AP II- Lecture Exam 2 (vessels portion)

aorta

Anatomy of the Systemic Arteries -The largest artery in the body is the ________________ -It begins at left ventricle and has four divisions. -Acending aorta: initial section that travels superiorly; recall that right and left coronary arteries that supply myocardium branch from ascending aorta -ascending aorta curves to left to become aortic arch -Aortic arch has three large branches *first branch is brachiocephalic artery (brachiocephalic trunk); quickly branches into: -Right common carotid artery - supplies right side of head and neck -Right subclavian artery-supplies right upper limb and thorax * middle branch is left common carotid artery; supplies left side of head and neck *third branch is left subclavian artery; supplies left upper limb of the thorax -Aortic arch turns inferiorly to become descending thoracic aorta; travels through mediastinum posterior to heart; branches supply thoracic structures -descending thoracic aorta enters abdominopelvic cavity to become descending abdominal aorta; branches supply abdominal viscera *At about the level of fourth lumbar vertebra, splits into its terminal branches: right and left common iliac arteries * These arteries split into internal iliac arteries (supply pelvic structures) and external iliac arteries (supply lower limbs)

resistance

Another factor that determines blood flow is ___________________. (any impendance to blood flow); blood flow is inversely proportional to resistance (as resistance increases, blood flow decreases)

periphreal resistance

Any factor that hinders blood flow through vasculature contributes to overall resistance of that circuit is called.? -vessels near heart contribute little to overall ressitance; resistance is greatest further away from heart (in body's periphery) -as periphreal resistance increases, blood pressure also increases.

resistance

Any impendance to blood flow is called:

increases

As resistance _______________, blood flow decreases.

veins

Most _______________ have a thin tunica media with a few smooth muscle cells; their diameter changes only slightly with vasodilation and vasoconstriction.

highest

Pressure is ________________ near the heart and decreases as blood moves further away.

arterial anastomoses

These exist in many organs such as the heart and the brain, as well as around the joints. NEW ___________ ___________ can be formed when blood flow through artery is insufficient to meet the tissue's metabolic needs.

cardiac output (CO)

This is a product of stroke volume (amount of blood pumped with each beat) times heart rate (number of beats per minute)

area

This is simply a mathematical calculation of area of a circle made by cross section (A); equal to pi times radius of circle (r) squared

venous anastomosis

This is the most common type of anastomosis; neighboring veins are connected by small collaterals; smaller veins are often so interconnected that they form complex, web like patters.

arteriovenous anastomosis

This vascular anastomosis empties directly into vein without passing through capillary bed.

blood reservoirs

Veins function as ___________ ___________ because blood can be diverted from veins to other parts of the system.

less

Veins have __________________ smooth muscle than arteries.

lumen

Veins have a larger _______________ than arteries.

less

Veins typically have ___________ elastic fibers than arteries.

thinner

Veins typically have much _________ walls than arteries.

elastic arteries, muscular arteries, arterioles

What are the 3 classes of arteries?

vasodilation

What is the widening of blood vessels called?

compliance

A small increase in blood volume are offset by the ability of vessels to stretch which is called:

blood vessels

All ____________ ________________ are tubular organs that contain central space (lumen) surrounded by several layers (tunics).

Tunica intima

All blood vessels are tubular organs that contain central space (lumen) surrounded by several tissue layers (tunics); Name which tunic this is. -innermost -composed of endothelium; continuous with inner lining of heart (endocardium) -endothelial cells provide smooth surface over which blood can flow with minimum friction and turbulence. -thin layer of subendothelial connective tissue and layer of elastic fibers called internal elastic lamina. -ELASTIC FIBERS give vessel properties of distensibility (ability to stretch) when subjected to increased pressure, and elasticity (ability to recoil back to original size) when strethching force is removed.

chemoreceptors

Certain arteries also play a role in monitoring blood pressure and detecting concentration of certain chemicals in the blood. In addition to baroreceptors, the carotid artery and aorta also contain groups of _______________. These detect blood oxygen, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen ion concentrations.

baroreceptors

Certain arteries also play a role in monitoring blood pressure and detecting concentration of certain chemicals in the blood. Pressure receptors known as ____________________ are in the aorta, as well as in the common carotid artery in the neck.

chemoreceptors

In the carotid artery and the aorta there are groups of these that detect blood oxygen, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen ion concentrations.

venous valves

Many veins contain these, they're extensions of the tunica intima; overlap and prevent blood from flowing backward in venous circuit; especially numerous in veins of legs, where blood flow toward the heart is strongly opposed by gravity.

reducing

Much of treatment of atherosclerosis focuses on ______________ factors that injure endothelium; -dietary modification -physical activity -agents to lower cholesterol -control of blood glucose level -smoking cessation -management of high blood pressure * In severe disease, surgery or other invasive procedures may be necessary to open or bypass occluded vessels.

Elastic arteries (conducting arteries)

Name this class of arteries: -also known as conduction arteries -LARGEST in diameter -include AORTA and its immediate branches -NEAREST heart and therefore under HIGHEST pressure of any vessels in system.

aterioles

Name this class of arteries; -SMALLEST arteries -contain all three layers of blood vessel wall -Layers are extremely THIN, and tunica media contains only 1-3 layers of smooth muscle cells. -the smallest ______________ are metarterioles; metarterioles directly feed capillary beds in most tissues

muscular arteries (distributing arteries)

Name this class of arteries; -also known as distributing arteries -generally INTERMEDIATE in diameter -contain well developed tunica media composed primarily of smooth muscle cells -Most small branches of aorta are ____________ arteries, including most named arteries that supply organs.

decreases

Pressure is highest near the heart and _______________ as bood moves further away.

venular

Pressures at Work in a Capillary -At capillary's ____________ end: hydrostattic pressure is about 15 mm Hg, while colloid osmotic pressure remains unchanged at 22 mm Hg: *Hydrostatic pressure - colloid osmotic pressure = NFP (net filtration pressure) * 15 mm Hg - 22 mm Hg = -7 mm Hg * NFP is negative number; means that water flows into capillary (absorption) *At ___________ end, colloid osmotic pressure is greater and water is absorbed into capillary by osmosis

filtration

Pressures at Work in a Capillary Movement of water across capillary is driven by ____________; movement of fluid by force such as pressure or gravity

veins

Pulmonary and systemic circuits are composed of three kinds of blood vessels. Name this one: -collection of system vasculature -drain blood from capillary beds and return it to the heart -follow opposite pattern of arteries-small veins merge with other veins to become progressively larger vessels as they progress toward heart.

arteries

Pulmonary and systemic circuits are composed of three kinds of blood vessels. Name this one: -distribution system of vasculature -as they travel AWAY from the heart, they branch into vessels of progressively smaller diameter -Supply most tissues in the body with blood

capillaries

Pulmonary and systemic circuits are composed of three kinds of blood vessels. Name this one: -exchange system vasculature -very small-diameter vessels; form branching networks (capillary beds) -Gases, nutrients, wastes, and other molecules are quickly exchanged between tissue cells and blood through capillary walls, many of which are only single cell thick.

greatest

Resistance is _____________ further away from the heart (in body's periphery).

blood vessel radius

Resistance varies inversely with _____________ ______________ ____________; as radius increases (dilates) resistance to blood flow decreases, and vice versa.

thickness

The _________________ of each component of an arterial wall depends on an artery's size and function; used to classify arteries based on similarity in structure and function into three classes: Elastic arteries, muscular arteries, aterioles

force

The heart provides ___________________ that drives blood through vessels by creating a pressure gradient.

blood vessel length

The longer the blood vessel, the greater the resistance. -more pressure is needed to propel blood through long vessel than short one -one reason why resistance in pulmonary circuit is so much lower than in systemic circuit.

small

The radius of arteriole or capillary is quite _________________, so cross sectional area of such vessel will be the same.

metarterioles

The smallest arterioles are called ________________. They directly feed capillary beds in most tissues. -smooth muscle cells of __________________ are confined mostly to circular precapillary sphincter; encircles metarteriole-capillary junction.

vasomotor nerves

The smooth muscle in the tunica media are innervated by the sympathetic nervous system, what are the nerves called?

resistance, cardiac output, and blood volume

The three main factors that influence blood pressure are _____________, ____________________, and ___________________.

greater

The total cross sectional area of small vessels is much _______________ than that of large vessels. -these small vessels are far more numerous than large vessels with large cross-sectional area.

external elastic lamina

The tunica media is composed of two layers. There is a layer of smooth muscle cells arranged in a circular manner around the lumen, and another layer of elastic fibers, what are they called?

internal and external elastic laminae

There are notable differences between walls of typical artery and typical vein. - ______________ and ______________ ____________________ _________________ are much more extensive in arteries than in veins -this feature reflects that fact that arteries are under much HIGHER pressure than veins.

thicker

There are notable differences between walls of typical artery and typical vein. -Most arteries have a much ______________ tunicae mediae than veins do. -this feature reflects arteries' role in controlling blood pressure and blood flow to organs.

pulmonary circuit

There are two circuits that carry blood through the body. Which one transports blood between the heart and lungs?

systemic circuit

There are two circuits that carry blood through the body. Which one transports blood between the heart and the rest of the body?

veins

Typically __________________ outnumber arteries.

size

Veins and arteries are classified by their ______________.

venules

Veins and arteries are classified by their size. What class of vein is this? =Smallest veins =drain from capillary beds

postcapillary venules

Veins and arteries are classified by their size. What class of vein is this? -Tiny, consist of a little more than endothelium and some surrounding connective tissue; structure enables them to exchange material with surrounding insterstitial fluid -Three tunics become more distinct as venules merge to become larger venules and then veins. -theyre the smallest venules

fastest

Velocity of blood flow is ________________ in the aorta.

slowest

Velocity of blood is _______________ in capillaries.

blood viscosity

Viscosity is defined as inherent resistance that all liquids have to flow. -the more viscous a liquid, the more its molecules resist being put into motion and staying in motion -blood has relatively HIGH viscosity due to the number of proteins and cells it contains.

blood flow

Volume of blood that flows per minute is called? -magnitude of blood pressure gradient is one main factor that determines this. -generally this matches cardiac output; averages 5-6 liters/min -is directly proportional to pressure gradient, meaning blood flow increases when pressure gradient increases and vice versa.

atherosclerotic plaques

What are the buildups of lipids, cholesterol, calcium salts, and other cellular debris within arterial tunica intima called?

vascular anastomoses

What are the locations where vessels connect via pathways called collateral vessels, called?

baraoreceptors

What are the pressure receptors in the aorta and in the common carotid artery in the neck called?

vaso vasora

What are the tiny vessels that supplies oxygen and nutrients to the tunica media and tunica externa?

cardiac output and peripheral resistance

What are two factors that determine the pressure gradient that drives circulation? -relationship expressed by equation in photo -presure change, ΔP, is caused by altering cardiac output (CO) and/or periphreal resistance (PR) -When cardiac output increases, blood pressure increases and vice versa

blood vessels

What does the following? -transport blood to tissues, where gases, nutrients, and wastes are exchanged; then transport it back to the heart -regulate blood flow to tissues -control blood pressure -secrete a variety of chemicals

precapillary sphincter

What encircles the metarteriole-capillary junction? Smooth muscle cells of metarterioles are also confined to it.

increases

What happens to blood volume when the blood contains more water? Increases or decreases?

homocysteine

What is a high blood concentration chemical called?

pressure change

What is caused by altering cardiac output (CO) and/or peripheral resistance (PR)?

internal elastic lamina

What is the layer of elastic fibers called that are deep to the endothelium in the tunica intima?

vasoconstriction

What is the narrowing of blood vessels called?

blood pressure

What is the outward force that blood exerts on the walls of blood vessels? -expressed in unites millimeter of mercury or mm Hg; force exerted by column of mercury one millimeter in height. -varies dramatically in different parts of vsculature; highest in large systemic arteries and lowest in large systemic veins

hemodynamics

What is the physiology of blood flow in the cardiovascular system? basic concepts of this include: -Gradients (concentration, pressure, or electrical) drive most processes in body. -Heat provides force that drives blood through vessels by creating pressure gradient (See gradient core principle) -pressure is highest near the heart and decreases as blood moves further away -blood flows down this pressure gradient from area of higher pressure near heart to area of lower pressure in peripheral vasculature.

tunica media

All blood vessels are tubular organs that contain central space (lumen) surrounded by several tissue layers (tunics); Name which tunic this is. -middle layer of blood vessel wall -composed of two layers with the following features: -Layer of smooth muscle cells aranged in circular manner around lumen, and another layer of elastic fibers called external elastic lamina. -Smooth muscle cells of tunica media control diameter of blood vessels and therefore amount of blood that flows to organs. -smooth muscle cells are innervated by sympathetic nervous system; vasomotor nerves -nerves stimulate smooth muscle of tunica media to contract (vasoconstriction); narrows diameter of vessel -when sympathetic stimulation of smooth muscle cells decreases, cells relax and vessel's diameter increases (vasodilation_

tunica externa (tunica adventitia)

All blood vessels are tubular organs that contain central space (lumen) surrounded by several tissue layers (tunics); Name which tunic this is. -outtermost -composed of dense irregular collagenous connective tissue; supports blood vessel and prevents it from overstretching -It has Vaso vasora, which are tiny vessels supplying oxygen and nutrients to the tunica media and tunica externa -cells of outer layers of larger blood vessels are too far away from lumen to receive oxygen and nutrients by diffusion alone.

volume

Another factor that determines overall blood pressure is __________ of blood in circulatory system. Think "the fullness in veins" The total ___________ of blood is directly linked to amount of water in blood. -when blood contains more water, blood volume increases -as blood volume increases, blood pressure increases and vice versa

decreases

As blood volume _______________, blood pressure decreases.

increases

As blood volume _______________, blood pressure increases.

increases

As periphreal resistance increases, blood pressure ______________.

increases

Blood flow __________________ when the pressure gradient increases and vice versa.

down

Blood flows _________________ this pressure gradient from an area of higher pressure near the heart to an area of lower pressure in peripheral vasculature.

lowest

Blood pressure is _______________ in large systemic veins.

highest

Blood pressure is ________________ in large systemic arteries.

longer

Blood vessel length-The _____________ the blood vessel, the greater the resistance.

atherosclerosis

What is this? -leading cause of death in developed world. -affects large and medium sized MUSCULAR arteries -characterized by formation of atheroscelerotic plaques (buildups of lipids, cholesterol, calcium salts, and cellular debris within arterial tunica intima) -plaques tend to form in regions where blood undergoes sudden changes in velocity and direction of flower (branching points where vessels curve) -Mr. Zerby said that the vessel has to have some sort of damage in order for the plaque to build up. -generated in response to some sort injury to endothelium by high blood pressure, certain types of cholesterol, previous infections, toxins in cigarette smoke, high and prolonged blood glucose level and high blood concentration of chemical calld homocysteine. -vessel wall becomes inflamed, which attracts phagocytes that attempt to "clean up" area; actually results in damage to blood vessel: eventually damanged area turns into plaque -plaque is located in tunica intima , but changes also occur in tunica media; smooth muscle cells proliferate and secrete an extracellular matrix with protein fibers and ground substance that surrounds plaque. -if plaque is exposed to blood, clot may form in vessel and obstruct blood flow entirely, as occrus in myocardial infarction (heart attack) or stroke. -an estimated 10% of world population has atherosclerosis; true prevalence is difficult to determine beacause mot patients dont display symptoms in early stages.

70%

What percentage of total blood in the body is located in veins at any given moment (includes both systemic and pulmonary veins)?

decreases

When a blood vessels radius ______________ resistance to blood flow increases.

increases

When a blood vessels radius _______________ resistance to blood flow decreases.

increases

When cardiac output ________________, blood pressure increases.

decreases

When cardiac output _________________, blood pressure decreases.

5%

When considering blood distribution in the cardiovascular system, what percentage is the capillaries responsible for?

6%

When considering blood distribution in the cardiovascular system, what percentage is the left heart responsible for?

3%

When considering blood distribution in the cardiovascular system, what percentage is the pulmonary arteries responsible for?

15%

When considering blood distribution in the cardiovascular system, what percentage is the pulmonary veins responsible for?

6%

When considering blood distribution in the cardiovascular system, what percentage is the right heart responsible for?

10%

When considering blood distribution in the cardiovascular system, what percentage is the systemic arteries responsible for?

55%

When considering blood distribution in the cardiovascular system, what percentage is the systemic veins responsible for?

increases

When the total cross sectional area __________________ it causes velocity of blood flow to decrease.

arteries

Which are under much higher pressure? Arteries or veins?

velocity

___________________ with which blood flows is largely determined by cross-sectional area of blood vessel. -as arterial system branches into progressively smaller vessels, total cross-sectional area increases. -this increase in area causes velocity of blood flow to decrease; for this reason velocity of blood flow is fastest in aorta and slowest in capilaries