgrim to Varanasi (Benares) in India is most likely to be a A) Christian B) Jew C) Hindu D) Buddhist E) Muslim

C) Hindu

Which of the following is true of popular culture? A) It is practiced among a homogeneous group of people in the world. B) It is more static than folk culture. C) It incorporates traits that diffuse quickly to a wide variety of places. D) It spreads primarily by relocation diffusion. E) It promotes regional diversity.

C) It incorporates traits that diffuse quickly to a wide variety of places.

Which of the following does NOT act as a centrifugal force for a state? A) Uneven development B) Substate nationalism C) Linguistic homogeneity D) A fragmented territorial base E) A strong tradition of local governance

C) Linguistic homogeneity

Palm oil, an edible vegetable oil used in processing packaged food products, is obtained from the fruit of the oil palm tree, grown only in the tropics. Which of the following explains how global demand for palm oil has proved beneficial and detrimental for countries such as Indonesia and Malaysia? A) Palm oil exports provided substantial corporate profits, but increased government subsidies to palm oil farmers led to an increased poverty in the two countries. B) Palm oil exports provided substantial corporate profits, but the process led to high rates of unemployment for farmworkers at harvest time. C) Palm oil exports provided substantial corporate profits, but the growth in the industry resulted in heavy deforestation in both countries. D) Palm oil exports provided increased income to the governments of Indonesia and Malaysia, but the number of farmers employed on palm oil plantations decreased in the two countries. E) Palm oil exports aided in increasing the wealth of the two countries but also increased the diversity of plants in the two countries.

C) Palm oil exports provided substantial corporate profits, but the growth in the industry resulted in heavy deforestation in both countries.

Sheep production in New Zealand and poultry production in Arkansas produce food animals for human consumption. Which of the following best describes the differences in the agricultural practices and land use for these products? A) Sheep production is an example of intensive agriculture requiring large amounts of fertilizer, whereas poultry production is an example of extensive agriculture practiced mainly in more developed countries. B) Sheep production and poultry production are both examples of extensive agriculture practiced on large areas of land, but requiring different climates. C) Sheep production is an example of extensive agriculture requiring large pastures, whereas poultry production is an example of intensive agriculture often practiced indoors. D) Sheep production and poultry production are both examples of intensive agriculture practiced on small areas of land but requiring different amounts of land and capital. E) Sheep production is an example of extensive agriculture that is declining because of an insufficient supply of open land, whereas poultry production continues to be practiced on small areas of land.

C) Sheep production is an example of extensive agriculture requiring large pastures, whereas poultry production is an example of intensive agriculture often practiced indoors.

In 2017, the United States exported approximately $500 million of beef to Mexico, and Mexico exported approximately $500 million of beef to the United States. Which of the following best explains this international supply chain? A) United States consumers prefer to purchase specialty products made from beef raised in Mexico. B) Mexico depends on beef imports because domestic beef production is too low. C) United States and Mexican producers rely on each other's market to sell certain beef products. D) The United States and Mexico have an agreement to evenly exchange beef products. E) Mexico's beef industry produces a surplus and depends on beef exports.

C) United States and Mexican producers rely on each other's market to sell certain beef products.

The term "cultural diffusion" refers to the A) modification of Earth's surface by human actions B) integration of behavioral traits within a group C) spread of an idea or innovation from its source D) relationship between human cultures and their physical environment E) assimilation of a minority culture into the host society

C) spread of an idea or innovation from its source

Cultural landscape can be defined as A) the types of art, music, dance, and theater practiced in a particular region B) the ways that people in differing cultures perceive the environment C) the forms superimposed on the physical environment by the activities of humans D) the diversity of distinctive cultures within a particular geographic area E) a particular area within a geographic region dedicated to cultural activities

C) the forms superimposed on the physical environment by the activities of humans

Where is Catholicism mainly practiced?

Central & South America, Western Europe (minus G.B.), Southern Europe

What universalizing religion is practiced in Sub-Saharan Africa?

Christianity

Example of a universalizing religion

Christianity, Islam, Buddhism

Defending borders

Countries administer, or manage, the way borders are maintained and how goods and people will cross them.

__________ is a language that results from the mixing of a colonizer's language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated.

Creole language

Hybridization

Crossbreeding of plants

Which of the following best explains a negative economic consequence of the Green Revolution in less developed countries as compared to more developed countries? A) Farmers in less developed countries who had previously grown only one crop were forced to grow multiple crops, leading to increased production costs and fewer exports from less developed countries to more developed countries. B) The increased demand for fertilizer in more developed countries, which was required for the new crop varieties, led to fertilizer shortages in less developed countries. C) The overuse of expanded irrigation systems resulted in flooding and damage to export crops in less developed countries, which led to higher food prices in more developed countries. D) Because of the increased capital investment required to produce new crop varieties using technology that was pioneered in more developed countries, there was an increase in wealth disparity in many farming communities in less developed countries. E) The new crop varieties encouraged people to continue to have large families, leading to overpopulation in less developed countries and increasing the need for food aid from more developed countries.

D) Because of the increased capital investment required to produce new crop varieties using technology that was pioneered in more developed countries, there was an increase in wealth disparity in many farming communities in less developed countries.

Many people living in west and central African countries such as Niger, Chad, and the Central African Republic speak French. Which of the following best explains this pattern? A) The French language originated in west-central Africa and diffused to Europe. B) Muslims brought the French language into Africa from France. C) Slaves freed from France in the late 1800s relocated to the region that is now Niger and the Central African Republic. D) France acquired several countries in Africa as a result of decisions made during the Berlin Conference of 1884. E) French diffused hierarchically into the largest cities of Africa after the Second World War.

D) France acquired several countries in Africa as a result of decisions made during the Berlin Conference of 1884.

Which of the following correctly pairs a global religion described with its hearth region of origin? A) Buddhism and East Asia B) Christianity and Latin America C) Islam and Central Asia D) Hinduism and South Asia E) Judaism and eastern Europe

D) Hinduism and South Asia

Which of the following language-location pairs best exemplifies the process of relocation diffusion of language in the twentieth century? A) English in India B) Mandarin in China C) French in Canada D) Hmong in the United States E) Russian in Brazil

D) Hmong in the United States

Which of the following is an example of an ethnic religion? A) Islam B) Mormonism C) Buddhism D) Judaism E) Roman Catholicism

D) Judaism

Which of the following best explains the spatial patterns illustrated in von Thünen's model? A) The cost-to-distance ratio of the land-rent curve indicates that the highest-cost land is in large-scale plots on the outermost ring of the model. B) The cost-of-labor inputs are related to a crop's distance from the market, as more labor-intensive farming is done in large-scale plots far from the market town. C) Highly perishable agricultural goods are produced in small-scale plots far from the market town, so that they can be more quickly traded with other communities. D) Labor-intensive farming of vegetables is done in small-scale plots in market gardens, while extensive grain crops are grown in large-scale fields far from the market town. E) Labor-intensive planting and harvests of wheat and corn are done in small-scale plots in market gardens, while less labor-intensive pasturing of sheep or beef cattle takes place in large-scale plots on the outermost ring of the model.

D) Labor-intensive farming of vegetables is done in small-scale plots in market gardens, while extensive grain crops are grown in large-scale fields far from the market town.

Which scenario best explains the process of assimilation? A) A family immigrates to a new country, settles near others from their homeland, and conducts most of their day-to-day activities within their ethnic neighborhood. B) Despite the large number of historic churches in France, many French identify as nonreligious and believe that religion is a private matter. C) The island of Mauritius has large populations of Christians, Hindus, and Muslims. The constitution of Mauritius prohibits discrimination and protects freedom of religion. D) The American government educated Native American children in American-style boarding schools. All of the children were taught English, and girls were taught how to be homemakers. E) Hinduism diffused from India to Bali, where it blended with traditional Balinese beliefs to create a form of Hinduism unique to Bali.

D) The American government educated Native American children in American-style boarding schools. All of the children were taught English, and girls were taught how to be homemakers.

A world map of hog production per capita would reveal the lowest values in which of the following regions? A) The United States Midwest B) Southeast Asia C) Western Europe D) The Middle East E) China

D) The Middle East

Agriculture is practiced at the local scale, and agricultural yields are measured at the national scale. Which of the following best explains why the concept of the global system of agriculture is helpful to geographers? A) The concept is most useful for predicting local productivity and market changes. B) The concept is the best way to map out the environmental effects of agricultural land use. C) The concept is a way to help countries that have become highly dependent on an export commodity. D) The concept helps geographers simplify and visualize a vast and complicated global supply chain. E) The concept helps geographers be specific and consider every detail about global farming practices.

D) The concept helps geographers simplify and visualize a vast and complicated global supply chain.

Why does language diffusion result in endangered languages?

Declining populations & cultural pressures

As the distance from the CBD increases, land value (increases/decreases).

Decreases (You're farther away from all the action, so it's cheaper)

How can cultural diversity serve as a centrifugal force?

Differences between groups may be so deeply rooted that conflict (such as a civil war) arises.

How can social issues act as a devolutionary force?

Discrimination against a minority group can cause rifts, and prevent unity among all the people.

"Packing" the district

Drawing a district that is full of the opposing party's voters, allowing a greater number of the surrounding districts the opportunity to be won by the party that's in power.

Delimiting borders

Drawing their borders on a map

Subsequent boundaries

Drawn in areas that have been settled by people and where cultural landscapes already exist or are in the process of being established

Slash-and-burn cultivation is an agricultural practice used by subsistence farmers in tropical forest areas. Which of the following best explains an environmental effect of this practice? A) Environmental damage from this practice is short-lived and only affects a small area of land with no impact on larger areas or regions. B) There are long-term benefits to the tropical soil in the clearings from the increased exposure to the sun and the infusion of nutrients from the burned biomass. C) Conservation efforts are in place that have largely stopped this practice, minimizing any environmental issues that might occur. D) Tropical soil is damaged from the increased exposure to the sun, but there is a sharp increase in biodiversity that overrides any soil damage. E) Air pollution and long-term land-cover change are side effects of slash-and-burn agriculture that have a long-ranging effect on a broader region.

E) Air pollution and long-term land-cover change are side effects of slash-and-burn agriculture that have a long-ranging effect on a broader region.

Cultural landscape is closest in meaning to which of the following? A) Cultural ecology B) Nonmaterial culture C) Environmental determinism D) Physical environment E) Built environment

E) Built environment

Orthodox Christianity was established in Ethiopia during the fourth century after diffusing up the Nile River valley from the Mediterranean Coast of Egypt. Islam expanded into North Africa and East Africa during the seventh century. Today Ethiopia's population is 43% Orthodox Christian and 33% Muslim. Which statement best explains the composition of religious groups of Ethiopia? A) Ethiopia is part of a regional Islamic majority. B) In the fourth century, kings of Ethiopia mandated that the Christian religion be followed. C) Protestant Christianity is the fastest-growing religion in Ethiopia. D) Ethiopia is too far from Rome for the Roman Catholic Church to be dominant. E) Ethiopia resisted the Islamic expansion in northern Africa.

E) Ethiopia resisted the Islamic expansion in northern Africa.

Which of the following best explains the practice of placing indigenous children in boarding schools in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries? A) The schools were intended to promote multiculturalism by introducing European culture to indigenous youth. B) Many schools appropriated indigenous culture by using tribal names for sports teams. C) The schools represented a traditional cultural trait of many indigenous societies. D) The schools were intended to blend indigenous and European cultures through syncretism. E) The schools were intended to diffuse Christianity and assimilate indigenous youth into European culture.

E) The schools were intended to diffuse Christianity and assimilate indigenous youth into European culture.

Which of the following best compares a technological consequence of the Green Revolution in more developed and less developed countries? A) Farmers in more developed countries experienced a dramatic increase in agricultural exports because of the free grain seeds provided by governments of less developed countries. B) Farmers in less developed countries experienced increased profits from manufacturing and selling genetically modified seeds on the open market to more developed countries. C) Farmers in less developed countries experienced a decrease in water pollution through the use of chemical fertilizers first used in more developed countries. D) Farmers in more developed countries experienced substantial profits because of the increasing emphasis on more sustainable practices such as organic farming first used in less developed countries. E) Farmers in less developed countries were able to increase their profits from growing and exporting high-yield grain to levels similar to those in more developed countries.

E) Farmers in less developed countries were able to increase their profits from growing and exporting high-yield grain to levels similar to those in more developed countries.

Which of the following best explains how a wheat farmer in the Northern Plains region of the United States is able to maximize profits? A) Grain farming is an intensive farming practice on small plots of land cultivated primarily by family farmers who maximize profits in nearby domestic markets. B) Grain farmers can quickly purchase multiple small dispersed plots of land away from an urban area when demand for wheat increases thus maximizing profits on inexpensive land. C) Grain farming is an intensive farming practice that can yield profits by cultivating large areas of land close to an urban area for marketability of the product. D) Grain farmers can diversify production by planting different cereal crops on small plots of land close to markets that enables rapid shipping of the product before the price drops. E) Grain farming is an extensive farming practice that can maximize profits in part by lower land costs, lower transportation costs, and imperishability of the product.

E) Grain farming is an extensive farming practice that can maximize profits in part by lower land costs, lower transportation costs, and imperishability of the product.

A fashion trend was started when an actor appeared on a television show wearing a shirt and tie of the same color. Within weeks, people began to follow this trend in both large cities and small towns across the United States. Which pair of diffusion types explains the spread of the fashion trend in this example? A) Relocation and stimulus B) Stimulus and hierarchical C) Hierarchical and relocation D) Contagious and relocation E) Hierarchical and contagious

E) Hierarchical and contagious

Which of the following correctly sequences the continuum from language family to dialect? A) Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Arabic, Berber B) Sino-Tibetan, Sinitic, Mandarin, Chinese C) Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Hindi, Bengali D) Indo-European, Baltic-Slavic, Russian, Ukranian E) Indo-European, Germanic, English, Midland-Northern

E) Indo-European, Germanic, English, Midland-Northern

Which of the following best explains the significance of a similarity among locations where olives, figs, grapes and lemons are grown? A) Extensive agriculture is practiced in a humid continental climate. B) Plantation agriculture is practiced in a tropical wet climate. C) Intensive agriculture is practiced in a humid subtropical climate. D) Extensive agriculture is practiced in a tropical wet and dry climate. E) Intensive agriculture is practiced in a Mediterranean climate.

E) Intensive agriculture is practiced in a Mediterranean climate.

The state of California, often considered a hearth of environmental laws, will be the first state to ban plastic straws. Which of the following statements best describes the likely spread of this environmental practice? A) This practice will likely spread via hierarchical diffusion when the president of the United States signs an executive order banning plastic straws in all states. B) This practice will likely spread via social media and stimulus diffusion when other states enact identical laws banning plastic straws. C) As regional news organizations report on the ban, this practice will likely spread through contagious diffusion only to western states adjacent to California. D) Strong lobbying by the plastics industry will likely curtail the diffusion of the ban, and this practice will be limited to California. E) Similar environmental laws will likely spread through stimulus diffusion to other states via political activism.

E) Similar environmental laws will likely spread through stimulus diffusion to other states via political activism.

Sikhism grew out of a blend of Hindu and Islamic religious principles, a process best explained by which term? A) Assimilation B) Convergence C) Appropriation D) Diffusion E) Syncretism

E) Syncretism

When an immigrant group moves into a new location inhabited by a larger dominant culture with a different language, which of the following is the most likely outcome? A) The immigrant group will aggressively maintain their native language and prevent it from changing in order to preserve their culture. B) The immigrant group will quickly abandon their language and adopt the new language in order to achieve economic success. C) The two groups will immediately create a pidgin, or trade language, in order to communicate. D) The languages of the two groups will converge and blend into one new language. E) The immigrant group will learn and use the new language, and immigrant words will enter the language of the majority population.

E) The immigrant group will learn and use the new language, and immigrant words will enter the language of the majority population.

Which of the following scenarios best exemplifies the concept of hierarchical diffusion? A) The practice of selling pizza by the slice in America, whereas pizzas in Italy were traditionally sold as whole pies B) The addition of hands-free driving features to cars manufactured by companies headquartered throughout the world C) The migration of asylum seekers from Syria to Europe D) The increasing popularity of Korean pop music around the world because of social media E) The increasing sales of clothing brands endorsed by professional athletes to customers in Europe

E) The increasing sales of clothing brands endorsed by professional athletes to customers in Europe

Which of the following best explains why a universalizing religion would diffuse into a region? A) The region has a large population where many people identify as secular. B) The region has a small population where many people follow an ethnic religious tradition. C) The region's government is actively suppressing religious expression. D) The region's government has declared an official religion. E) The region has a large population where many people already follow another universalizing religion.

E) The region has a large population where many people already follow another universalizing religion.

Between 1950 and 1990, wheat production in India in average pounds per acre more than tripled, which allowed India to meet its population's need for food. Which of the following best explains this change? A) The elimination of poverty in India's rural regions B) The use of genetically modified seeds C) The increase in microloan programs that provide farmers with credit D) The use of large farm tractors and combine harvesters E) The use of improved plant hybrids and agricultural chemicals.

E) The use of improved plant hybrids and agricultural chemicals.

Which of the following correctly explains the relationship between wheat and its early hearth of domestication? A) Wheat was first domesticated in the foothills of the Himalayas because the tropical climate in the region is necessary to grow wheat. B) Wheat was first domesticated in the Yellow River valley because vast floodplains are the best places to grow wheat. C) Wheat was first domesticated in the Nile River valley because overharvesting of the wild form of wheat was causing a widespread famine. D) Wheat was first domesticated in Mesoamerica because the wild wheat variety flourished in the highland climate. E) Wheat was first domesticated in Mesopotamia because of a favorable climate and a great diversity of wild grains that led to crossbreeding of seeds.

E) Wheat was first domesticated in Mesopotamia because of a favorable climate and a great diversity of wild grains that led to crossbreeding of seeds.

Where is Eastern Orthodox mainly practiced?

Eastern Europe, Russia

Examples of dialects

Ebonics, Southern American English

Neocolonialism

Economic dominance of a weaker country by a more powerful one, while maintaining the legal independence of the weaker state.

Ebonics

English dialect spoken by African Americans

Antecedent boundaries

Established before many people settle into an area

The 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)

Establishes the structure of maritime boundaries, stating that a country's territorial seas extend 12 nautical miles off its coast, and that its Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) extends 200 nautical miles from its coast.

Example of a multistate nation

Ethnic Russians (live in Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, etc.)

Bid-rent theory

Explains that... - Where land value is high, farmers will buy less land and use it intensively. - Where land value is low, farmers will buy more and use it extensively.

Defining borders

Explicitly stating where their borders are located through reference points like natural features or lines of latitude & longitude.

T/F: Unitary states NEVER become disconnected with local areas and lose touch with the issues that concern people living there.

F. This is because a unitary state tends to favor the politically or culturally dominant group.

How are languages organized? (Biggest --> smallest)

Families Branches Groups Dialects

Federation vs. Confederation

Federation: - group of states with a central government but some independence in internal affairs Confederation: - the autonomy of each member state takes precedence over the common government

Devolutionary forces

Forces that destabilize a state, making it lose its sovereignty over the state and its people.

Centripetal forces

Forces that draw people together to support the sovereignty of the state

Centrifugal force

Forces that pull a state apart or diminish the ability of the state to govern

Debt-for-nature swaps

Forgiveness of a portion of a country's debt in exchange for local investment in conservation measures

Relic boundaries

Former boundaries that once existed but no longer have an official function

Majority-minority districts

Gerrymandered districts in which minorities make up the majority of voters, thereby ensuring they can elect their candidate of choice

Environmental determinism

The view that the natural environment has a controlling influence over various aspects of human life

Monocropping

Growing the same crop on the same field year after year (continuous monoculture)

3 types of Expansion Diffusion

Hierarchical, contagious, and stimulus.

What 2 religions are predominant in India?

Hinduism & Buddhism

Examples of ethnic religions

Hinduism, Judaism, Shinto, Confucianism, Taoism

Example of language groups

Iberian languages, Scandinavian languages

Cultural convergence

as cultures interact with one another, they become more similar, sharing and adopting one another's ideas, innovations, and other cultural traits

Describe the structure of the von Thünen model.

In the center is a core representing the market. The 1st ring represents intensive farming and dairying, which makes products that are highly perishable and thus make it critical that they are produced close to the market and transported and sold within a limited time frame, The 2nd ring represents forests. Wood is heavy and bulky, so its weight makes it expensive to transport. Thus, producing closer to the market reduced transportation costs. The 3rd ring represents grain and cereal crops. They are less perishable and not too bulky or heavy, and also can be grown farther from the market. The final ring represents livestock production, where seizing land is inexpensive, and walking cows to markets leads to low transportation costs.

Example of consequent boundary

India and Pakistan -Pakistan was created for the Muslims living in India

Demarcating borders

Indicating where a border is with physical objects such as stones, pillars, walls, or fences

Examples of language families

Indo-European and Sino-Tibetan

What universalizing religion is practiced in North Africa?

Islam

Example of a stateless nation.

Jews (before the establishment of Israel, there was no Jewish state)

Swidden

Land that is prepared for agriculture by using the slash-and-burn method.

Language branch

Languages in the same branch share a common origin and were separated from other branches in the same family thousands of years ago.

Language groups

Languages within a branch that share a common ancestor in the relatively recent past and have vocabularies with a high degree of overlap.

Agribusiness

Large-scale system that includes the production, processing, and distribution of agricultural products and equipment.

Aquifiers

Layers of underground sand, gravel, and rocks that contain and can release a usable amount of water

Examples of denominations of Protestantism

Lutheran, Anglican, Calvinism

Geometric boundaries

Mathematical and typically follow lines of latitude & longitude, or are straight lines between 2 points, instead of following physical and cultural features.

Unitary state

More power is held by a central government that maintains authority over all of the state's territory, its regional units, and its people.

Example of ethnonationalism as a CENTRIFUGAL force

Nazi Germany - divided people based on ethnicity

Example of ethnic cleansing

Nazi Germany eliminating the Jews

Secular

Non-religious

Where is Protestantism mainly practiced?

North America, Australia & New Zealand, Scandinavia, Germany, Great Britain

Example of a choke point

Panama Canal

How can economic issues act as a devolutionary force?

People of a given region may feel that the central government is misspending the taxes they pay or not providing enough funds to the region.

Ethnic separatism

People of a particular ethnicity in a multinational state identify more strongly with their ethnic group than as citizens of the state.

Multistate nation

People who share a cultural or ethnic background but live in more than one country.

__________ is a form of speech that adopts a simplified grammar and limited vocabulary of a lingua franca.

Pidgin language

Federal state

Power is held by regional units, such as the states of the U.S. or provinces of Canada

Examples of sects of Reformed

Presbyterian, Baptist, Quaker

Balkanization

Process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities

Ethnic cleansing

Process in which the state government eliminates an ethnic group in order to create an ethnically homogeneous region.

Terracing

Process of carving parts of a hill or mountainside into small, level growing plots.

Gerrymandering

Process of redrawing legislative boundaries for the purpose of benefiting the party in power.

Shatterbelts

Regions where states form, join, and break up because of ongoing, sometimes violent, conflicts.

Food security

Reliable access to safe, nutritious food that can support a healthy and active lifestyle.

Ethnic religions

Religions that are closely tied with a particular ethnic group generally in a particular region.

Animism

Religions that believe humans share the world with numerous spirits whose actions can help or hurt humans.

Branches of Christianity

Roman Catholic, Protestant, Eastern Orthodox

Examples of language branches

Romance, Germanic, Slavic...

Example of a cultural landscape

Saint John Paul II Academy, through the Christian symbolism seen around the campus, indicates the Catholic culture's influence on the landscape.

Example of territoriality

Schools typically have home courts or fields, mascots, logos, and slogans to establish their territory.

Biotechnology

Science of altering living organisms, often through genetic manipulation, to create new products for specific purposes, such as crops that resist certain pests.

Reapportionment

Seats in the House of Representatives are reallocated to different states according to the results of the census.

"Cracking" the district

Splitting up the opposition party's voters across many districts, thereby diluting their electoral strength.

How can physical geography act as a devolutionary force?

States with fragmented physical geography, such as a country that is spread out over a group of islands, or disrupted by mountain ranges, can have challenges with unity.

Use of Machinery: Subsistence v. Commercial Agriculture

Subsistence: Use fewer mechanical resources and more hand labor Commercial: Incorporates chemical fertilizers and machines, instead of relying on human/animal labor

T/F: A U.S. state's number of representatives in the House of Representatives depends on its population.

T. For example, California (high population) has 53 representatives while Wyoming (low population) has only 1 representative.

Tariffs

Taxes or duties to be paid on a particular import or export

Territoriality

The attempt by an individual or group to affect, influence, or control people, phenomena, and relationships, by delimiting and asserting control over a geographic area.

Infrastructure

The basic structures and facilities (e.g., buildings, roads, and power supplies) needed for the operation of a city.

Culture

The beliefs, values, practices, behaviors, and technologies shared by a society & passed down from generation to generation

Central business district (CBD)

The central location of a city where the majority of consumer services are located.

Aquaculture

The cultivation of seafood under controlled conditions

Food insecurity

The disruption of a household's food intake or eating patterns because of poor access to food.

Horticulture

The growing of fruits, vegetables, and flowers.

Language family

The largest grouping of related languages and includes those languages that share a common ancestral language from a particular hearth or origin.

Judaism

The monotheistic religion of the Jews.

Buddhism

The oldest universalizing religion, based on the life and teachings of Siddhartha Gautama, or the Buddha.

Crop rotation

The planting of different crops in a field each year to maintain the soil's fertility.

Irredentism

The policy of a government to acquire territories in neighboring states inhabited by people of the same nation.

Colonialism

The practice of claiming and dominating overseas territories.

Market Gardening (Truck Farming)

The production of fruits, vegetables, and flowers sold directly to local consumers.

Imperialism

The push to create an empire by exercising force or influence to control other nations or peoples

Autonomous

The region is given authority to govern themselves independently from the national government.

Sovereignty

The right of a government to control and defend its territory and determine what happens within its borders.

Self-determination

The right of all people to choose their own political status.

Nation-State

The territory occupied by a group who view themselves as a nation is the same as the politically recognized boundaries of the state they call their own.

Possibilism

The theory that the physical environment may set limits on human actions, but people have the ability to adjust to the physical environment and choose a course of action from many alternatives.

Devolution

The transfer of powers and responsibilities from the central government to the regional authorities

Islam

The world's second-largest religion, based on the life and teachings of Muhammad

Economies of scale

Through supranational organizations, countries can increase trade and bargaining power with other members and produce goods and services for less money on average.

Examples of supranational organizations

UN, NATO, EU, Arab League, African Union, etc.

Example of antecedent boundary

US and Canada (established in 1846 before settlers moved into those territories)

Example of Balkanization (besides Yugoslavia)

USSR -Broke into 15 different states

Redistricting

Voting districts are redrawn to accurately reflect the new census data.

__________ was a form of Latin brought to Europe by the Ancient Romans.

Vulgar Latin

When is a state considered a "failed state"?

When centrifugal forces are strong enough to threaten the state's sovereignty, and the government can no longer provide the services essential to governing.

Example of a multinational state

Yugoslavia (contained Serbs, Croats, Bosniaks, Albanians, etc.)

Superimposed boundary

a boundary line placed over and ignoring an existing cultural pattern

"Third place"

a communal space that is separate from home (first place) or work (second place)

Placemaking

a community-driven process in which people collaborate to create a place where they can live, work, play, and learn

Pilgrimage

a journey to a holy place for spiritual reasons

Cultural landscape

a natural landscape that has been modified by humans, reflecting their cultural beliefs and values

sect

a relatively small group that has separated from an established denomination

Assimilation

a type of acculturation in which the interaction of 2 cultures results in 1 culture adopting almost all of the customs, traditions, language, and other cultural traits of the other

Cultural appropriation

act of adopting elements of another culture

Cultural traits

attributes shared by a group (think food, clothing, language, etc.)

Global supply chains

commodity chains but on a global scale

enclosure system

communal lands—lands owned by a community rather than by an individual—were replaced by farms owned by individuals, and use of the land was restricted to the owner or tenants who rented the land from the owner

Commodity chains

complex network that connects places of production with distribution to consumers

In the U.S., the federal and state governments have some ________ powers.

concurrent, or shared

Mediterranean agriculture

consists of growing hardy trees and shrubs, and raising sheeps and goats.

Ethnic neighborhoods

cultural landscapes with communities of people outside of their areas of origin (think Chinatowns)

Traditional Culture

culture comprised of long-established behaviors, beliefs, and practices passed down from generation to generation

Collectivist cultures

cultures where people are expected to conform to collective responsibility within the family and to be obedient to/respectful of elder family members

Intensive agriculture

farmers expend a great deal of effort to produce as much yield as possible from an area of land

Subsistence agriculture

farmers grow and raise a diverse range of crops and livestock for their family's consumption.

Commercial agriculture

farmers grow crops and raise livestock for profit to sell to customers

Domestication

deliberate effort to grow plants and raise animals, making plants and animals adapt to human demands and using selective breeding to develop desirable characteristics

Sense of place

filling a geographic location with meaning by connecting memories and feelings to it

Traditional architecture

established building styles of different cultures, religions, and places

Columbian Exchange

exchange of goods and ideas between the Americas, Europe, and Africa

Plantation agriculture

involves large-scale commercial farming of one particular crop grown for markets often distant from the plantation

The delineation between the use of the words soda, pop, and coke is called an....

isogloss.

Basque is an example of an __________.

isolated language, isolate

Agricultural landscapes

landscapes resulting from the interactions between farming activities and a location's natural environment

Balto-Slavic is an example of a __________.

language branch

Sino-Tibetan is the second largest...

language family

Iranian is considered a...

language group

Swahili is the __________ in Eastern Africa.

lingua franca

The Chinese writing system is made up of _________ as opposed to an alphabet.

logograms

Deforestation

loss of forest lands

Farm subsidies

low-cost loans, insurance, and payments that governments make to farmers and agribusinesses

Transhumance

movement of herds between pastures at cooler, higher elevations during the summer months and lower elevations during the winter

Gender identity

one's innermost sense of self as male, female, both, neither, etc.

Nomadic herding/pastoral nomadism

people move their animals seasonally or as needed to allow the best grazing

Adherents

people who are loyal to a belief, religion, or organization

Foragers

small nomadic groups who had primarily plant-based diets and ate small animals or fish for protein

Safe spaces

spaces of acceptance for people who are sometimes marginalized by society

Hierarchical diffusion

spread of an idea/tract from a person or place of power/authority to other people or places

Contagious diffusion

spreads adjacently; to people/places next to or adjoining one another

sociofacts

structures & organizations that influence social behavior (think families, governments, educational systems, religious organizations, etc.)

Religion

system of spiritual beliefs that helps form cultural perceptions, attitudes, beliefs, and values

mentifacts

the central enduring elements of a culture that reflect its shared ideas, values, knowledge, and beliefs (think religious beliefs, language, etc.)

Lingua franca

the common language used among speakers of different languages

Monoculture

the cultivation of a single crop in a given area.

Cultural relativism

the evaluation of a culture solely by its unique standards

Precision agriculture

the use of technology to precisely monitor crop conditions, crop needs, and resource use to maximize production while minimizing waste of resources

Agricultural biodiversity

the variety and variability of plants, animals, and microorganisms that are used directly or indirectly for food and agriculture.

Biodiversity

the variety of organisms living in a location

Popular Culture

the widespread behaviors, beliefs, and practices of ordinary people in society at a given point in time

Dialects

variations of a standard language specific to a general area

artifacts

visible objects and technologies that a culture creates (think houses, buildings, clothes, tools, toys, etc.)

Vertical integration

when a company controls more than 1 stage of the production process

Slash and burn

when an area of vegetation is cut down and burned before being planted with crops.

Expansion diffusion

when an aspect of culture spreads outward from where it originated (its hearth)

Cultural divergence

when conflicting beliefs or other barriers cause 2 cultures to become less similar

Stimulus diffusion

when the fundamental idea behind a cultural trait stimulates a new innovation (e.x. Tesla inspired other people to make advances on electric car tech)

Creolization

when two or more cultural elements blend together

Syncretism

where 2 or more cultures blend together to form a new custom, idea, value, or practice