Digestive System: Pharynx/Diglutition/Stomach/Pancreas/Liver/Gallbladder

The pyloric is divisible into three regions:

1. pyloric antrum (connects the body of the stomach) 2. pyloric canal (leads to the third regions) 3. pylorus (connects to the duodenum)

Which of the following are true regarding the pharynx? Select all that apply. A : funnel-shaped tube B : collapsible muscular tube C : composed of smooth muscle D : composed of skeletal muscle E : divided into three parts

A; D; E

The fixed phagocytes that line the hepatic sinusoid are A : hepatocytes B : microglia C : stellate reticuloendothelial cells D : dust cells (alveolar macrophages)

C

The function of the proton pump in the parietal cells is A : to release enzymes into the stomach lumen B : to form bicarbonate ions from carbon dioxide and water C : to transport H+ into the lumen and K+ ions out D : to transport HCl into the lumen

C

Which portion of the esophagus consists of skeletal muscle and smooth muscle? A : lower esophageal sphincter B : inferior third C : superior third D : upper esophageal sphincter E : intermediate third

E

What is another term for pancreatic duct?

duct of wirsung

The ampulla opens on an elevation of the duodenal mucosa known as the ________ ______ _______, which lies about 10 cm inferior to the pyloric sphincter of the stomach

major duodenal papilla

The principal enzyme that digests triglyceride is produced in the ___________

pancreas

The pharynx is the: a: windpipe b: throat c. gullet

throat

Two abnormalities of the pyloric sphincter can occur in infants:

1. plyrospasm 2. Pyloric stenosis

According to the new functional unit design (hepatic acinus), the cells in zone 1 A : are the farthest from the portal triad B : are the first to take up oxygen, nutrients and toxins C : are the last to regenerate D : are the first to show effects of impaired circulation

B

4 regions of the stomach

Cardia (closely associated with the esophagus) Fundus Body Pyloric Part

Bile acts to A : stimulate lipid metabolism B : emulsify fats C : chemically break down fats D : chemically break down proteins

Emulsify fats

_________: a collapsible muscular tube, 25 cm (10in) long, that lies posterior to the trachea

Esophagus

Which of the following enzymes from the pancreas are matched correctly to their substrate? pancreatic amylase - starch phosphatases - RNA elastase - proteins trypsin - triglycerides deoxyribonuclease - DNA

A, C, E

Which of the following occur during deglutition in the esophagus? Select all that apply. A : relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter B : relaxation of the upper esophageal sphincter C : closing of air passageways D : secretion of mucus E : soft palate and uvula move upward F : peristalsis

A, D, F

During the pharyngeal stage of deglutition, which of the following statements would not be true? A : It is voluntary. B : The bolus moves through the oropharynx and the laryngopharynx. C : The uvula and palate seal off the nasal cavity. D : The epiglottis covers the larynx.

A, pharyngeal stage is involuntary

After a very large meal, does your stomach still have rugae?

After a large meal, the rugae stretch and disappear as the stomach fills

Which of the following facilitates the process of swallowing? A : secretion of saliva and mucus B : the esophagus C : All of the choices are correct. D : the pharynx E : the mouth

All of the choices are correct

: All of the following are true of the portal triad EXCEPT A : the hepatic vein drains deoxygenated blood out of the liver B : a portal triad is located in the center of each hepatic lobule C : it is composed of the bile duct, hepatic vein and the hepatic artery D : the bile duct contains bile that is transported out of the liver

B

During the pharyngeal stage of deglutition, which of the following statements would not be true? A : The uvula and palate seal off the nasal cavity. B : It is voluntary. C : The bolus moves through the oropharynx and the laryngopharynx. D : The epiglottis covers the larynx.

B

Solid or semisolid foods pass from the mouth to the stomach through the esophagus in A : 30 seconds B : four to eight seconds C : varies from person to person D : one second E : one minute

B

Most of the vigorous mixing of gastric juices and food occur in which area of the stomach? A cardia B fundus C pylorus D: body

Body

Foods that strongly stimulate acid secretions in the stomach and contribute to GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease)

Coffee Chocolate Tomatoes Fatty foods Orange Juice Peppermint Spearmint Onion

Which parts of the pharynx have a digestive and respiratory function?

Laryngopharynx Oropharynx

Which two organ systems contain the pharynx?

Respiratory Digestive

Chlorine, which is required to make hydrochloric acid, is exchanged across the basolateral membrane of the parietal cells with A potassium B bicarbonate ions C hydrogen D carbonic acid

bicarbonate ions

Relaxation of the hepatopancreatic sphincter releases bicarbonate ions, pancreatic enzymes and

bile

Bile is produced in hepatocytes and travels to the bile ductules via A : cystic duct B : hepatic portal vein C : hepatic sinusoids D : bile canaliculi

bile canaliculi

Where does the trypsinogen become activated to trypsin?

duodenum of the small intestine

The stomach connects the esophagus to the ________, the first part of the small intestine.

duodenum.

Bile works to breakdown large lipid globules into a suspension of smaller lipid globules that enhance the effectiveness of lipase. Thus bile is an ____________________

emulstifier

What enzyme converts trypsinogen into trypsin? A : trypsinogenase, a pancreatic enzyme B : enterokinase, a brush border enzyme C : carboxypeptidase, a pancreatic enzyme D : amylase, a salivary enzyme

enterokinase

When trypsinogen reaches the lumen of the small intestine, it encounters an activating brush border enzyme called

enterokinase

Pancreatic juice is secreted by the ________ portion of the pancreas

exocrine

G cell secretes hormone ________________

gastrin

The hormone ___________,secreted by G cells, stimulates several aspects of gastric activity.

gastrin

The medical specialty that deals with the structure, function, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases of the stomach and intestines is called _______________

gastroenterology

the convex lateral border of the stomach is called the ___________ curvature

greater

The superior beginning of the pharynx is the ___________

internal nares

: Each of the following stimulate the production of hydrochloric acid at the parietal cell except A acetylcholine B intrinsic factor C histamine D gastrin

intrinsic factor

The conversion of glucose to glycogen and triglyceride for storage takes place in the A : small intestine B : liver C : pancreas D : kidneys

liver

Vitamins A, B12, D, E, and K can be stored in the __________ and released when needed elsewhere in the body.

liver

What organ synthesizes most plasma proteins such as albumin, fibrinogen and prothrombin? A : pancreas B : liver C : kidney D : small intestine

liver

gallbladder stores bile however bile formation is accomplished by the ____________

liver

Relaxation of ____________ esophageal sphincter - permits entry of bolus into stomach

lower

The _________, a retroperitoneal gland that is about 12-15cm (5-6 in.) long and 2.5 cm (1 inch) thick, lies poster to the greater curvature of the stomach

pancreas

Which of the following is not involved in the Synthesis of Vitamin D? A : pancreas B : skin C : liver D : kidney

pancreas

which organ has the greatest effect on chemical digestion?

pancreas

Which lobe of the liver is larger, the right or the left?

right

upper esophageal sphincter consists of what type of muscle

skeletal muscle

What is the pharynx composed of

skeletal muscle lined by mucous membrane

The soft palate and _____________ move upward during deglutition and close off the nasopharynx.

uvula

The esophagus begins at the inferior end of the laryngopharynx, passes through the inferior aspect of the neck, and enters the mediastinum anterior to the ___________ __________

vertebral column

Functions of the stomach

1. Mixes saliva, food, and gastric juice to form chyme. 2. Serves as reservoir for food before release into small intestine. 3. Secretes gastric juice, which contains HCl (kills bacteria and denatures proteins), pepsin (begins the digestion of proteins), intrinsic factor (aids absorption of vitamin B12), and gastric lipase (aids digestion of triglycerides). 4. Secretes gastrin into blood.

The mucosa of the esophagus consists of:

1. stratified squamous epithelium 2. lamina propria (areolar connective tissue) 3. muscularis mucosae (smooth muscle)

3 stages of swallowing/deglutition

1. voluntary stage: bolus passed into the oropharynx 2. pharyngeal stage: involuntary passage of the bolus through the pharynx into the esophagus 3. esophageal stage: involuntary passage of bolus through the esophagus into stomach(via peristalsis)

The stomach produces gastric lipase, which has a limited role in the adult stomach because the stomach pH is _____________ (number) and the lipase is more effective at pH 5

2

The stomach is especially adapted to churning and mixing. It contains A : an oblique layer of muscle in the mucosa B : thicker layers of muscle in the longitudinal and circular layers of the muscularis C : 2 layers of oblique muscle in the muscularis D : 3 layers of muscle in the muscularis

3 layers of muscle in the muscularis

gastric emptying is a slow process: only about _____ mL of chyme moves through the pyloric sphincter at a time

3 mL

Damage to hepatocytes affects the digestive processes because A : bile is needed to separate the fat globules to increase lipase interaction. B : there is decreased production of gastrin and secretin. C : digestive enzymes are not secreted. D : bicarbonate juices are not secreted.

A

Which portions of the esophagus contain smooth muscle? Select all that apply. A : intermediate third of the esophagus B : inferior third of the esophagus C : None of the esophagus is composed of smooth muscle. D : all of the esophagus E : superior third of the esophagus

A and B

: Which of the following are true regarding the esophagus? Select all that apply. A Mucosa is composed of non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. B transports food into the stomach C produces digestive enzymes D produces mucus E composed of skeletal muscle along its entire length F carries out absorption

A, B, D

During swallowing, why do the soft palate and uvula move upward to close the pharynx? A : to prevent food and liquid from entering the trachea B : to prevent food and liquid from entering the nasal cavity C : to prevent food and liquid from entering the oropharynx D : to prevent food and liquid from entering the auditory tube E : to prevent choking

B

Gastric juice A : is gastrin made from G cells B : equals 2000-3000 mL of secretions from parietal cells, chief cells, and mucous cells C : is an enzyme-rich juice that functions to digest carbohydrates D : equals 2000 mL of water and mucous

B

If the gallbladder were infected and needed to be removed (cholecystectomy), which of the following statements would be true? A : Bile would not be released into the small intestine. B : Bile production would remain the same. C : Bile production would cease.

B

Which of the following describes the adaptations found in the mucosal layer of the stomach? A stratified layers to allow for protection B folds called rugae that allow for expansion C surface-layer cells that secrete enzymes

B

Which of the following are functions of the esophagus? Select all that apply. A produces digestive enzymes B participates in mechanical digestion C transports food into the stomach D absorbs substances E secretes mucus

B, C, E

A fluid present in the small intestine during digestion that contains emulsification agents, cholesterol, and bilirubin is A : bile B : pancreatic juice C : gastric juice D : salivary fluid

Bile

Which of the following secretions does not contain enzymes? A : gastric B : pancreatic C : saliva D : bile

Bile

Adaptations of the stomach mucosa form You got it wrong : A an additional layer of smooth muscle B a surface layer of cuboidal epithelial cells C gastric pits D smooth internal layers of the stomach

C

All of the following are true of the pancreas EXCEPT A : the majority of the cells are within clusters called acini B : the acini cells produce digestive enzymes and pancreatic juice C : a minor role of the acini is to produce sugar-regulating hormones D : the majority of the cells are exocrine cells

C

Which of the following stages of deglutition are considered voluntary? Select all that apply. A All stages are voluntary. B when the bolus passes through the pharynx into the esophagus C when the bolus passes through the mouth into the pharynx D All stages are involuntary. E when the bolus passes through the esophagus into the stomach

C

Which portions of the esophagus contain skeletal muscle? Select all that apply. A : inferior third of the esophagus B : None of the esophagus is composed of skeletal muscle. C : intermediate third of the esophagus D : all of the esophagus E : superior third of the esophagus

C and E

2 layers of oblique muscle in the muscularis B thicker layers of muscle in the longitudinal and circular layers of the muscularis You got it wrong : C an oblique layer of muscle in the mucosa D 3 layers of muscle in the muscularis

D

Propulsion of food down the digestive tract includes A : the pharyngeal voluntary phase when food enters the esophagus B : segmentation that allows for churning of food as it passes along the esophagus C : the esophageal involuntary phase, when enzymes start digestion of foods D : control by swallowing centers in the medulla and pons of the brain stem

D

The pancreatic juice contains sodium bicarbonate to A : increase the action of pepsin B : protect the lining of the pancreatic mucosa C : increase the acidity of the stomach D : create an optimal environment for enzyme activity in the small intestine

D

The stomach lining is protected from self-digesting by A folds of rugae B preventing the release of enzymes C keeping the juices at a neutral pH (7) D forming a 1- to 3-mm-thick lining of alkaline mucus

D

Which of the following digests protein into peptides? A : carboxypeptidase B : chymotrypsin C : trypsin D : All of the choices are correct.

D

Which of the following is NOT true of pepsin? A : It is secreted by chief cells. B : It is most effective in a very acidic environment (pH of 2). C : It is the only proteolytic enzyme in the stomach. D : It is released in an active form called pepsinogen.

D

Which of the following is a function of the adventitia? A : produces mucous B : protects against wear and tear from food particles C : regulates movement of food into the stomach D : attaches the esophagus to surrounding structures E : responsible for peristalsis in the esophagus

D

Which of the following are true regarding pancreatic cancer? Select all that apply. A : high cure rate B : very symptomatic in early stages C : occurs more frequently in females D : linked to genetic factors E : occurs more frequently in males F : fourth most common cause of death from cancer

D, E, F

Parietal cells in gastric glands secrete _______, which is a component of gastric juice. It kills microbes in food, denatures proteins, and converts pepsinogen into pepsin.

HCI

What molecule is the source of the hydrogen ions that are secreted into gastric juice?

Hydrogen ions secreted into gastric juice are derived from carbonic adic (H2CO3)

The pancreas is made up of small clusters of glandular epithelial cells. About 99% clusters, called ____________, constitute the exocrine portion of the organ

acini

The enzyme enterokinase A : stimulates the production of pancreatic juices B : stimulates the production of bicarbonate ions from the pancreas C : stimulates contraction of the common bile duct D : activates enzymes in protein digestion

activates enzymes in protein digestion

The superficial layer of the esophagus is known as the ____________

adventitia

In roughly 70% of adults with pancreatitis, the major cause is _____________

alcoholism

The principal bile pigment is A : urobilinogen B : bilirubin C : stercobilin D : biliverdin

bilirubin

In recent years, the preferred structural and functional unit of the liver is the A : portal lobule B : hepatic lobule C : hepatic acinus

c

Which of the following is not a correct statement about the stomach? A : Gastrin stimulates the secretion of parietal and chief cells. B : Folds of rugae allow for increased stretching of the stomach. C : Intrinsic factor facilitates the absorption of vitamin C across the intestinal lining. D : Hydrochloric acid lowers the pH of the gastric juice.

c

The small ducts that collect bile from the hepatocytes are bile

canaliculi

Foods rich in ___________ spend the least time in the stomach

carbohydrate

The enzyme carbonic anhydrase, which is especially plentiful in parietal cells, catalyzes the formation of _________ _________ from water and carbon dioxide.

carbonic acid

Gastric juice is combined secretions of mucous cells, parietal cells, and ________ cells

chief

Which cells in the stomach produce pepsinogen and gastric lipase? A : parietal cells B : chief cells C : G cells D : neck cells

chief cells

____________: semifluid mixture of partly digested food and digestive secretions found in the stomach and small intestine during digestion of a meal.

chyme

Bile backs up into the gallbladder via the ___________ _____________ when bile is in excess

cystic duct

The movement of food from the mouth into the stomach is achieved by the act of ___________(swallowing)

deglutition

The liver is inferior to the _________ and occupies most of the right hypochondriac and part of the epigastric regions of the abdominopelvic cavity

diaphragm

Unlike any other area of the digestive tract, the esophagus is void of chemical digestion because the esophagus does not produce digestive ___________

enzyme

During swallowing, which structure prevents the bolus from entering into the respiratory tract? A : oropharynx B : epiglottis C : uvula D : nasopharynx E : soft palate

epiglottis

Once the esophagus reaches the vertebral column, it then pierces the diaphragm through an opening called ________ ___________, and ends in the superior portion of the stomach

esophageal hiatus

Once food leaves the pharynx, it enters the ________

esophagus

The upper esophageal sphincter regulates the movements of food from the pharynx into the _____________

esophagus

The liver is divided into a right and left lobe by the mesentery fold called the ___________ ______________

falciform ligament

Foods rich in __________ spend the most time in the stomach

fat-laden meals (triglycerides)

Starches may be digested by amylase in the stomach as long as they remain away from the acidic gastric juice and in this area of the stomach.

fundus

The _____________ is a pear-shaped sac located in a depression of the posterior surface of the liver. 7-10 cm (3-4in) long and typically hangs from the anterior inferior margin of the liver

gallbladder

Once the food particles in chyme are small enough, they can pass through the pyloric sphincter, a phenomenon known as _____ _______

gastric emptying

Which vessel would have the lowest blood sugar level? A : hepatic vein B : hepatic portal vein C : hepatic artery

hepatic artery

The major functional cells of the liver are A : keratinocytes B : Paneth cells C : osteocytes D : hepatocytes

hepatocytes

the pancreatic duct joins the common bile duct from the liver and gallbladder and enters the duodenum as a dilated common duct called the ________ ____________

hepatopancreatic ampulla (ampulla of vater)

When the stomach protrudes above the diaphragm through the esophageal hiatus, this condition is called ______ __________

hiatus hernia

Foods rich in ___________ spend somewhat longer in the stomach

high-protein foods

Which of the following is a paracrine substance released by mast cells that stimulates HCl secretion? A : acetylcholine B : gastrin C : pepsinogen D : histamine

histamine

Activation of pepsinogen first requires the secretion of _____________ _____________ from parietal cells

hydrochloric acid

The function of a proton pump within the parietal cells of the stomach is to produce A : mucin B : hydrochloric acid C : pepsinogen D : peptidase

hydrochloric acid

_____________ _____________secreted by parietal cells, functions to kill microbes in food, denature proteins and convert pepsinogen into pepsin.

hydrochloric acid

When acetylcholine and gastrin bind to the parietal cells along with a surge of histamine, hydrochloric acid production A : decreases B : increases C : has little or no effect

increases

Parietal cells secrete hydrochloric acid and a substance required for vitamin B12 absorption, which is A : gastric lipase B : intrinsic factor C : gastrin D : pepsinogen

intrinsic factor

Parietal cells secrete

intrinsic factor and hydrochloric acid

The concave medial border of the stomach is called _________ curvature

lesser

A fetal remnant of the umbilical vein called the ____________ _____________ is located on the free border of the falciform ligament.

ligamentum teres

Detoxification of alcohol and excretion of drugs like penicillin and erythromycin take place in the A : stomach B : pancreas C : liver D : small intestine

liver

The ____________ is the heaviest gland weighing 1.4 kg (3lbs) in adult

liver

All four layers of the GI tract are found in the esophagus. Which one of the layers is adapted for extra protection against abrasion from food? A muscularis B adventitia C submucosa D mucosa

mucosa

Secretion of __________ lubricates esophagus for smooth passage of bolus

mucus

Surface mucous cells and mucous neck cells secrete _________

mucus

The esophagus secretes _______ and transports food to the stomach

mucus

Which layer in the esophagus forms the two esophageal sphincters? A : submucosa B : adventitia C : muscularis D : mucosa E : serosa

muscularis

Normally when swallowing, the uvula and soft palate rise up to divert food and water inferiorly. Sometimes when swallowing and laughing at the same time, drink can enter the A none of the choices is correct B nasopharynx C trachea D larynx

nasopharynx

Which part of the pharynx functions only in respiration?

nasopharynx

Does the esophagus produce digestive enzymes and carry absorption?

no

pancreatic enzymes dijest startes (polysaccharides), proteins, triglycerides, and _________ _________

nucleic acids

Very soft foods and liquids pass from the mouth to the stomach through the esophagus in A : one second B : four to eight seconds C : varies from person to person D : one minute E : 30 seconds

one second

After the mouth, food goes next into the A : laryngopharynx B : esophagus C : nasopharynx D : oropharynx

oropharynx

Swallowed food passes from the mouth into the __________ and ____________; the muscular contractions of these areas help propel food into the esophagus and then into the stomach

oropharynx laryngopharynx

Pepsin is most effective when gastric juice has a A : pH of 2 B : pH of 8 C : pH of 7 D : pH of 5

pH of 2

The voluntary stage of swallowing starts when the bolus is forced to the back of the oral cavity and into the oropharynx by the movement of the tongue upward and backward against the ______________

palate

Enzyme activity in the small intestine is not optimal on acidic chyme. Which organ is responsible for neutralizing the chyme?

pancreas

Gastic lipase and lingual lipase can break down lipids, however most of the lipase used for lipid digestion comes from the

pancreas

Pancreatic juices are secreted by exocrine cells into small ducts that ultimately unite to form two larger ducts:

pancreatic duct (larger duct) accessory duct

Gastric glands contain three types of exocrine gland cells, an "acid stomach" is over secretion of the _____________cells.

parietal

Chief cells secrete _______ and _______

pepsinogen and gastric lipase

Esophageal stage of deglutition ( __________ ) pushes bolus down esophagus

peristalsis

_______________: successive muscular contractions along the wall of a hollow muscular structure.

peristalsis

______ stage of deglutition; moves bolus from oropharynx to laryngopharynx and into esophagus; closes air passageways

pharyngeal stage

When food is first swallowed, it passes from the mouth into the _________, shaped tube that extends from the internal nares to the *esophagus* posteriorly and to the *larynx* anteriorly

pharynx (more specifically - oropharynx) Pharynx - common passageway for food and air

Deglutition(swallowing) is facilitated by the secretion of saliva and mucus and involves the mouth, _______, and ________.

pharynx, esophagus

A bile duct, branch of the hepatic artery and branch of the hepatic vein are referred to as

portal triad

The hepatic ___________ ____________ carries nutrient rich blood from the intestine to the liver

portal vein

Each peristaltic wave moves gastric contents from the body of the stomach down into the antrum, a process known as _____________.

propulsion

Each peristaltic wave moves gastric contents from the body of the stomach down into the antrum, a process known as ______________

propulsion.

Which of the following is NOT absorbed in the stomach? A : proteins B : short-chain fatty acids C : aspirin D : alcohol

proteins

The ____________ sphincter prevents backflow of chyme from the duodenum to the stomach.

pyloric

___________ ____________ is a narrowing of the pyloric sphincter that must be corrected surgically. The hallmark symptom is projectile vomiting—the spraying of liquid vomitus some distance from the infant.

pyloric stenosis

In ___________________ the smooth muscle fibers of the sphincter fail to relax normally, so food does not pass easily from the stomach to the small intestine, the stomach becomes overly full, and the infant vomits often to relieve the pressure

pylorospasm

Alcohol and smoking contribute to GERD by causing A : constriction of the upper esophageal sphincter B : relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter C : increased secretion of mucus D : relaxation of the upper esophageal sphincter E : constriction of the lower esophageal sphincter F : the epiglottis to relax

relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter

Because most food particles in the stomach initially are too large to fit through the narrow pyloric sphincter, they are forced back into the body of the stomach, a process referred to as ________________

retropulsion

Carbohydrates can be digested in the fundus of the stomach because of enzymes secreted by A : salivary glands B : chief cells C : G cells D : parietal cells

salivary glands

The superficial layer of the stomach and intestines are ____________

serosa

lower esophageal sphincter consists of what type of muscle?

smooth muscle and is near the heart

The pylurus communicates with the duodenum of the small intestine via a smooth muscle sphincter called the pyloric ___________ (valve)

sphincter

the passage of pancreatic juice and bile through the hepatopancreatic ampulla into he duodenum of the small intestine is regulated by a mans of smooth muscle surrounding the ampulla known as the _________ _________ __________ __________

sphincter of the hepatopancreatic ampulla (sphincter of odd)

The entry and exit of the esophagus is controlled by two muscular _____________

sphincters

The ___________ is the only digestive organ that contains an oblique layer in the muscularis

stomach

The lower esophageal sphincter regulates the movement of food from the esophagus into the _____________

stomach

The function of the gallbladder is to ___________ bile

store

The nasopharynx is lined with ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium while the oropharyx is lined with stratified squamous epithelium. Based on the function of the laryngopharynx, what is it lined with? A : skeletal muscle B : ciliated pseudostratified epithelium C : stratified squamous epithelium D : simple squamous epithelium

stratified squamous epithelium

Relaxation of _____ esophageal sphincter permits entry of bolus from laryngopharynx into esophagus

upper Relaxation of the upper esophageal sphincter allows a bolus of food to enter the esophagus

Two sphincters of the esophagus

upper esophageal sphincter and lower esophageal sphincter

If a person has insufficient bile salts, 40 percent of dietary lipids may be lost. What other nutrient is affected? A : vitamins B : carbohydrates C : proteins D : water

vitamins

According to the new functional unit design (hepatic acinus), cells of which zone would first show signs of fat accumulation? A : zone 1 cells B : zone 3 cells C : zone 2 cells

zone 3