Digestive System: Pharynx/Diglutition/Stomach/Pancreas/Liver/Gallbladder
The pyloric is divisible into three regions:
1. pyloric antrum (connects the body of the stomach) 2. pyloric canal (leads to the third regions) 3. pylorus (connects to the duodenum)
Which of the following are true regarding the pharynx? Select all that apply. A : funnel-shaped tube B : collapsible muscular tube C : composed of smooth muscle D : composed of skeletal muscle E : divided into three parts
A; D; E
The fixed phagocytes that line the hepatic sinusoid are A : hepatocytes B : microglia C : stellate reticuloendothelial cells D : dust cells (alveolar macrophages)
C
The function of the proton pump in the parietal cells is A : to release enzymes into the stomach lumen B : to form bicarbonate ions from carbon dioxide and water C : to transport H+ into the lumen and K+ ions out D : to transport HCl into the lumen
C
Which portion of the esophagus consists of skeletal muscle and smooth muscle? A : lower esophageal sphincter B : inferior third C : superior third D : upper esophageal sphincter E : intermediate third
E
What is another term for pancreatic duct?
duct of wirsung
The ampulla opens on an elevation of the duodenal mucosa known as the ________ ______ _______, which lies about 10 cm inferior to the pyloric sphincter of the stomach
major duodenal papilla
The principal enzyme that digests triglyceride is produced in the ___________
pancreas
The pharynx is the: a: windpipe b: throat c. gullet
throat
Two abnormalities of the pyloric sphincter can occur in infants:
1. plyrospasm 2. Pyloric stenosis
According to the new functional unit design (hepatic acinus), the cells in zone 1 A : are the farthest from the portal triad B : are the first to take up oxygen, nutrients and toxins C : are the last to regenerate D : are the first to show effects of impaired circulation
B
4 regions of the stomach
Cardia (closely associated with the esophagus) Fundus Body Pyloric Part
Bile acts to A : stimulate lipid metabolism B : emulsify fats C : chemically break down fats D : chemically break down proteins
Emulsify fats
_________: a collapsible muscular tube, 25 cm (10in) long, that lies posterior to the trachea
Esophagus
Which of the following enzymes from the pancreas are matched correctly to their substrate? pancreatic amylase - starch phosphatases - RNA elastase - proteins trypsin - triglycerides deoxyribonuclease - DNA
A, C, E
Which of the following occur during deglutition in the esophagus? Select all that apply. A : relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter B : relaxation of the upper esophageal sphincter C : closing of air passageways D : secretion of mucus E : soft palate and uvula move upward F : peristalsis
A, D, F
During the pharyngeal stage of deglutition, which of the following statements would not be true? A : It is voluntary. B : The bolus moves through the oropharynx and the laryngopharynx. C : The uvula and palate seal off the nasal cavity. D : The epiglottis covers the larynx.
A, pharyngeal stage is involuntary
After a very large meal, does your stomach still have rugae?
After a large meal, the rugae stretch and disappear as the stomach fills
Which of the following facilitates the process of swallowing? A : secretion of saliva and mucus B : the esophagus C : All of the choices are correct. D : the pharynx E : the mouth
All of the choices are correct
: All of the following are true of the portal triad EXCEPT A : the hepatic vein drains deoxygenated blood out of the liver B : a portal triad is located in the center of each hepatic lobule C : it is composed of the bile duct, hepatic vein and the hepatic artery D : the bile duct contains bile that is transported out of the liver
B
During the pharyngeal stage of deglutition, which of the following statements would not be true? A : The uvula and palate seal off the nasal cavity. B : It is voluntary. C : The bolus moves through the oropharynx and the laryngopharynx. D : The epiglottis covers the larynx.
B
Solid or semisolid foods pass from the mouth to the stomach through the esophagus in A : 30 seconds B : four to eight seconds C : varies from person to person D : one second E : one minute
B
Most of the vigorous mixing of gastric juices and food occur in which area of the stomach? A cardia B fundus C pylorus D: body
Body
Foods that strongly stimulate acid secretions in the stomach and contribute to GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease)
Coffee Chocolate Tomatoes Fatty foods Orange Juice Peppermint Spearmint Onion
Which parts of the pharynx have a digestive and respiratory function?
Laryngopharynx Oropharynx
Which two organ systems contain the pharynx?
Respiratory Digestive
Chlorine, which is required to make hydrochloric acid, is exchanged across the basolateral membrane of the parietal cells with A potassium B bicarbonate ions C hydrogen D carbonic acid
bicarbonate ions
Relaxation of the hepatopancreatic sphincter releases bicarbonate ions, pancreatic enzymes and
bile
Bile is produced in hepatocytes and travels to the bile ductules via A : cystic duct B : hepatic portal vein C : hepatic sinusoids D : bile canaliculi
bile canaliculi
Where does the trypsinogen become activated to trypsin?
duodenum of the small intestine
The stomach connects the esophagus to the ________, the first part of the small intestine.
duodenum.
Bile works to breakdown large lipid globules into a suspension of smaller lipid globules that enhance the effectiveness of lipase. Thus bile is an ____________________
emulstifier
What enzyme converts trypsinogen into trypsin? A : trypsinogenase, a pancreatic enzyme B : enterokinase, a brush border enzyme C : carboxypeptidase, a pancreatic enzyme D : amylase, a salivary enzyme
enterokinase
When trypsinogen reaches the lumen of the small intestine, it encounters an activating brush border enzyme called
enterokinase
Pancreatic juice is secreted by the ________ portion of the pancreas
exocrine
G cell secretes hormone ________________
gastrin
The hormone ___________,secreted by G cells, stimulates several aspects of gastric activity.
gastrin
The medical specialty that deals with the structure, function, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases of the stomach and intestines is called _______________
gastroenterology
the convex lateral border of the stomach is called the ___________ curvature
greater
The superior beginning of the pharynx is the ___________
internal nares
: Each of the following stimulate the production of hydrochloric acid at the parietal cell except A acetylcholine B intrinsic factor C histamine D gastrin
intrinsic factor
The conversion of glucose to glycogen and triglyceride for storage takes place in the A : small intestine B : liver C : pancreas D : kidneys
liver
Vitamins A, B12, D, E, and K can be stored in the __________ and released when needed elsewhere in the body.
liver
What organ synthesizes most plasma proteins such as albumin, fibrinogen and prothrombin? A : pancreas B : liver C : kidney D : small intestine
liver
gallbladder stores bile however bile formation is accomplished by the ____________
liver
Relaxation of ____________ esophageal sphincter - permits entry of bolus into stomach
lower
The _________, a retroperitoneal gland that is about 12-15cm (5-6 in.) long and 2.5 cm (1 inch) thick, lies poster to the greater curvature of the stomach
pancreas
Which of the following is not involved in the Synthesis of Vitamin D? A : pancreas B : skin C : liver D : kidney
pancreas
which organ has the greatest effect on chemical digestion?
pancreas
Which lobe of the liver is larger, the right or the left?
right
upper esophageal sphincter consists of what type of muscle
skeletal muscle
What is the pharynx composed of
skeletal muscle lined by mucous membrane
The soft palate and _____________ move upward during deglutition and close off the nasopharynx.
uvula
The esophagus begins at the inferior end of the laryngopharynx, passes through the inferior aspect of the neck, and enters the mediastinum anterior to the ___________ __________
vertebral column
Functions of the stomach
1. Mixes saliva, food, and gastric juice to form chyme. 2. Serves as reservoir for food before release into small intestine. 3. Secretes gastric juice, which contains HCl (kills bacteria and denatures proteins), pepsin (begins the digestion of proteins), intrinsic factor (aids absorption of vitamin B12), and gastric lipase (aids digestion of triglycerides). 4. Secretes gastrin into blood.
The mucosa of the esophagus consists of:
1. stratified squamous epithelium 2. lamina propria (areolar connective tissue) 3. muscularis mucosae (smooth muscle)
3 stages of swallowing/deglutition
1. voluntary stage: bolus passed into the oropharynx 2. pharyngeal stage: involuntary passage of the bolus through the pharynx into the esophagus 3. esophageal stage: involuntary passage of bolus through the esophagus into stomach(via peristalsis)
The stomach produces gastric lipase, which has a limited role in the adult stomach because the stomach pH is _____________ (number) and the lipase is more effective at pH 5
2
The stomach is especially adapted to churning and mixing. It contains A : an oblique layer of muscle in the mucosa B : thicker layers of muscle in the longitudinal and circular layers of the muscularis C : 2 layers of oblique muscle in the muscularis D : 3 layers of muscle in the muscularis
3 layers of muscle in the muscularis
gastric emptying is a slow process: only about _____ mL of chyme moves through the pyloric sphincter at a time
3 mL
Damage to hepatocytes affects the digestive processes because A : bile is needed to separate the fat globules to increase lipase interaction. B : there is decreased production of gastrin and secretin. C : digestive enzymes are not secreted. D : bicarbonate juices are not secreted.
A
Which portions of the esophagus contain smooth muscle? Select all that apply. A : intermediate third of the esophagus B : inferior third of the esophagus C : None of the esophagus is composed of smooth muscle. D : all of the esophagus E : superior third of the esophagus
A and B
: Which of the following are true regarding the esophagus? Select all that apply. A Mucosa is composed of non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. B transports food into the stomach C produces digestive enzymes D produces mucus E composed of skeletal muscle along its entire length F carries out absorption
A, B, D
During swallowing, why do the soft palate and uvula move upward to close the pharynx? A : to prevent food and liquid from entering the trachea B : to prevent food and liquid from entering the nasal cavity C : to prevent food and liquid from entering the oropharynx D : to prevent food and liquid from entering the auditory tube E : to prevent choking
B
Gastric juice A : is gastrin made from G cells B : equals 2000-3000 mL of secretions from parietal cells, chief cells, and mucous cells C : is an enzyme-rich juice that functions to digest carbohydrates D : equals 2000 mL of water and mucous
B
If the gallbladder were infected and needed to be removed (cholecystectomy), which of the following statements would be true? A : Bile would not be released into the small intestine. B : Bile production would remain the same. C : Bile production would cease.
B
Which of the following describes the adaptations found in the mucosal layer of the stomach? A stratified layers to allow for protection B folds called rugae that allow for expansion C surface-layer cells that secrete enzymes
B
Which of the following are functions of the esophagus? Select all that apply. A produces digestive enzymes B participates in mechanical digestion C transports food into the stomach D absorbs substances E secretes mucus
B, C, E
A fluid present in the small intestine during digestion that contains emulsification agents, cholesterol, and bilirubin is A : bile B : pancreatic juice C : gastric juice D : salivary fluid
Bile
Which of the following secretions does not contain enzymes? A : gastric B : pancreatic C : saliva D : bile
Bile
Adaptations of the stomach mucosa form You got it wrong : A an additional layer of smooth muscle B a surface layer of cuboidal epithelial cells C gastric pits D smooth internal layers of the stomach
C
All of the following are true of the pancreas EXCEPT A : the majority of the cells are within clusters called acini B : the acini cells produce digestive enzymes and pancreatic juice C : a minor role of the acini is to produce sugar-regulating hormones D : the majority of the cells are exocrine cells
C
Which of the following stages of deglutition are considered voluntary? Select all that apply. A All stages are voluntary. B when the bolus passes through the pharynx into the esophagus C when the bolus passes through the mouth into the pharynx D All stages are involuntary. E when the bolus passes through the esophagus into the stomach
C
Which portions of the esophagus contain skeletal muscle? Select all that apply. A : inferior third of the esophagus B : None of the esophagus is composed of skeletal muscle. C : intermediate third of the esophagus D : all of the esophagus E : superior third of the esophagus
C and E
2 layers of oblique muscle in the muscularis B thicker layers of muscle in the longitudinal and circular layers of the muscularis You got it wrong : C an oblique layer of muscle in the mucosa D 3 layers of muscle in the muscularis
D
Propulsion of food down the digestive tract includes A : the pharyngeal voluntary phase when food enters the esophagus B : segmentation that allows for churning of food as it passes along the esophagus C : the esophageal involuntary phase, when enzymes start digestion of foods D : control by swallowing centers in the medulla and pons of the brain stem
D
The pancreatic juice contains sodium bicarbonate to A : increase the action of pepsin B : protect the lining of the pancreatic mucosa C : increase the acidity of the stomach D : create an optimal environment for enzyme activity in the small intestine
D
The stomach lining is protected from self-digesting by A folds of rugae B preventing the release of enzymes C keeping the juices at a neutral pH (7) D forming a 1- to 3-mm-thick lining of alkaline mucus
D
Which of the following digests protein into peptides? A : carboxypeptidase B : chymotrypsin C : trypsin D : All of the choices are correct.
D
Which of the following is NOT true of pepsin? A : It is secreted by chief cells. B : It is most effective in a very acidic environment (pH of 2). C : It is the only proteolytic enzyme in the stomach. D : It is released in an active form called pepsinogen.
D
Which of the following is a function of the adventitia? A : produces mucous B : protects against wear and tear from food particles C : regulates movement of food into the stomach D : attaches the esophagus to surrounding structures E : responsible for peristalsis in the esophagus
D
Which of the following are true regarding pancreatic cancer? Select all that apply. A : high cure rate B : very symptomatic in early stages C : occurs more frequently in females D : linked to genetic factors E : occurs more frequently in males F : fourth most common cause of death from cancer
D, E, F
Parietal cells in gastric glands secrete _______, which is a component of gastric juice. It kills microbes in food, denatures proteins, and converts pepsinogen into pepsin.
HCI
What molecule is the source of the hydrogen ions that are secreted into gastric juice?
Hydrogen ions secreted into gastric juice are derived from carbonic adic (H2CO3)
The pancreas is made up of small clusters of glandular epithelial cells. About 99% clusters, called ____________, constitute the exocrine portion of the organ
acini
The enzyme enterokinase A : stimulates the production of pancreatic juices B : stimulates the production of bicarbonate ions from the pancreas C : stimulates contraction of the common bile duct D : activates enzymes in protein digestion
activates enzymes in protein digestion
The superficial layer of the esophagus is known as the ____________
adventitia
In roughly 70% of adults with pancreatitis, the major cause is _____________
alcoholism
The principal bile pigment is A : urobilinogen B : bilirubin C : stercobilin D : biliverdin
bilirubin
In recent years, the preferred structural and functional unit of the liver is the A : portal lobule B : hepatic lobule C : hepatic acinus
c
Which of the following is not a correct statement about the stomach? A : Gastrin stimulates the secretion of parietal and chief cells. B : Folds of rugae allow for increased stretching of the stomach. C : Intrinsic factor facilitates the absorption of vitamin C across the intestinal lining. D : Hydrochloric acid lowers the pH of the gastric juice.
c
The small ducts that collect bile from the hepatocytes are bile
canaliculi
Foods rich in ___________ spend the least time in the stomach
carbohydrate
The enzyme carbonic anhydrase, which is especially plentiful in parietal cells, catalyzes the formation of _________ _________ from water and carbon dioxide.
carbonic acid
Gastric juice is combined secretions of mucous cells, parietal cells, and ________ cells
chief
Which cells in the stomach produce pepsinogen and gastric lipase? A : parietal cells B : chief cells C : G cells D : neck cells
chief cells
____________: semifluid mixture of partly digested food and digestive secretions found in the stomach and small intestine during digestion of a meal.
chyme
Bile backs up into the gallbladder via the ___________ _____________ when bile is in excess
cystic duct
The movement of food from the mouth into the stomach is achieved by the act of ___________(swallowing)
deglutition
The liver is inferior to the _________ and occupies most of the right hypochondriac and part of the epigastric regions of the abdominopelvic cavity
diaphragm
Unlike any other area of the digestive tract, the esophagus is void of chemical digestion because the esophagus does not produce digestive ___________
enzyme
During swallowing, which structure prevents the bolus from entering into the respiratory tract? A : oropharynx B : epiglottis C : uvula D : nasopharynx E : soft palate
epiglottis
Once the esophagus reaches the vertebral column, it then pierces the diaphragm through an opening called ________ ___________, and ends in the superior portion of the stomach
esophageal hiatus
Once food leaves the pharynx, it enters the ________
esophagus
The upper esophageal sphincter regulates the movements of food from the pharynx into the _____________
esophagus
The liver is divided into a right and left lobe by the mesentery fold called the ___________ ______________
falciform ligament
Foods rich in __________ spend the most time in the stomach
fat-laden meals (triglycerides)
Starches may be digested by amylase in the stomach as long as they remain away from the acidic gastric juice and in this area of the stomach.
fundus
The _____________ is a pear-shaped sac located in a depression of the posterior surface of the liver. 7-10 cm (3-4in) long and typically hangs from the anterior inferior margin of the liver
gallbladder
Once the food particles in chyme are small enough, they can pass through the pyloric sphincter, a phenomenon known as _____ _______
gastric emptying
Which vessel would have the lowest blood sugar level? A : hepatic vein B : hepatic portal vein C : hepatic artery
hepatic artery
The major functional cells of the liver are A : keratinocytes B : Paneth cells C : osteocytes D : hepatocytes
hepatocytes
the pancreatic duct joins the common bile duct from the liver and gallbladder and enters the duodenum as a dilated common duct called the ________ ____________
hepatopancreatic ampulla (ampulla of vater)
When the stomach protrudes above the diaphragm through the esophageal hiatus, this condition is called ______ __________
hiatus hernia
Foods rich in ___________ spend somewhat longer in the stomach
high-protein foods
Which of the following is a paracrine substance released by mast cells that stimulates HCl secretion? A : acetylcholine B : gastrin C : pepsinogen D : histamine
histamine
Activation of pepsinogen first requires the secretion of _____________ _____________ from parietal cells
hydrochloric acid
The function of a proton pump within the parietal cells of the stomach is to produce A : mucin B : hydrochloric acid C : pepsinogen D : peptidase
hydrochloric acid
_____________ _____________secreted by parietal cells, functions to kill microbes in food, denature proteins and convert pepsinogen into pepsin.
hydrochloric acid
When acetylcholine and gastrin bind to the parietal cells along with a surge of histamine, hydrochloric acid production A : decreases B : increases C : has little or no effect
increases
Parietal cells secrete hydrochloric acid and a substance required for vitamin B12 absorption, which is A : gastric lipase B : intrinsic factor C : gastrin D : pepsinogen
intrinsic factor
Parietal cells secrete
intrinsic factor and hydrochloric acid
The concave medial border of the stomach is called _________ curvature
lesser
A fetal remnant of the umbilical vein called the ____________ _____________ is located on the free border of the falciform ligament.
ligamentum teres
Detoxification of alcohol and excretion of drugs like penicillin and erythromycin take place in the A : stomach B : pancreas C : liver D : small intestine
liver
The ____________ is the heaviest gland weighing 1.4 kg (3lbs) in adult
liver
All four layers of the GI tract are found in the esophagus. Which one of the layers is adapted for extra protection against abrasion from food? A muscularis B adventitia C submucosa D mucosa
mucosa
Secretion of __________ lubricates esophagus for smooth passage of bolus
mucus
Surface mucous cells and mucous neck cells secrete _________
mucus
The esophagus secretes _______ and transports food to the stomach
mucus
Which layer in the esophagus forms the two esophageal sphincters? A : submucosa B : adventitia C : muscularis D : mucosa E : serosa
muscularis
Normally when swallowing, the uvula and soft palate rise up to divert food and water inferiorly. Sometimes when swallowing and laughing at the same time, drink can enter the A none of the choices is correct B nasopharynx C trachea D larynx
nasopharynx
Which part of the pharynx functions only in respiration?
nasopharynx
Does the esophagus produce digestive enzymes and carry absorption?
no
pancreatic enzymes dijest startes (polysaccharides), proteins, triglycerides, and _________ _________
nucleic acids
Very soft foods and liquids pass from the mouth to the stomach through the esophagus in A : one second B : four to eight seconds C : varies from person to person D : one minute E : 30 seconds
one second
After the mouth, food goes next into the A : laryngopharynx B : esophagus C : nasopharynx D : oropharynx
oropharynx
Swallowed food passes from the mouth into the __________ and ____________; the muscular contractions of these areas help propel food into the esophagus and then into the stomach
oropharynx laryngopharynx
Pepsin is most effective when gastric juice has a A : pH of 2 B : pH of 8 C : pH of 7 D : pH of 5
pH of 2
The voluntary stage of swallowing starts when the bolus is forced to the back of the oral cavity and into the oropharynx by the movement of the tongue upward and backward against the ______________
palate
Enzyme activity in the small intestine is not optimal on acidic chyme. Which organ is responsible for neutralizing the chyme?
pancreas
Gastic lipase and lingual lipase can break down lipids, however most of the lipase used for lipid digestion comes from the
pancreas
Pancreatic juices are secreted by exocrine cells into small ducts that ultimately unite to form two larger ducts:
pancreatic duct (larger duct) accessory duct
Gastric glands contain three types of exocrine gland cells, an "acid stomach" is over secretion of the _____________cells.
parietal
Chief cells secrete _______ and _______
pepsinogen and gastric lipase
Esophageal stage of deglutition ( __________ ) pushes bolus down esophagus
peristalsis
_______________: successive muscular contractions along the wall of a hollow muscular structure.
peristalsis
______ stage of deglutition; moves bolus from oropharynx to laryngopharynx and into esophagus; closes air passageways
pharyngeal stage
When food is first swallowed, it passes from the mouth into the _________, shaped tube that extends from the internal nares to the *esophagus* posteriorly and to the *larynx* anteriorly
pharynx (more specifically - oropharynx) Pharynx - common passageway for food and air
Deglutition(swallowing) is facilitated by the secretion of saliva and mucus and involves the mouth, _______, and ________.
pharynx, esophagus
A bile duct, branch of the hepatic artery and branch of the hepatic vein are referred to as
portal triad
The hepatic ___________ ____________ carries nutrient rich blood from the intestine to the liver
portal vein
Each peristaltic wave moves gastric contents from the body of the stomach down into the antrum, a process known as _____________.
propulsion
Each peristaltic wave moves gastric contents from the body of the stomach down into the antrum, a process known as ______________
propulsion.
Which of the following is NOT absorbed in the stomach? A : proteins B : short-chain fatty acids C : aspirin D : alcohol
proteins
The ____________ sphincter prevents backflow of chyme from the duodenum to the stomach.
pyloric
___________ ____________ is a narrowing of the pyloric sphincter that must be corrected surgically. The hallmark symptom is projectile vomiting—the spraying of liquid vomitus some distance from the infant.
pyloric stenosis
In ___________________ the smooth muscle fibers of the sphincter fail to relax normally, so food does not pass easily from the stomach to the small intestine, the stomach becomes overly full, and the infant vomits often to relieve the pressure
pylorospasm
Alcohol and smoking contribute to GERD by causing A : constriction of the upper esophageal sphincter B : relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter C : increased secretion of mucus D : relaxation of the upper esophageal sphincter E : constriction of the lower esophageal sphincter F : the epiglottis to relax
relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter
Because most food particles in the stomach initially are too large to fit through the narrow pyloric sphincter, they are forced back into the body of the stomach, a process referred to as ________________
retropulsion
Carbohydrates can be digested in the fundus of the stomach because of enzymes secreted by A : salivary glands B : chief cells C : G cells D : parietal cells
salivary glands
The superficial layer of the stomach and intestines are ____________
serosa
lower esophageal sphincter consists of what type of muscle?
smooth muscle and is near the heart
The pylurus communicates with the duodenum of the small intestine via a smooth muscle sphincter called the pyloric ___________ (valve)
sphincter
the passage of pancreatic juice and bile through the hepatopancreatic ampulla into he duodenum of the small intestine is regulated by a mans of smooth muscle surrounding the ampulla known as the _________ _________ __________ __________
sphincter of the hepatopancreatic ampulla (sphincter of odd)
The entry and exit of the esophagus is controlled by two muscular _____________
sphincters
The ___________ is the only digestive organ that contains an oblique layer in the muscularis
stomach
The lower esophageal sphincter regulates the movement of food from the esophagus into the _____________
stomach
The function of the gallbladder is to ___________ bile
store
The nasopharynx is lined with ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium while the oropharyx is lined with stratified squamous epithelium. Based on the function of the laryngopharynx, what is it lined with? A : skeletal muscle B : ciliated pseudostratified epithelium C : stratified squamous epithelium D : simple squamous epithelium
stratified squamous epithelium
Relaxation of _____ esophageal sphincter permits entry of bolus from laryngopharynx into esophagus
upper Relaxation of the upper esophageal sphincter allows a bolus of food to enter the esophagus
Two sphincters of the esophagus
upper esophageal sphincter and lower esophageal sphincter
If a person has insufficient bile salts, 40 percent of dietary lipids may be lost. What other nutrient is affected? A : vitamins B : carbohydrates C : proteins D : water
vitamins
According to the new functional unit design (hepatic acinus), cells of which zone would first show signs of fat accumulation? A : zone 1 cells B : zone 3 cells C : zone 2 cells
zone 3
